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PubMed1997

Information processing, social cognition, and psychiatric rehabilitation in schizophrenia.

The relatively recent emergence of studies of social cognition in schizophrenia represents an important development in efforts to better understand the behavioral difficulties exhibited by schizophrenia patients. In this discussion each of the four key articles in this issue is briefly reviewed in order to highlight its major contributions and to emphasize relevant methodological and conceptual issues within the field. It is argued that although these four papers, and the larger body of work they represent, make significant contributions, the field of social cognition in schizophrenia as a whole could benefit from integrating insights from the normal social cognition literature, data on social- and emotional-processing deficits in neurological populations, and newer models of information processing. Following the review of the four papers, several key issues central to the continued advancement of this research area will be discussed, including the need to (a) move from linear to nonlinear models of social cognition in schizophrenia; (b) explore those aspects of social cognition that are responses to experience, as opposed to focusing solely on social cognition as a causal factor in behavior; (c) consider the role of affective and neuropsychologicausal factor in social cognition; and (d) explore aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia other than those involving problem solving. In addition, the implications of research on social cognition for the development of social skills rehabilitation interventions are discussed.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Information-processing deficits across childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia.

Event-related potentials were recorded for childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia subjects performing the span of apprehension (Span) task, which is sensitive to vulnerability factors in schizophrenia. Subjects responded to the onset of the Span arrays in a reaction time condition and then responded differentially to the presence of one of two target letters in the Span condition. While neither the childhood- nor the adult-onset group exhibited abnormalities in preparatory contingent negative variation activity, both groups produced significantly less endogenous negative activity between 100 and 300 ms after Span stimulus onset than age-matched normals. This endogenous negative activity reflects attentional effort associated with serial search and stimulus identification. These results support the position that schizophrenia subjects are impaired in their ability to allocate adequate attentional resources for processing Span stimuli. Moreover, the similarity of this information-processing deficit in the two groups suggests that childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia lie on a continuum in this regard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Ocular-motor function and information processing: implications for the reading process.

This paper discusses the dichotomy between continually moving eyes and the lack of blurred visual experience. A discontinuous model of visual perception is proposed, with the discontinuities being phase and temporally related to saccadic eye movements. It is further proposed that deviant duration and angular velocity characteristics of saccades in patients with hypertonic motor impairment relate to information processing defects. Stabilized retinal image procedures, which control for the effects of eye movements, significantly increase the ability of these patients actively to recall information presented for periods of less than three sec. A model of the reading process is presented based on these findings that addresses itself to the specific components of an interactions between eye movement, information transmission and information processing.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2000

Anesthesia, neural information processing, and conscious awareness.

Possible systemic effects of general anesthetic agents on neural information processing are discussed in the context of the thalamocortical suppression hypothesis presented by Drs. Alkire, Haier, and Fallon (this issue) in their PET study of the anesthetized state. Accounts of the neural requisites of consciousness fall into two broad categories. Neuronal-specificity theories postulate that activity in particular neural populations is sufficient for conscious awareness, while process-coherence theories postulate that particular organizations of neural activity are sufficient. Accounts of anesthetic narcosis, on the other hand, explain losses of consciousness in terms of neural signal-suppressions, transmission blocks, and the disruptions of signal interpretation. While signal-suppression may account for the actions of some anesthetic agents, the existence of anesthetics, such as choralose, that cause both loss of consciousness and elevated discharge rates, is problematic for a general theory of narcosis that is based purely on signal suppression and transmission-block. However, anesthetic agents also alter relative firing rates and temporal discharge patterns that may disrupt the coherence of neural signals and the functioning of the neural networks that interpret them. It is difficult at present, solely on the basis of regional brain metabolic rates, to test process-coherence hypotheses regarding organizational requisites for conscious awareness. While these pioneering PET studies have great merit as panoramic windows of mind-brain correlates, wider ranges of theory and empirical evidence need to be brought into the formulation of truly comprehensive theories of consciousness and anesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Do neurons process information by relative intervals in spike trains?

We suggest the possibility that neurons process information in terms of the relative duration of clusters of adjacent and successive inter-action potential intervals ("bytes" of intervals). If this concept is plausible, as is supported by research from several laboratories which have specifically addressed this possibility, one should be able to see evidence for such patterning in the published illustrations from studies in which this concept was not considered. We present some of this evidence here, along with some illustrations from the original publications. Byte patterns are evident in these examples, even though they went unrecognized by authors and readers alike. It is true that interval patterns are not obvious in all published illustrations of spike trains, and we suggest that this can be explained by one or more of the following: (1) some neurons may operate with an interval-pattern code while others do not, (2) a given neuron may use an interval-pattern code only under certain conditions, and (3) even when such a code exists, it may be difficult to detect for identifiable technical reasons. Therefore, we believe that the relative-internal-pattern concept is a valid scientific hypothesis which merits specific testing of its validity and range of applicability.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pseudo-random unitary operators for quantum information processing.

In close analogy to the fundamental role of random numbers in classical information theory, random operators are a basic component of quantum information theory. Unfortunately, the implementation of random unitary operators on a quantum processor is exponentially hard. Here we introduce a method for generating pseudo-random unitary operators that can reproduce those statistical properties of random unitary operators most relevant to quantum information tasks. This method requires exponentially fewer resources, and hence enables the practical application of random unitary operators in quantum communication and information processing protocols. Using a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum processor, we were able to realize pseudorandom unitary operators that reproduce the expected random distribution of matrix elements.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the information processing styles.

To investigate concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Information Processing Styles, 62 students majoring in social sciences evaluated the accuracy of the checklist in describing their dominant types. Each student had a friend who read the descriptions of the dominant type(s) of the student and rated their perceived accuracy of that categorization. Analyses indicated the inventory is reliable and valid.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Sustained attention and information processing speed in chronic survivors of severe closed head injury.

Sustained attention and information processing speed in 15 long-term survivors of severe closed head injury and 14 demographically matched controls have been examined. The average time between head injury and testing was 3.6 years. The performance of patients on all tasks was impaired relative to controls, thus documenting persistent deficits in attention. Of particular interest was the finding that controls were capable of redirecting and improving their sustained attention during a test session versus the steady decline in patient performance. The findings are discussed within the framework of controlled attentional processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Information-processing correlates of computer-assisted word learning by mentally retarded students.

Information-processing correlates of computer-assisted word learning by moderately and severely mentally retarded students were identified. Nineteen subjects completed 10, 15-minute computer-assisted instruction sessions and seven basic cognitive tasks measuring simple learning, choice reaction time, relearning, probed recall, stimulus discrimination, tachistoscopic threshold, and recognition memory. Stimulus discrimination, probed recall, and simple learning were significantly related to word learning. Results suggest that instruction should be modified to accommodate individual differences in these abilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Classroom Interpreting and Visual Information Processing in Mainstream Education for Deaf Students: Live or Memorex?

This study examined visual information processing and learning in classrooms including both deaf and hearing students. Of particular interest were the effects on deaf students' learning of live (three-dimensional) versus video-recorded (two-dimensional) sign language interpreting and the visual attention strategies of more and less experienced deaf signers exposed to simultaneous, multiple sources of visual information. Results from three experiments consistently indicated no differences in learning between three-dimensional and two-dimensional presentations among hearing or deaf students. Analyses of students' allocation of visual attention and the influence of various demographic and experimental variables suggested considerable flexibility in deaf students' receptive communication skills. Nevertheless, the findings also revealed a robust advantage in learning in favor of hearing students.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Do children with autism fail to process information in context?

BACKGROUND: This research investigated the proposal that children with autism are impaired in processing information in its context. To date, this proposal rests almost exclusively on evidence from verbal tasks. Given evidence of visuo-spatial proficiency in autism in other areas of functioning, it is possible that the ability to use context is spared in the visual domain but impaired in the verbal domain. METHOD: Fifteen children with autism and 16 age and IQ-matched typically developing children were tested on their ability to take account of visual context information (Experiment 1) and verbal context information (Experiment 2) using an adaptation of Palmer's (1975) visual context task. They were also given an adaptation of Tager-Flusberg's (1991) visual and verbal semantic memory task (Experiment 3) and Frith and Snowling's (1983) homograph task (Experiment 4). RESULTS: Experiment 1 showed that children with autism were facilitated by the provision of visual context information. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the same children were also able to use both verbal context information when identifying words and semantic category information in a verbal task when naming and recalling words. However, in Experiment 4 these children had difficulties with a sentence-processing task when using sentence context to disambiguate homographs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that children with autism do not have a general difficulty in connecting context information and item information as predicted by weak central coherence theory. Instead the results suggest that there is specific difficulty with complex verbal stimuli and in particular with using sentence context to disambiguate meaning.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1977

[Patient-oriented information processing in internal medicine].

The internistic accessory documentation as a partial region of the information processing referred to the patient in a hospital fulfils the demands of diagnostic and therapeutic kind from the point of view of the hospital physician to rationalise and optimize the demands of administrative work, such as identification and duration of stay, and demands of the physician performing the follow-up treatment to get a quick and sufficient information with the threefold aim of treatment (including prevention, diagnostics and after-treatment), documentation (including statistics, archivation, information) and research (any connection of data for cross-section and longitudinal section examinations you like).

Germany, East↗
PubMed1983

Hemispheric asymmetry of informational processing.

Showing that all the biophysical and biochemical modifications which take place within the nervous system contribute in one way or another, to the development of informational and decisional processes, the author describes the specifics of those processes. One of them is represented by the relative symmetry of those processes, because informational and decisional processes taking place in the right hemisphere are not absolutely identical with those which take place in the left hemisphere. Therefore, we can talk about a true hemispherical asymmetry. That asymmetry concerns all the steps of informational and decisional processes beginning with the reception and transmission of signals, to the discovering of information, which are brought by the respective signals and as for as processing of discovered information, in view of the most adequate decision election. Finally, the asymmetry of informational and decisional processes, which are based on differences between the logical superstructure of the two cerebral hemispheres, is analysed.

Cognition↗
PubMed1987

Hippocampal control of cingulate cortical and anterior thalamic information processing during learning in rabbits.

Past studies of the neural determinants of discriminative avoidance conditioning in rabbits have fostered a theoretical model that describes the interactive functioning of the cingulate cortex (Brodmann's Areas 24 and 29), the anterior ventral and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei (AVN and MDN) and the hippocampus. Here we test hypotheses of the model concerning the influence of the hippocampus on cortical and thalamic information processing. The rabbits learned to perform locomotory conditioned responses (CRs) in an activity wheel in response to an acoustic (pure tone) positive conditional stimulus (CS+). A shock unconditional stimulus (US) was given 5 s after CS+ onset, but locomotion during the CS+ - US interval prevented the US. The rabbits also learned to ignore a second tone (a negative conditional stimulus, CS-) of different auditory frequency than the CS+, that did not predict the US. Multi-unit activity and intracranial macropotentials were recorded in the cingulate cortex and the AVN during acquisition, overtraining, extinction, reacquisition and reversal training. Data were obtained in intact rabbits and in rabbits with bilateral lesions of the subicular complex, the origin of projections of the hippocampal formation to the cingulate cortex and AVN. In addition, the activity in the AVN was recorded in a separate group of rabbits with posterior cingulate cortical (Area 29) lesions. Subicular and Area 29 lesions were associated with an enhancement of the training-induced CS+ elicited neuronal response in the AVN. The frequency of CRs was enhanced in animals with subicular lesions. CS elicited unit responses in the cingulate cortices were attenuated in rabbits with subicular lesions. Both of the lesions were associated with significantly increased amplitudes of the CS elicited average cortical and thalamic macropotentials. These results suggested the following conclusions: subiculocortical afferents provide an enabling influence that is essential for CS elicited excitation in the cingulate cortex; the cingulate cortical excitatory response in intact animals exerts a limiting influence on the activity in the AVN; the enhanced AVN neuronal response in rabbits with lesions is due to the absence of the limiting influence and it contributes to the increased CR frequency in those animals. It is hypothesized that the hippocampus via subiculocortical projections, governs the flow of CR-inducing thalamocortical excitatory volleys. This governance determines the timing of CR output. The results of hippocampal processing of contextual information acting through the subiculocortical projection determines the moment most appropriate for the CR.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microscopic-macroscopic interface in biological information processing.

Recent experimental work suggests that chemical messengers associated with the neuron membrane serve as a link between macroscopic and microscopic information processes in the brain. Arguments based on the physical limits of computing, on computational parallelism, and on evolution theory suggest that microphysical computing processes enormously enhance the brain's computing power. A number of models are briefly sketched which illustrate how molecular switching processes could be recruited for useful biological functions. The flow of information between microscopic and macroscopic forms is suggestive of processes which occur in a measuring apparatus, and the implications of this analogy are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Distinguishing between attentional and amnestic effects in information processing: the separate and combined effects of scopolamine and nicotine on verbal free recall.

An important issue in our understanding of cholinergic modulation of information processing is the extent to which drug-induced changes affect memory processes per se or simply the attentional processes required for effective acquisition of information. In this study, we examined the separate and combined effects of scopolamine and nicotine on verbal free recall. A single dose of nicotine improved recall performance on supraspan lists (30 words), but not on short lists (10 words). The same dose of nicotine had no effect on the scopolamine-induced recall deficits observed for both 30 and 10 word lists. The results are discussed in terms of the independence of attention and memory processes and the specificity of action of these two cholinergic compounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of time-pressure on decision-making under uncertainty: changes in affective state and information processing strategy.

An experiment is reported that investigated the extent to which affective state, information processing strategy and task structure determine the effects of time-pressure on decision-making. Research participants were presented with risk scenarios involving a choice between safe and risky actions. The scenarios were systematically varied in terms of outcome valence (positive or negative) and effort associated with taking the safe action (high or low). Half the participants were given unlimited time to make their decision, the other half were required to choose within a deadline. The findings showed that time-pressured participants were more anxious and energetic and used a number of different strategies to cope with the deadline. These effects, as well as changes in risk-taking, were shown to vary systematically with task structure, particularly the effort manipulation. The findings are discussed in terms of how they contribute to theories of time-pressure and the methodological implications they have for future research in this area.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Age and the selectivity of visual information processing.

Two experiments were conducted to assess age differences in the selectivity of visual information processing. Selectivity was measured by the amount of interference caused by nontarget letters when subjects detected a target letter in a visual display. In both experiments, young and elderly groups participated in search and nonsearch conditions; in the search condition targets appeared anywhere in the display, whereas in the nonsearch condition targets were confined to the center position of the display. In the first experiment, subjects were assigned to either condition for two sessions of testing, and in the second experiment each subject participated in both conditions. In both experiments nontargets produced larger interference effects for old compared to young adults in the search condition but not in the nonsearch condition. The obtained pattern of age effects could not be explained by age-related reductions in parafoveal acuity. The findings indicate that the magnitude of divided-attention deficit increases with age, whereas focused-attention deficits are unaffected by aging.

Adult↗