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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: comparison of the effects of glucose and three intense sweeteners on hunger and food intake.

This study was carried out to disclose effects generated by the uncoupling of the sensory and energetic components of sweet solutions. A comparison was made between equi-sweet preloads of three intense sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame and acesulfame-K), a bulk sweetener (glucose) and a nonsweet water control. Measures were made of subjective ratings of motivation to eat, food preferences and energy intake in a test meal. The glucose load produced a consistent pattern of changes on all measures. The intense sweeteners tended to facilitate motivational ratings and food preference checklist responses, but marginally lowered intake in the test meal. The facilitative action is probably due to the stimulation of sensory receptors for sweetness by the high-intensity agents, while the effects on intake are most likely due to a ceiling effect imposed by methodological limitations of this particular design. The results of this study must be interpreted with reference to the prevailing experimental conditions, but they suggest that intense sweeteners can produce significant changes in appetite. Of the intense sweeteners, aspartame gave rise to the most pronounced effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Role of fatty acid oxidation in food intake and hunger motivation in Syrian hamsters.

We examined the metabolic control of food intake in Syrian hamsters using methyl palmoxirate (MP), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. If fatty acid oxidation plays a role in the control of food intake in hamsters, as it does in rats, it would be expected that hamsters predisposed toward lipid metabolism would increase food intake in response to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. To the contrary, female hamsters fed a high-fat diet for several weeks and then treated with MP (0.25-100 mg/kg) did not increase food intake relative to vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, MP treatment did not enhance food intake in hamsters that had been previously food deprived for 12 hr. Consistent with the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, plasma levels of total ketone bodies and glucose in the MP-treated hamsters were significantly lower than those of the vehicle-treated controls. Thus, treatment with doses of MP which apparently inhibited fatty acid oxidation did not enhance food intake, even after manipulations which predispose the hamsters toward utilization of fat fuels. The control of food intake in Syrian hamsters is in marked contrast to that of rats and other mammals in which the consequences of glucose and fat metabolism interact to signal changes in food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Umami and appetite: effects of monosodium glutamate on hunger and food intake in human subjects.

Subjects consumed soup (beef consomme) preloads of a fixed size containing different concentrations of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Effects on appetite following these preloads, and when no soup was consumed, were assessed in 3 studies. The soups supplemented with MSG were rated as more "pleasant," more "savoury" and more "satisfying" than soup with no added MSG. Compared with the no preload condition, consumption of the soups initially reduced appetitive motivational ratings and increased fullness ratings, but did not alter food intake in a test meal begun either 2 or 30 minutes later. This immediate inhibition of subjective motivation to eat was unaffected by MSG concentration. The failure of the soups to reduce subsequent food intake is presumably due to their low energy content (less than 10 kcal) and indicates that sensory stimulation alone is insufficient to reduce appetite. Indeed, the most important finding concerning MSG showed that motivation to eat recovered more rapidly following a lunchtime meal in which MSG-supplemented soup was served as the first course (compared both with the effect of unsupplemented soup and no preload). It is suggested tentatively that MSG through its stimulation of orosensory receptors and/or by improving the palatability of the soup may have influenced the metabolic disposal of nutrients consumed in the previous meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Aspartame ingested without tasting inhibits hunger and food intake.

The effects on motivation to eat and food intake of administering small amounts of aspartame (234 to 470 mg: lower dose equivalent to the amount of aspartame contained in 1-2 cans of some soft drinks) in capsules to human volunteers were examined in two separate experiments (the second was a replication of the first). The results provided clear evidence of a prominent postingestive inhibitory action of aspartame on appetite: consumed in capsules, aspartame reduced subsequent food intake and, to a lesser extent, motivation to eat. The mechanism underlying this effect has yet to be elucidated. A possibility is that the release of cholecystokinin by phenylalanine, a constituent of aspartame, is involved. A further result was that drinking aspartame-sweetened water did not reliably reduce motivational ratings or food intake (in the first experiment aspartame ingested in capsules significantly reduced food intake compared with the same amount ingested as a sweet drink). One interpretation of these together with previous findings is that the response to consuming aspartame is determined by at least two interacting influences: an inhibitory postingestive effect and a stimulatory effect of its sweet taste. In turn, the relative potency of these influences may be modified by certain other features of the aspartame-sweetened food or drink (e.g., its nutrient content). Another implication of these results is that it cannot be assumed that intense sweeteners will all have equivalent effects on appetite.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Effects of temperature and mode of presentation of juice on hunger, thirst and food intake in humans.

Foods differ in their satiating effects; temperature and mode of presentation may be factors important for these differences. We tested the effects of these two variables in normal weight, non-dieting males and females using vegetable juice. The juice was offered as a preload, with females receiving 300 g and males receiving 400 g under conditions that systematically varied temperature (60-62 degrees C vs. 1 degrees C) and presentation (served in mug vs. bowl with spoon); a no-preload condition was also included. Each preload was followed within 5 min by a second course of grilled cheese sandwiches. In the males, intake was significantly lower after cold but not hot preloads in comparison to the no-preload condition; however, intakes following the hot and cold preloads did not differ significantly. Males also reported a significantly greater decline in thirst following the cold preloads. Temperature of the preloads did not affect food intake or thirst in the female subjects. Neither group was affected by the mode of presentation of the preloads. Further studies with other types of foods and drinks are needed to clarify whether temperature or mode of presentation can influence satiating efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The "domino theory" of hunger: the hypothalamus is hot.

Mechanisms by which the hypothalamus senses nutritional status are important for many metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. Now, report that hypothalamic neurons sense nutritional deficit through a cascade of events involving leptin, corticosterone, and glial production of thyroid hormone, leading to neuronal induction of uncoupling protein.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

The nucleus tractus solitari (NTS) participates in peripheral ghrelin glucostatic hunger signalling mediated by insulin.

Three extrahypothalamic areas, the nucleus of the tractus solitari (NTS), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), all potentially involved in peripheral ghrelin signalling of appetite control mediated by the glucose levels were examined. Thus, a specific anti-ghrelin antibody (AGA) was intravenously administered in order to remove the ghrelin signalling and then, subsequently, 4-h food intake, plasma glucose levels and the brain c-fos expression in the NTS, CeA and DRN were assessed. Food intake significantly decreased when the AGA was administered. NTS c-Fos expression was significantly augmented by insulin, while it was significantly decreased by the AGA. These results suggest that the NTS is a part of the ghrelin pathway that regulates the orexigenic signalling cascade, which may be triggered by a drop in blood glucose levels mediated by insulin.

Amygdala↗