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PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid serotyping of infectious bronchitis virus isolates with the hemagglutination-inhibition test.

The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was evaluated as a method of typing recent suspect infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates. Hemagglutination (HA) antigen was prepared from each isolate by phospholipase C treatment of virus concentrated from allanto-amniotic fluids of infected chicken embryos. An HI test was run with the HA antigen of each isolate against a battery of 17 antisera that had been prepared against different IBV strains classified by virus neutralization (VN). The HI test identified Ark 99 and Holland isolates that were similar to strains previously classified by VN. Two isolates included in this study were not inhibited by any of the reference antisera and therefore appeared to be antigenically different. The isolates were also evaluated by VN, and the results of the VN and HI methods agreed. Therefore the results suggest that the HI test can be useful for making a rapid, presumptive identification of new IBV isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Use of the passive hemagglutination reaction to study Aujeszky's disease].

Experiments were carried out with the use of the passive hemagglutination test to study Aujeszky's disease, the antigen employed being the avirulent MK-35 strain of the disease virus. It was established that the passive hemmagglutination reaction could be referred to as a specific and rapid method in the study and diagnosis of the disease. Results showed that the vaccinal MK-35 strain was successfully used as an antigen in the test. In the treatment with an MK-25 vaccine there were predominantly antibodies detectable with the passive hemagglutination reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Serology of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3: comparison of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody to bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 has been compared with the hemagglutination inhibition test on 130 field sera, and seven other paired sera showing a significant raise of titers. The ELISA was found to be four to 64 times more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition test and the two tests demonstrated a good correlation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Passive hemagglutination reaction in differentiating foot-and-mouth disease viruses].

Experiments were carried out with the use of the passive hamagglutination reaction in the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses. The investigations made use of purified sera and specific IgG antibodies obtained through column chromatography. Conjugates were prepared with the use of bis-diazotized benzidine and glutaraldehyde. In experiments with conjugates prepared with IgG and glutaraldehyde standard and reproducible results were obtained. The use of the passive hemagglutination test has led to the successful differentiation of F. M. D. viruses of various origins. Comparative investigations with the complements-fixation test and the passive hemagglutination test have shown that the latter is more readily applicable and rapid as well as more sensitive.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Comparison of the indirect enzyme-bound immunosorbent method with the hemagglutination inhibition test in detecting Newcastle disease antibodies in vaccinated chickens].

The sensitivity of ELISA and the hemagglutination-inhibition test was comparatively studied in the demonstration of Newcastle disease antibodies in the sera of 57 vaccinated birds. Differences were established in the antibody titers as demonstrated by the two methods. The sensitivity of ELISA was found to be 100 times higher than that of the HI-test. Discussed is the possible use of ELISA in cases where no antibodies or low-titer hemagglutinating ones are demonstrated via the HI-test.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The detection of canine autoantibodies to thyroid antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence.

Autoantibodies to thyroid antigens in serums from 34 clinically hypothyroid dogs were detected by various methods. Antibodies to thyroglobulin were detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 59%, by chromic chloride hemagglutination in 53% and by indirect immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, trypsin-digested thyroid tissue in 73% of samples. Antibody to thyroid microsomal antigen was detectable by ELISA in 29% of serums. Indirect immunofluorescence showed cytoplasmic fluorescence of thyroid follicular cells in several serums, however, this could not be confirmed as specific for microsomal antigen by absorption trials. Hemagglutination tests using commercially available tanned red cells coated with human antigens and indirect immunofluorescence assays on formalin-fixed tissue without trypsin digestion, on Bouin's fixed tissue, or on cryostat, methanol-fixed sections, were insensitive. Cryostat sections without methanol fixation were unsuitable due to tissue fragility. No method was recommended for routine diagnostic use. The ELISA test, because of its convenience, may be useful as a screening aid or adjunct to the diagnosis of thyroid disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Serodiagnosis of rubella: comparison of ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition].

Serodiagnosis in current practice by the method ELISA. Utilization of commercial kits. I. - Rubella. Comparative study with hemagglutination inhibition test. A comparative study of the hemagglutination inhibition test and the method ELISA for the serodiagnosis of rubella in current practice has been achieved on 1 000 sera using commercial products in kits. The conditions of utilization, the principal factors of the reaction and the expression of results in ELISA titres are defined. The results show a higher sensibility and a higher precision for ELISA and an uncertain interpretation concerning the low titres for IHA. The use of ELISA for the serodiagnosis of rubella in routine with the kit Rubelisa does not present any particular difficulty and raises the quality of the results.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1984

A simple semiquantitative radiometric measurement of antithyroglobulin antibodies in human serum. Comparison with hemagglutination method.

A simple solid-phase radiometric assay for the measurement of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgRA) was developed and evaluated. The assay is semiquantitative, and the results were expressed as a ratio between sample versus negative control (normal human serum). In 59 normal subjects, the mean ratio was 0.93 +/- (SD) 0.34. Thyroglobulin antibodies by radiometric assay, by hemagglutination (TgHA), as well as microsomal antibodies by hemagglutination (MCHA) were measured in 41 patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 22), adenomatous goiter (n = 10), carcinoma (n = 5), adenoma (n = 4), and in 59 patients without histopathologic diagnosis of thyroid disease. In patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TgRA, TgHA, and MCHA were positive in 54, 31, and 81% of patients, respectively. 1 patient had positive TgRA with negative MCHA levels, and 2 had negative antibody titers by all methods. Thyrotropin-stimulating hormone levels were elevated (greater than 10 microU/ml) in 17 of these patients. Our results suggest that although the TgRA method is more sensitive than TgHA for detecting thyroglobulin antibodies, its diagnostic sensitivity is not equal to that of MCHA.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1983

[Neutralizing and inhibiting activity of hemagglutination of serum antibodies after natural infection and after vaccination with influenza virus A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) strain].

Sera with different content of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (h.i.a.) collected from healthy subjects in late summer 1978, from influenza cases which occurred in winters 1977-78 and 1978-79 and from vaccinees in autumn 1978 were checked for neutralizing antibodies (n.a.) to A/USSR/90/77 influenza virus strain. Neutralizing activity (Geometric mean titer of n.a.) of h.i.a. was found dependent chiefly on the previous antigenic experience of the subjects. This because, given the same h.i.a. level, geometric mean titers of n.a. were lower in children and adolescents than in adults more than 24-year-old. For the age of the subjects and for time of collection of sera, the presence of antibodies in the former group is very likely due to the first antigenic stimulus. Moreover among the vaccinated adults the Geometric mean titers of n.a. in sera with the same h.i.a. content were higher in the age group 25-40 years. With any probability this is the cohort with an original antigenic sin due to H1N1 variants. The results have been also discussed in relation to the epidemiological behaviour of H1N1 strains in the first years of the second prevalence era. The above observations suggest caution in adopting the only hemagglutination-inhibition test for evaluating the immune status of populations and the immunizing efficacy of influenza virus vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Influenza hemagglutination inhibiting activity in respiratory mucus from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (heaves syndrome).

Samples of mucus from the lower trachea were collected from 53 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from 24 clinically normal horses. Serum samples were collected from 35 of the horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from the 24 normal horses. Samples were tested for inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza A equine 1 and 2 viruses. There were high levels of hemagglutination inhibiting activity against influenza A equine 1 in mucus samples from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Passive hemagglutination test with capsular and somatic antigens of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from birds].

Comparative investigations were carried out with the passive hemagglutination reaction in the serotyping of 14 reference and 34 P. multocida strains isolated from birds with three types of antigens obtained from one and the same bacterial mass: capsular extracts obtained by Carter's method (1), thermostable capsular extracts obtained after Carter and additionally heated at 100 C degrees for one hour (2), thermostable somatic extracts obtained after the additional heading of the depot of bacterial mass, treated after Carter at 100 C degrees for one hour (3). The results obtained with the three extracts correlated fully with each other as established with the passive hemagglutination test. Out of 34 strains 76.47 per cent were typed with the use of two of the capsular extracts, and 97.05 per cent--with the thermostable somatic extracts. Thermostable somatic extracts obtained from reference and field strains of P. multocida showed type specificity according to the classification of Carter. Of the P. multocida strains isolated from birds that succumbed to acute or chronic form of fowl cholera 97.06 per cent were typed as serotype A, and 2.94 per cent--chiefly in the chronic form of the disease--as serotype B. It was found that immunodiffusion conducted with capsular extracts was the most suitable method for the detection of antibodies in the sera of rabbits against P. multocida prior to the animals' hyperimmunization with type cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hemagglutination, autoagglutination and pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis strains.

Three isolates of Moraxella bovis, recovered from cattle with signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, were tested for autoagglutinating activity, hemagglutinating activity and pathogenicity in young calves. Only the autoagglutinating and hemagglutinating isolates were pathogenic in calves. Treatment of the pathogenic isolates with magnesium chloride eliminated their pathogenic effects.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1983

A nonspecific inhibitor of hemagglutination by Tahyna virus in acetone-extracted mouse sera and its removal.

A nonspecific inhibitor of hemagglutination of Tahyna virus was present in acetone-extracted sera of 3-week old ICR mice but in a much lower level in the 3-day old mice of the same strain. This inhibitor did not neutralize Tahyna virus in vitro and did not protect mice against the lethal challenge by this virus. The inhibitor could not be removed by treatment with: acetone; kaolin, trypsin; heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min or 60 degrees C for 20 min, filtration through Seitz EK pads, a successive treatment with either acetone + trypsin, acetone + filtration, acetone + pH 2.0, or trypsin + heating. However, the inhibitory activity was eliminated by a combined treatment with acetone and heat (56 degrees C/30 min) - or vice versa, or by the isolation of gammaglobulin with the use of rivanol. Fractionated precipitation of serum proteins suggested that the nonspecific inhibitor is a lipoprotein, this being supported by a comparison of the lipoprotein content between samples with the inhibitor present and removed. The course of specific globulin (IgG and IgM) production in mice infected with Tahyna virus was studied in hemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) using the sera treated with acetone plus heat. This combined treatment of sera might also be suggested for use in routine serological surveys (HIT) of small rodents with Tahyna virus antigen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fractionation of serum by gel filtration: contamination of IgM fractions by non-specific inhibitors of hemagglutination of the rubella virus].

Rubella virus hemagglutination non-specific inhibitors, in sera fractionated on Bio-Gel A 5 m, elute in IgM containing fractions. In addition, in heparin-MnCl2 treated sera, the same inhibitors display a different chromatographic behaviour on Bio-Gel A 5m, being eluted earlier than IgM. Therefore, in order to avoid false-positive results due to the presence of non-specific inhibitors in IgM containing fractions it is necessary to verify the disappearance of hemagglutination-inhibition activity after 2-ME reduction.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1980

Immunodiagnostic tests for hydatidosis in sheep: an evaluation of double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, indirect hemagglutination, and intradermal tests.

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), double diffusion (DD5), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and intradermal (ID) tests were evaluated to determine their ability to detect echinococcosis in sheep. Four sheep were infected per os with approximately 4,00, 1-wk-old eggs of Echinococcus gradulosus; four more sheep were similarly infected with approximately 3,000 1-wk-old eggs of Taenia hydatigena, and two additional sheep were used as uninfected controls. Blood samples were collected from each sheep prior to infection, at 2 and 4 wk postinoculation, and monthly thereafter for 1 yr. Serum from each blood sample was tested by IEP and DD5 for antiantigen "5" activity and by IHA for Echinococcus-specific hemagglutination activity. Following the last blood collection, an ID test for echinococcosis was performed on each sheep, after which all sheep were necropsied, and the type, location, and size of all larval tapeworms recorded. The DD5 test was found to be more sensitive and at least as specific as IEP in detecting echinococcosis in sheep. The IHA test approached the specificity and sensitivity pattern of DD5 and IEP if a titer of greater than or equal to 1:1,024 was considered positive. The ID test supported DD5 and IEP results but demonstrated a lack of specifiity. Necropsy data verified that all sheep were infected according to the experimental design. We conclude that DD5 reliably detects echinococcosis in experimentally infected sheep, and that further research is warranted to evaluate this test for detecting echinococcosis in naturally infected sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Importance of cross reactions in evaluating the serological diagnosis of human brucellosis. II. Examination of brucellosis patients by the passive hemagglutination reaction using homologous and heterologous erythrocyte diagnostica].

The study of 270 serum samples obtained from chronic brucellosis patients in the passive hemagglutination test have revealed that in the presence of specific brucellosis hemagglutinins cross reactions with Yersinia antigen may occur. This phenomenon is probably due to the presence of common antigenic determinants in the lipopolysaccharide fractions of Brucella abortus 99 and Yersinia enterocollitica 09. The passive hemagglutination test has revealed that 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies (IgM) to both homologous and heterologous antigens are mainly present in chronic brucellosis patients.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

[The diagnostic significance of the indirect hemagglutination test for the surveillance of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy (author's transl)].

In order to clarify the relevance of the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) for the surveillance of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy 2417 sera of pregnant women were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in this test and in the fluorescent-antibody test (FAT). In addition 1319 of these sera were tested in the Sabin-Feldman test (SFT) adn 681 samples also in the complement fixation test (CFT). Significant correlations were found between the results obtained in the IHAT on one hand and in the FAT and SFT on the other hand: 95% of the sera which were negative in the FAT or SFT did not react in the IHAT as well, while most (but not all!) sera which were positive in the FAT or SFT gave positive results in the IHAT also. No correlations could, however, be found between titres obtained in the IHAT on one hand and in the CFT on the other hand. The suggestion recently published by several authors that it might be possible to decide from one single serum sample only whether or not a fresh infection had occurred by correlating FAT- (SFT-) and CFT-titres with IHAT-titres could not be confirmed. For a definite interpretation of serological results with respect to the risk of an infection of the fetus with Toxoplasma gondii it will still be necessary to test a second serum sample. As a screening method for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii -- without determination of the duration of infection -- the indirect hemagglutination test appears to be, however, a highly effective and economic method.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1978

A sensitive hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine of patients suspected of having ectopic pregnancies has proved to be a highly sensitive method of detecting the condition. Moreover, the technique is simple and inexpensive. Hemagglutination assays were used in 167 patients with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and in screening 415 patients in whom there was a possibility of ectopic pregnancy. In the former group, hCG titers in urine of more than 500 IU/liter were detected in 136 patients: among the remaining 31, the pregnancies were clinically old and resolving in 22. Low hCG titers were associated with a significantly shorter period of amenorrhea and a protracted clinical course. In the second group, a false-positive rate of 1.7% occurred when the sensitivity of the assay was limited. Increasing the sensitivity of the assay to avoid false-negative results, though also increasing the false-positive rate, would help to reduce the number of cases in which more complex isotope assays are required.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗