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PubMed2005

Employee Wellness Program in a small rural industry: employee evaluation.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine employees' perceptions of a wellness program resulting from collaboration between a small rural industry and a College of Nursing. Focus group methods were used to elicit evaluative data from 27 employees. A semi-structured interview guide of open-ended questions was used to elicit information. The employees readily identified the screenings and information they had received related to hypertension, blood sugar, and cholesterol to be helpful. Health behavior changes the employees identified based on the health promotion activities and screenings included diet changes, different food preparations, and exercise. The screenings were found to be beneficial because they helped them to understand the significance of the results and how they could alter them with health behaviors. The repeated screenings provided an opportunity for them to see how health behavior changes had affected their results.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community.

The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, "taking care of self and others", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, "taking care of self and others" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Seeking help from the internet during adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and demographic and psychological correlates of Internet use as a help-seeking resource for emotional problems in a community sample of adolescents. METHOD: A self-report survey was completed by 9th-through 12th-grade students ( = 519) enrolled in health courses in six New York State high schools in the fall/winter of 1999. The relationship between Internet help-seeking behavior and demographic characteristics, hopelessness, functional impairment, and use of various treatment services was examined. RESULTS: Nearly one fifth (18.2%) of the adolescents sought help on the Internet for emotional problems in the previous year. The proportions of males and females seeking help on the Internet did not significantly differ (15.6% and 20.8%, respectively). Internet help-seekers were significantly more likely than non-help-seekers to score above the clinical threshold on the Columbia Impairment Scale (34% versus 20.6%; chi(2)(1) = 7.4, <.01) or Beck Depression Inventory (16.1% versus 9.1%; chi(2)(1) = 3.8, <.05). These at-risk youths tended to combine Internet help-seeking with other sources of help, rather than substituting it for other resources. More than 20% of Internet help-seekers were dissatisfied with the help they received, and only 14% thought it had helped them very much. CONCLUSIONS: For the Internet to realize its potential as an effective resource for teenagers struggling with emotional problems, further development is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The helping community: issues in the evaluation of a preventive intervention to promote informal helping.

This report addresses conceptual and practical problems in evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention which used a pyramid training model for improving helping skills for informal helpers in two rural communities. Against a background for a study of help-giving and help-seeking patterns, the transmission of helping skills from professional to community trainers to local helpers was studied. Impacts of the intervention on other aspects of the community are reported.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of child psychiatric patients in hospital and community clinics in Hong Kong.

This is a prospective study comparing a consecutive sample of child psychiatric patients at a community child mental health clinic (N = 56) and hospital clinic (N = 42) in Hong Kong. The subjects and their parents were studied with standardized questionnaires and semistructured interviews at their first visits to the clinics. A review of the treatment received was conducted 15 months later. Across settings, subjects were similar in sociodemographic profile, degree of social adversity, number of preceding life events, duration of chief complaints, maternal psychopathology, parental explanatory models of the child's problems, and expectations in treatment. Community clinic attenders had more disruptive behavioral problems, received shorter treatment, and less inpatient care than hospital clinic attenders. Subjects in both settings had very similar previous help-seeking behaviors. The findings suggested that the community clinic attracted disturbed children of similar backgrounds. The community child mental health clinic appeared to be a viable alternative in providing psychiatric care to children in Hong Kong.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Supervisor tolerance-responsiveness to substance abuse and workplace prevention training: use of a cognitive mapping tool.

Supervisor tolerance-responsiveness, referring to the attitudes and behaviors associated with either ignoring or taking proactive steps with troubled employees, was investigated in two studies. The studies were conducted to help examine, understand and improve supervisor responsiveness to employee substance abuse. Study 1 examined supervisor response to and tolerance of coworker substance use and ways of interfacing with the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) in two workplaces (n = 244 and 107). These surveys suggested that engaging supervisors in a dialogue about tolerance might improve their willingness to use the EAP. Study 2 was a randomized control field experiment that assessed a team-oriented training. This training adopted a cognitive mapping technique to help improve supervisor responsiveness. Supervisors receiving this training (n = 29) were more likely to improve on several dimensions of responsiveness (e.g. likely to contact the EAP) than were supervisors who received a more didactic, informational training (n = 23) or a no-training control group (n = 17). Trained supervisors also showed increases in their own help-seeking behavior. Procedures and maps from the mapping activity (two-stage conversational mapping) are described. Overall, results indicate that while supervisor tolerance of coworker substance use inhibits EAP utilization, it may be possible to address this tolerance using team-oriented prevention training in the work-site.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Men with pelvic pain: perceived helpfulness of medical and self-management strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of use of different treatments and pain management strategies and their perceived helpfulness in male patients with pelvic pain. METHODS: Approximately 1 month after a health maintenance organization visit for pelvic pain, 286 men (mean age 46.7 years) completed telephone interviews about their symptoms and treatments and pain management strategies used in the past year. Participants rated the helpfulness of each treatment and strategy used on 0 to 10 scales. RESULTS: Even though men with identified bacterial etiology were excluded from the study, antibiotic medication was the most commonly reported treatment (67% of patients) and rated as the second most helpful treatment [mean (SD)=6.3 (3.6)]. Opiates were rated as the most helpful treatment on average [mean (SD)=7.9 (2.1)], but were used by only 12% of patients. Substantial minorities of patients reported several behaviors as helpful, including urinating (reported as helpful by 26%), taking warm baths (23%), and drinking water (23%), although patterns of effects differed for men with versus without urinary symptoms. Activities most commonly reported as worsening symptoms were sitting (42%), walking/jogging (27%), and sexual activity (25%). DISCUSSION: Patients with male pelvic pain syndrome are commonly prescribed antibiotics, which they perceive as moderately helpful, despite the lack of scientific evidence of efficacy. Clinicians may find it useful to support patient use of safe, inexpensive, self-management approaches, especially warm baths, increased water intake, and avoidance of prolonged sitting.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Helping factors in a peer-developed support group for persons with head injury, Part 2: Survivor interview perspective.

OBJECTIVES: A follow-up study of the support group discussed in Schwartzberg's 1994 study was conducted to determine participants' perceptions of helping factors in the group. METHOD: Subjects were given a semistructured interview; follow-up interviews were held to ensure accuracy. RESULTS: Eleven helping factors were spontaneously generated from group members' data. These factors were socializing; finding out other people's perspectives and attitudes; expressing thoughts and feelings; receiving support; feeling something in common with other group members; gaining understanding, empathy, and acceptance through listening and sharing; getting perspective by learning about other people's limitations and strengths; helping others; getting help with problem solving; feeling hope, and learning information about brain injury. Members ranked expressing thoughts and feelings as the most helpful factor and finding out other people's perspectives and attitudes as the least helpful. CONCLUSIONS: These results support Schwartzberg's earlier findings, with some exceptions. The factor titles in this study have a broader scope than those in Schwartzberg's study, and not all of the factors determined in this study are completely comparable to Schwartzberg's factors. These findings may indicate that some differences in perspective exist between the participant observer and the survivors in the group studied.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment and recovery.

Addiction is a chronic, progressive, fatal disease. It is a primary disease, not caused by any other disease process. It has recognizable symptoms that if left untreated, can lead to premature death, deterioration of physical conditions, social withdrawal and disintegration of all support systems. The family and co-workers are affected as well. There is no cure, but we know that treatment works! Don't stand by while someone you care about needs help. Nurses helping nurses, let's take care of our own.

Helping Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Augmentation of drug reward by chronic food restriction: behavioral evidence and underlying mechanisms.

Chronic food restriction and maintenance of low body weight have long been known to increase the self-administration and motor-activating effects of abused drugs. Using a lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) rate-frequency method, it is shown that chronic food restriction augments the rewarding (i.e., threshold lowering) effect of diverse drugs of abuse. Further, the effect is attributed to increased sensitivity of a neural substrate, rather than a change in drug bioavailability or pharmacokinetics, because it is preserved when drugs are injected directly into the lateral cerebral ventricle (intracerebroventricularly). The food restriction regimen that augments drug reward also increases the induction of c-fos, by intracerebroventricular amphetamine, in limbic forebrain dopamine (DA) terminal areas. The possibility of increased DA receptor function is suggested by findings that rewarding and motor-activating effects of direct DA receptor agonists are augmented by food restriction, and the augmented behavioral effects of amphetamine are reversed by an otherwise subthreshold dose of D-1 antagonist. Initial studies of DA receptor-mediated signal transduction, that are focused on the D-2 receptor, suggest increased functional coupling between receptor and G-protein (i.e., quinpirole-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding) in dorsal striatum. Unlike behavioral sensitization induced by intermittent stress or psychostimulant treatment, which persist indefinitely following induction, the augmenting effect of food restriction abates within 1 week of restored ad libitum feeding and weight gain. The possible involvement of endocrine hormones and/or 'feeding-related' neuropeptides, whose levels change dynamically with depletion and repletion of adipose stores, is therefore under investigation. Initial tests have been limited to acute treatments aimed at attenuating the effects of hypoinsulinemia, hypoleptinemia and elevated corticosterone levels in food-restricted rats. None of these treatments has attenuated the behavioral effect of food restriction. While a melanocortin receptor agonist has been found to enhance drug reward, melanocortin receptors do not seem to mediate the augmenting effect of food restriction. Continuing investigations of endocrine adiposity signals, 'feeding-related' neuropeptides and dopaminergic signal transduction may further elucidate the way in which drugs of abuse exploit mechanisms that mediate survival-related behavior, and help explain the high comorbidity of drug abuse and eating disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The role of attentional processes in children's prosocial behavior with peers: attention shifting and emotion.

This study evaluated the role of attentional shifting in children's prosocial behavior with peers. Participants were 27 aggressive/rejected and 27 nonaggressive/popular kindergarten and first grade boys and girls. Children's ability to shift attention from one affective state to another was assessed during: (a) a computerized task that required shifting attention between different affective events (i.e., the Children's Attentional Shifting Task, CAST) and (b) an analogue entry task with unacquainted peers. Children's latency for sharing with peers was assessed after they experienced failure during the entry task. Aggressive/rejected children had significant difficulty shifting attention from negative to positive affect during the CAST and were slower to share after experiencing entry failure. In general, aggressive/rejected children were less able to regulate their behavior effectively after experiencing social failure. Girls, regardless of status, had less difficulty than boys shifting attention from one affective state to another during the CAST. In addition, children's social status/aggressiveness, their ability to regulate emotional behavior after social failure and to shift attention effectively on the CAST predicted approximately 31% of the variance in their latency to share. These findings suggest that the ability to shift attention between different affective states plays a significant role in children's prosocial behavior with peers.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Women's sexual concerns: data analysis from a help-line.

PURPOSE: To report female sexual problems and concerns, as presented by women calling a help-line, and to evaluate women's help-seeking behavior regarding sexual matters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all telephone calls from women who called for sexual concerns to a help-line dedicated to sexual problems during a 5-year period. During the call, the counselor addresses demographic characteristics of the caller, the sexual problem reported, their sexual function, any previous doctor contacts, coexisting physical and mental health problems, couple's relationship, and lifestyle factors that may influence sexual function. Data processing employed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis in order to detect possible associations between categorical variables. RESULTS: Of a total of 3,523 calls made by women, 2,287 full forms were analyzed, reflecting a response rate of 64.9%. Most women (46.6%) called for problems encountered by their partners, 45.1% called for their own sexual problems, while 5.9% were calling for their children. Only 34.3% of them had already consulted a doctor. The most frequently reported difficulties were achieving orgasm (25.6%), reduced sexual desire (16.9%), and pain during intercourse (6.1%). Women in the 40-49 age group had the higher odds ratios for the sexual problems reported (reduced sexual desire: odds ratio [OR] 5.0; difficulties achieving orgasm: OR 6.3; pain during intercourse: OR 5.8). Both married and single women had high risk of experiencing low levels of sexual desire (40% and 30%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Women's sexual concerns are not devoted to their sexual problems, but also their partner's and children's problems. Most frequently reported sexual problems are difficulties in reaching orgasm and reduced sexual desire. However, women are reluctant to seek medical advice on their sexual concerns. There is a need for general practitioners and family doctors to become aware of the possibility of a sexual problem and to be trained on how to manage this at a primary care level.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Does help help? The adaptive consequences of obtaining help from professionals and social networks.

This study reports on a longitudinal analysis of changes in adaptation associated with seeking help on a representative sample of Chicago area adults who had experienced one of three transitions or four crises during the interval between 1972 and follow-up 1976--77 interviews. For each event, respondents are classified into three groups according to their help-seeking behavior: those who went to professionals, those who went only to their social networks, and those who had the event but sought no help. Nine measures of adaptation are used: symptoms of anxiety and depression and strains and stresses in four role areas. Statistical controls equate the groups on demographic characteristics, perceived stress, personal resources, access to help, and elapsed time since the event. There are no consistent statistical significant differences among the groups. No evidence is found that help-seeking has positive adaptive consequences. The findings are not likely to result from an inadequate sample, outcome measures, or statistical controls, but could result from insufficient information on the kind, quality, and duration of the help provided.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Neurobiology of sexual behavior.

Recent advances in the neurobiology of sexual behavior have helped to refine our understanding of the neuroanatomical, neuroendocrine and neurochemical systems that modulate responses to sexual stimulation. Both appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors have been studied in several laboratory species and in humans using traditional and novel behavioral paradigms. New knowledge has emerged concerning the role of hypothalamic, limbic and brainstem structures, neuropeptides, brain monoamines and nitric oxide in the control of partner preference, sexual desire, erection, copulation, ejaculation, orgasm and sexual satiety. Brain imaging of visually evoked sexual arousal in humans has also been examined.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Communication strategies and interpersonal skills of instructors of esophageal speech: an observation study.

OBJECTIVE: In this article, the way that the Instructor of Esophageal Speech (IES) works is considered from an interactive-analytic perspective. METHODS: The observation project data were gathered during 6 months in 2004 at the training sessions of the Ginreikai-Asian Federation of Laryngectomees' Association using the Six Category Intervention Analysis framework (6CIA) by a trained communication specialist as an active-observer. RESULTS: Mean scores of each of the six categories and a series of percentage distributions were extracted from the usage-frequency data and interpreted together with the results of Chi-square analysis of usage-frequency units. We found the IES used more frequently authoritative categories and used less facilitative categories. Our results of the data analysis show that the 30 IES used more authoritative interventions and used more frequently the prescription and information giving than the confrontation or cathartic interventions. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that the 6CIA framework has its potential and value as an analytic tool to explore the IES' actual behavior in a specific therapy related context. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: We argue for the utility of the 6CIA as an analytic framework to investigate the interpersonal behavior of the IES in the Japanese cultural setting.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Illness management and recovery: a review of the research.

Illness management is a broad set of strategies designed to help individuals with serious mental illness collaborate with professionals, reduce their susceptibility to the illness, and cope effectively with their symptoms. Recovery occurs when people with mental illness discover, or rediscover, their strengths and abilities for pursuing personal goals and develop a sense of identity that allows them to grow beyond their mental illness. The authors discuss the concept of recovery from psychiatric disorders and then review research on professional-based programs for helping people manage their mental illness. Research on illness management for persons with severe mental illness, including 40 randomized controlled studies, indicates that psychoeducation improves people's knowledge of mental illness; that behavioral tailoring helps people take medication as prescribed; that relapse prevention programs reduce symptom relapses and rehospitalizations; and that coping skills training using cognitive-behavioral techniques reduces the severity and distress of persistent symptoms. The authors discuss the implementation and dissemination of illness management programs from the perspectives of mental health administrators, program directors, people with a psychiatric illness, and family members.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Assisting with tobacco cessation.

Tobacco use is the primary preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States today. The consequences of smoking are well documented, and it is the responsibility of every health care provider to routinely screen and offer treatment to their patients who smoke. Nurses are no exception; we are uniquely qualified to provide practical skills training to our patients. Irrefutable data exist that even 3 minutes of counseling can have a positive influence that moves the patient who smokes further along the continuum toward quitting. The treatment recommendations and strategies that will be discussed are found in the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline entitled "Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence." The algorithm will be broken down into practical interview questions and activities that every nurse can implement with his or her patients, regardless of practice setting.

Algorithms↗