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PubMed1988

Doctors' drinking habits and consumption of alcohol.

Alcohol consumption and drinking habits among Finnish doctors were studied as part of a survey of stress and burnout. A questionnaire containing 99 questions or groups of questions was sent to all 3496 practising doctors aged under 66 randomly selected from the registry of the Finnish Medical Association. Altogether 2671 doctors (76%) responded; this sample was representative of the Finnish medical profession. The average weekly consumption of alcohol during the past year and various aspects of drinking behaviour were assessed, and the presence or absence of symptoms and diseases often encountered among heavy drinkers and addicts was determined. The data were analysed separately for men and women, for those aged less than or equal to 40 and greater than 40, and for the men with high and low alcohol consumption and with high and low scores on the index of drinking habits. Selected variables related to work, stress, and coping were correlated with alcohol consumption and drinking behaviour. The median consumption of alcohol among male doctors was 4876 g (6.2 litres) and among female doctors 2226 g (2.8 litres) of absolute alcohol per person per year and was higher in those aged over 40. Beer was most commonly drunk by men and wine by women. Increased alcohol consumption was associated with older age, disappointment with career, heavy smoking, use of benzodiazepines, stress and burnout symptoms, suicidal thoughts, general dissatisfaction, and diseases related to alcohol. Drinking habits were heavier among doctors working in community health centres, those taking long sick leaves, younger doctors disappointed with their careers or the atmosphere at work, and older doctors immersed in their work. Alcohol consumption among doctors seems to be higher than that of the general population in Finland, and heavy drinking seems to be associated with stress and burnout.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Absence from school related to children's and parental smoking habits.

A sample of 2885 children aged 12 and 13 who completed a questionnaire survey in school in January 1987 were given a second questionnaire on a specified date in May 1987. The smoking habits, parental smoking habits, sex, and social background of the children who were present on both dates were compared with those of the children who were absent on the second occasion. Regular smoking was significantly more common among those absent for the second questionnaire: among boys 181/877 (21%) who never smoked, 109/486 (22%) who sometimes smoked, and 21/45 (47%) who regularly smoked were absent, and among girls the figures were 157/947 (17%), 117/487 (24%), and 17/43 (40%) respectively. Thus the odds ratio for those who sometimes smoked was 1.29 and for regular smokers 3.09 against those who never smoked. Whatever the children's smoking habits, the proportion who were absent was higher when both parents or at least the mother smoked, the odds ratio being 1.39; the proportions absent were 203/1180 (17%) if neither parent or only the father smoked v 135/644 (21%) if both parents or only mother smoked for children who never smoked; 105/529 (20%) v 121/444 (27%) for those who sometimes smoked; and 10/27 (37%) v 28/61 (46%) for those who regularly smoked. Sex and social background had little effect, though there was an overall higher rate of absence among boys from industrial areas. The findings show a higher rate of minor ailments in children who smoke and in children whose mother smokes. If children are having frequent days off school for minor ailments possibly they or their parents would benefit from advice and help in stopping smoking.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1985

Diet and drinking habits in relation to the development of alcoholic pancreatitis.

To determine whether increased intakes of fat and protein or particular drinking habits are associated with the development of alcoholic pancreatitis, a dietary study has been conducted. Patients with clinically evident alcoholic pancreatitis were compared with individuals with clinically evident alcoholic cirrhosis with respect to dietary and drinking habits before the onset of clinical illness. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding intake of nutrients, drinking habits or type of alcoholic beverage consumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effect of smoking habits and timolol treatment on mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction.

The Norwegian Multicenter Group Study noted the effect of smoking habits before and after myocardial infarction and their relation to mortality and reinfarction rate after treatment with timolol in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. The mean follow up period was 17.3 (range 12-33) months. No relation was found between initial smoking habits and risk category after infarction or between initial smoking habits and later outcome. At the time of their first infarct smokers were seven years younger than non-smokers. One moth after infarction nearly 60% of the smokers had stopped smoking completely. A significantly lower incidence of early cardiac death and lower total mortality was found in patients treated with timolol in both those who continued smoking and in the combined non-smoking groups and a significantly lower reinfarction rate among non-smokers. Cessation of smoking alone was associated with a reduced reinfarction rate by 45% but a non-significant reduction in mortality by 26%. It is concluded that treatment with timolol and cessation of smoking have an additive effect in reducing mortality and reinfarction rate after myocardial infarction.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The importance of tar and nicotine in determining cigarette smoking habits.

Cigarette consumption and inhaling, assessed using carboxyhaemoglobin levels, were studied in 1786 men to investigate the importance of tar and nicotine as determinants of smoking habits. No prior warning was given that smoking habits would be studied. Neither nicotine nor tar yields materially influenced the number of cigarettes smoked a day. Both nicotine and tar yields were negatively associated with inhaling (p less than 0.001) but after allowing for either of the two yields the effect of the other on inhaling was no longer statistically significant. There was, therefore, no indication as to whether nicotine or tar was the more important determinant of smoking habit.

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMed1993

Attitudes to smoking and smoking habits among hospital staff.

BACKGROUND: Health professionals should take an active role against smoking, so it is relevant to have information on their smoking habits and their attitudes towards smoking, especially with a view to identifying and offering help to those smokers who wish to stop. Staff in Llandough Hospital were surveyed to determine their smoking habits and attitudes, and the findings were compared with those of a similar survey at Llandough in 1987. METHODS: In October 1991 a questionnaire was sent to each member of staff employed half time or more requesting data on age, sex, department, smoking habit, attitudes to smoking in various areas of the hospital, and attitudes to access to smoking rest rooms for patients, staff, and visitors. Smokers were asked whether they would like to join a "quit smoking" group. Non-responders were sent a reminder four weeks later and all replies returned by 31 December 1991 were analysed. RESULTS: The response rate was 82%; of the respondents, 65% were non-smokers, 15% ex-smokers, and 20% current smokers. The prevalence of current smokers was 5% among doctors, 20% among nurses, 18% among administrative and clerical staff, and 40-42% among domestics, catering, and portering staff. Thirty eight per cent of responders wished smoking to be completely forbidden in all areas of the hospital and 90% in certain areas such as wards, offices, cafeteria, and laboratories. Nearly half wanted smoking to be allowed in rest rooms and over 60% wanted a 24 hour facility for smoking for staff, 56% for patients, and 44% for visitors. Only 39% of smokers wished to join a "quit smoking" support group. In comparison with the 1987 survey, the response rate in this study was higher (82% v 70%), the proportion of non-smokers had increased (65% v 59%), and more smokers wanted help (39% v 26%). Fewer wanted 24 hour access to smoking areas for staff and for visitors. CONCLUSION: This hospital should capitalise on these changes of attitude among staff and proceed more rapidly with the implementation of policies to further reduce smoking among staff, visitors, and patients. As a first step a smoking cessation counsellor has been appointed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Running and its influence on smoking habits].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether running influences smoking habits. DESIGN: Study of cases and controls, with 1:1 pairing. Retrospective longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Primary care. City of Toledo, Spain. PARTICIPANTS CASES: 48 healthy volunteer runners of 47+/-7.8 years of age. CONTROLS: 48 healthy subjects, paired by gender and year of birth, chosen at random from the medical list assigned to the medical researcher. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: Smoking habits and alcohol consumption in grams per week using a questionnaire, weight, height, blood pressure, and heart rate at rest. The odds ratio (OR) was obtained on the proportion of subjects who smoked or smoked at some time, those who continued smoking and the probabilities of giving up tobacco in each group. RESULTS: The OR of the proportion of subjects who smoked or had smoked between the groups of runners (54.2%) and controls (70.9%) was 0.486 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.205-1.149; chi(2)=2.8; P=.093). The OR for continuing the habit between groups of runners (8.4%) and controls (41.7%) was 0.127 (95% CI, 0.035-0.456; chi(2)=14.0; P=.0002). In the group of runners, 45.8% had stopped smoking, as well as 31.2% of the controls (OR=7.85; 95% CI, 1.89-32.52; chi(2)=11.8; P=.0007); 50% of the runners who smoked had given it up since starting to run and 76.9% of these had given it up just at the time of starting to run. CONCLUSIONS: There is a negative association between running and tobacco. If a smoker decides to run regularly he/she has high probabilities of giving up smoking and continue to do so.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Familial lung cancer and aggregation of smoking habits: a simulation of the effect of shared environmental factors on the familial risk of cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is the principal cause of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in the offspring of lung cancer patients is about twice higher than the risk in the general population. The present study investigated the contribution of shared smoking habits to the familial clustering of lung cancer. METHODS: We estimated the relative risk of lung cancer attributable to smoking according to the extent to which smokers transmit their smoking habits to the offspring (heritability of smoking), the prevalence of smoking in the general population, and the risk of lung cancer for smokers compared with nonsmokers. FINDINGS: The relative risk of lung cancer for the offspring of lung cancer patients attributable to smoking was 1.19 when published data on smoking practice were modeled (i.e., assuming that the heritability of smoking was 0.5, the smoking prevalence 40%, and the odds ratio of lung cancer for smokers versus nonsmokers was 20). INTERPRETATION: Most familial cases of lung cancer cannot be attributed to shared smoking habits. The example of smoking can be used for other familial cancers, for which no strong environmental risk factors are usually known, to infer the primary role for heritable genes.

Environment↗
PubMed2005

Study of tobacco habits and alterations in enzymatic antioxidant system in oral cancer.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Tobacco is a major etiological factor for oral cancer development, accounting 30-40% of all cancer cases in India. Tobacco consumption generates free radicals and causes oxidative damages. In order to counteract these lethal effects, normal living cells have multiple antioxidant defense systems in a cascade manner. Thus, it seems that studying biological parameters, like antioxidant enzyme system, may be helpful in risk assessment and early diagnosis of oral cancer. Therefore, we analyzed erythrocytic and tissue antioxidant enzyme activities in terms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and plasma thiol levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study included healthy controls with no habit of tobacco (NHT, n = 25), controls with habit of tobacco (WHT, n = 31) and oral cancer patients (n = 52). All the parameters were analyzed with highly sensitive and specific spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: Erythrocytic SOD and plasma thiol levels were significantly lower (p = 0.03), while GPx and CAT levels were higher (p = 0.017) in WHT as compared to NHT. No significant changes in GST and GR levels were observed between NHT and WHT. GST, GR, SOD and CAT activities were significantly higher (p = 0.05, p < 0.001, p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively) while GPx and thiol levels were lower (p = 0.035 and p < 0.001, respectively) in oral cancer as compared to WHT. Odds ratio for erythrocytic GR, SOD, CAT and plasma thiol showed significantly higher risk of oral cancer development in WHT. Mean levels of SOD and CAT were increased, while GPx and thiol were decreased with the increase in habit duration in oral cancer. GST, GR and SOD activities were significantly higher (p = 0.0001, p = 0.005 and p = 0.005, respectively), while, CAT and thiol levels were lower (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.015, respectively) in malignant tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. CONCLUSION: The data revealed that evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities and thiol levels in WHT can be helpful to identify individuals at a higher risk of oral cancer development

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Food habits and intake of nutrients in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss is reported frequently in patients with Parkinson s disease also early during the disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate food habits and nutrient intake in elderly Parkinson s disease patients compared with matched controls, as well as to compare PD patients with and without weight loss. METHODS: Twenty-six elderly free-living patients with PD, and 26 sex- and age-matched healthy controls, were assessed twice with one year interval between. All food consumed was recorded over 3 consecutive days. Food habits were assessed with the Food Based Concept for Classification of Eating Episodes and intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated. PD symptoms, olfaction, swallowing function, daily activities and serum concentration of different nutrients were investigated. RESULTS: After 1 year, the PD patients decreased their intakes of daily high quality snacks from 0.5 +/- 0.7 to 0.3 +/- 0.3 (p < 0.05) and their prepared complete meals from 0.8 +/- 0.3 to 0.6 +/- 0.3 (p < 0.05), while their daily number of prepared incomplete meals increased from 0.2 +/- 0.2 to 0.3 +/- 0.3 (p < 0.01). PD patients with weight loss increased their daily intakes of fat by 12 +/- 34 g and their energy intake per kg body weight increased by 21 +/- 31 kJ (p < 0.05), respectively, and this was higher than in those without weight loss (p < 0.01). PD patients required more help with buying and cooking food compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: PD patients' food habits changed so that they consumed a lower number of prepared complete meals. PD patients with weight loss had a higher intake of fat and energy than those without weight loss, although this was obviously not sufficient to prevent weight loss. Impaired absorption of fat in PD should be discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Pilot study examining the motivational effects of maximal exercise testing to modify risk factors and health habits.

A mailed questionnaire was sent to 2,892 men aged 35-65 years who had undergone symptom-limited treadmill exercise testing. The study was designed to assess the possible role of exercise testing as a means of motivating patients to modify appropriate risk factors and health habits. There was a 69% response to the questionnaire and 63% of patients replying indicated they modified one or more risk factors and health habits and this change they attributed to the exercise test. It was found that persons with an abnormal functional aerobic impairment, demonstrated by the exercise test, were more likely to be motivatged to change. This pilot study raises the possibility that exercise testing may play an important role in modification of coronary risk factors and health habits and the design of a better controlled study is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Influence of the intake of fortified breakfast cereals on dietary habits and nutritional status of Spanish schoolchildren.

A study was performed on the breakfast habits of 200 schoolchildren between 9 and 13 years of age. The subjects were classified into two groups: group C, children who consumed fortified breakfast cereals (65 boys and 35 girls), and group NC, children who did not (64 boys and 36 girls). The different dietary habits and the nutritional status of the two groups were analyzed. Haematological, biochemical, anthropometric, and dietary data were collected, the latter involving a 5-day food record. The children of the C group were found not only to have a more complete and nutritive breakfast, but also showed better dietary patterns for the rest of the day. Their lipid intake (% kJ) was lower and the carbohydrate intake (g/d and % kJ) higher than in the NC children. The intakes of thiamine, pyridoxine, folates, and beta-carotenes were also higher in group C. Better dietary habits were reflected in higher blood levels of some important compounds. Group C children had higher retinol, serum folate, and riboflavin levels than NC children. The percentage of children with hypercholesterolaemia (serum cholesterol > 4.5 mmol/l) was higher amongst those of the NC group: 37% as compared with 18% of the C children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association of hypoadiponectinemia with smoking habit in men.

Adiponectin is emerging as an important molecule in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, smoking habit is well known to be related to cardiovascular disease and hypertension. To examine the association between adiponectin concentration and smoking habit, we performed an epidemiological survey and an acute exposure test in humans and an experiment in adipocytes to elucidate the mechanism underlying the association between adiponectin and smoking. In the epidemiological study, we enrolled a total of 331 male subjects to examine chronic smoking exposure. Plasma adiponectin was significantly lower (P=0.01) in current smokers (5.3+/-0.3 microg/mL) than in never-smokers (6.5+/-0.4 microg/mL). A significant association between smoking and low adiponectin level was also confirmed in multiple regression analysis including age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and creatinine clearance (never-smokers 6.5+/-0.4 microg/mL; past smokers 5.6+/-0.3 microg/mL; current smokers 5.2+/-0.4 microg/mL; F=4.52; P=0.01). To examine the acute effect of smoking on adiponectin concentration for 12 hours, we measured plasma adiponectin level in 5 male never-smokers before smoking and 3, 6, and 12 hours after smoking, with the result that adiponectin showed a significant decrease after smoking (12 hours; -14.5+/-0.6%; P<0.01). In cultured mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes, H2O2 and nicotine reduced the mRNA expression and secretion of adiponectin in a dose-dependent manner. Smoking habit is associated with adiponectin concentration in men, and its suppressive effect is mediated in part through direct inhibition of smoking on adiponectin expression in adipocytes.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1989

Smoking habit and bronchial reactivity in normal subjects. A population-based study.

The relationship between smoking habits and airway responsiveness has been studied in a cross-sectional sample of subjects in a small Lombardy (Italy) town. The subjects were between 15 and 64 yr of age; they were representative of the general population. There were 295 normal nonsmokers, 70 normal smokers, and 50 past smokers. All clinically asymptomatic and functionally normal subjects underwent methacholine challenge. The distribution of responsiveness to methacholine (as expressed by LnPD15FEV1) was found to be significantly different between these normal smokers and nonsmokers. A multinomial logistic regression model showed a statistically significant difference in the response to the challenge on the basis of pack-years. When the number of years of smoking and the daily number of cigarettes were separately considered, the current amount had the significant correlation with LnPD15FEV1. Bronchial reactivity for past smokers was found not to be different from that for normal nonsmokers. We conclude that smoking habits, especially current habits, affect bronchial reactivity even in the absence of airway obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Some laboratory correlates of drinking habits.

The effect of drinking habits on the frequency distributions of eight biochemical or haematological test results was studied in 7915 patients attending a multiphasic health testing centre. Increasing incidences of abnormal results with increasing alcohol intake, at levels of alcohol intake habitual for a large proportion of the population, were found for plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides and uric acid, and for erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume. Of four frequently used liver function tests, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and albumin, only aspartate aminotransferase was strongly affected by drinking habits. These findings have relevance for the detection of individuals whose drinking habits are harmful to them, and for the interpretation of 'profile' results.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between habits of food consumption and reported reactions to food in people with inflammatory bowel disease--testing the limits.

Anecdotally, people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) report that some foods make them feel better and some foods make them feel worse. This paper reports about the relationship between food habits and reactions to foods in people with IBD. A database was designed to incorporate the date of data collection, the IBD disease, food habits, the quantity consumed and a response rating of the subjects' reactions to each food. For each of 122 foods, subjects were asked simultaneously about these five categories. Thirty three subjects with Crohn's disease and 27 with ulcerative colitis completed the questionnaire in two seasons. The focus of the examination was directed to the upper and lower limit of reactions to foods. Foods that affect people negatively and foods that affect people positively were identified in relation to habits of consumption. Foods that affect people negatively were among those never consumed while foods that affect people positively were among the regularly consumed foods. Findings included an increased number of foods that caused problems for people with Crohn's disease when compared with people with ulcerative colitis. Problems with chocolate, dairy products, fats and artificial sweeteners were documented in both groups of IBD. A standard food list generated without the input of individuals with a chronic illness may be inadequate to collect data about their consumption since many of the foods on the list were reportedly never consumed and there may be other foods not on the list that are consumed by this chronically ill population.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1995

Parental smoking habits and infant birth weight.

The study was conducted from May 1991 to April 1992 to determine the factors which affect low infant birth weight. The sample was drawn from pregnant women who delivered live single infants. Weight and gender of the newborn were recorded as well as the parental smoking habit. The study found that there were significant associations between low birth weight infants and maternal smoking habit (RR = 2.9; p > 0.05), father's smoking habit (RR = 1.5; p > 0.05), and length of gestation (RR = 3.2; p > 0.05). The variables for which no association with low birth weight infants was observed in this study were coffee intake, gender of infant, and the order of birth.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1999

High Toxoplasma seroprevalence associated with meat eating habits of locals in Nepal.

A serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in apparently healthy subjects (n = 404) living in Achham (n = 215) and Dang (n = 189) districts in western Nepal was carried out. An interview with 249 participants, each representing a household, was also conducted. This interview pertained to their meat eating habits and the keeping of cats in their houses. Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by using the microlatex agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was 65.3% with no significant difference in the two districts (Achham: 66.9% and Dang: 63.5%) included (p = 0.546). Females and the Indo-Aryan ethnic-group showed marginally higher prevalence compared with their male (p = 0.545) and Tibeto-Burman (p = 0.075) counterparts. The majority of the infections was found to have occurred during childhood. The frequency of meat eating in western and eastern regions differed greatly (p = 0.000) with the people in the eastern region being frequent meat eaters than those in the western region. About one-third of the subjects, all Indo-Aryans, in the western region had the raw meat eating habit but none in the eastern region. Approximately 7.0% of households in both western and eastern regions kept cats. The present findings demonstrated a typical role of meat eating habits of people in the high Toxoplasma seroprevalence in Nepal.

Adolescent↗