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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Changes in certain hematological and physiological variables following single gallium arsenide exposure in rats.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs), a group III-VA intermetallic semiconductor, possesses superior electronic and optical properties and has a wide application in electronic industry. Exposure to GaAs in the semiconductor industries could be a possible occupational risk. The aim of the present study was to determine the dose-dependent effect of single oral exposure to GaAs (500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg) on some biochemical variables in heme synthesis pathway and few selected physiological variables at d 1, 7, and 15 following administration. The results indicate that GaAs produced a significant effect on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in blood and heart (particularly at d 7) following exposure to 2000 mg/kg, whereas urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) excretion was elevated only at d 7. No marked influence of GaAs on blood hemoglobin, zinc protoporphyrin, and packed cell volume was noticed. Blood glutathione (GSH) was significantly reduced at d 7, but remained unchanged at two other time intervals. On the other hand, heart GSH contents remained uninfluenced on GaAs exposure. Most of the physiological variables, viz. blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, and twitch response, remained unchanged, except for some minor alterations observed at d 7 and 15 following exposure to GaAs at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Blood gallium concentration was not detectable in normal animals and rats exposed to 500 mg/kg GaAs. Blood arsenic concentration was, however, detectable even at the a lower dose level and increased in a dose-dependent manner. All these changes showed a recovery pattern at d 21, indicating that the alterations are reversible.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Gallium-67 accumulation to the tumor thrombus in anaplastic thyroid cancer.

A sixty-five-year-old woman was hospitalized for examination of swelling in the left arm. Gallium-67 scintigraphy showed the same radioactivity in the left lobe of the thyroid gland and the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein. Operation then proved obstruction of the left internal jugular vein and subclavian vein due to tumor thrombus accompanied by anaplastic thyroid cancer. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was extremely useful in grasping the extent and feature of the tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Gallium-67 uptake in fibrous dysplasia of the bone.

In a 43-year-old woman with fibrous dysplasia of the ribs and facial bone and in a 40-year-old man with fibrous dysplasia of the facial bone, there were considerable increases in the uptake of Tc-99m methylenediphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP) and Gallium-67 citrate. Fibrous dysplasia should be added to differential diagnosis of high Gallium-67 citrate uptake in the bone lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The value of quantitative gallium-67 single-photon emission tomography in the clinical management of malignant external otitis.

Malignant external otitis (MEO) is a severe infectious disorder usually caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which most frequently affects diabetic patients. Due to its rarity, the diagnosis of MEO is often not made promptly. Extension into deeper structures or chronic osteomyelitis may occur without signs of infection on local clinical examination. Of the imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging provides a fairly adequate picture of the spread of the disease, but, as with computed tomography (CT) scanning and bone scintigraphy, the images remain unchanged for a long time after disease regression. The objective of this study was to establish whether quantitative gallium-67 single-photon emission tomography (SPET) represents an accurate method for the assessment of infection and, moreover, for the monitoring of therapeutic effect. Eight patients (five males, three females) with the clinical diagnosis of MEO were studied. In three patients antibiotic treatment was prolonged for several weeks because visual analysis of gallium scintigraphy still showed slightly increased uptake in the affected area on the first follow-up scan. In one patient, it was decided to stop antibiotic treatment despite a slight increase in uptake on the second follow-up scan. Lesion to non-lesion (L/NL) ratios obtained from 67Ga SPET images at initial diagnosis and during follow-up were assessed in correlation with clinical and biochemical data and with the results of CT scans. In addition to a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), all patients showed increased uptake on the affected side, with L/NL ratios ranging from 1.4 to 3.6 at the time of diagnosis. CT scans failed to demonstrate abnormalities in four patients. Including four scans demonstrating slightly increased uptake in the affected area, L/NL ratios after 6-8 weeks of antibiotic treatment were 1.0+/-0.1. Despite a persistently elevated ESR in the majority of patients, none of them demonstrated local recurrence or complications during follow-up. In all patients, leucocyte count was within the normal range throughout the course. No relation was found between the slightly increased uptake on the follow-up scans and surgical treatment. It is concluded that in addition to the visual analysis of 67Ga SPET imaging, L/NL ratios should be calculated for a more accurate assessment of disease activity in MEO. Despite visually slightly increased uptake, L/NL ratios of 1.0+/-0.1 during follow-up are highly indicative of complete recovery, regardless of ESR values or leucocytosis. CT scans are of little value for diagnosis or for monitoring of therapeutic effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Positron emission tomography and gallium metabolic imaging in lymphoma.

Metabolic imaging allows the recognition of active tumor mass because of its fixed tracer. For patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, (67)gallium and (18)fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) have been employed. This review describes the role of (67)gallium scintigraphy (Ga-scan) and positron emission tomography (PET) in the staging and follow-up of patients with lymphoma. These tools do not appear to be more powerful than conventional imaging for initial staging and treatment choice. Ga-scan is only valid for thoracic examination. PET imaging following treatment resolves the problem of persisting images on CT scan; nearly all patients with FDG uptake have an early relapse. Whether this examination will allow for intensified treatment and possible cure of more patients is yet to be demonstrated.

Fluorodeoxyglucose F18↗
PubMed1975

Diagnosis of chronic and postoperative osteomyelitis with gallium 67 citrate scans.

The effectiveness of gallium 67 citrate in diagnosing the exacerbations of chronic osteomyelitis or postoperative osteomyelitis secondary to open reduction of fractures was tested in thirteen patients. This isotope demonstrated an area of infection in every case in which such an area existed. The control subjects consisted of patients with noninfected wounds after open reduction. In this group, gallium was not incorporated into the post-operative hematoma. No false-negative results were observed in our series, demonstrating that this element is useful in the early diagnosis of bone infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Early cytokinetic and morphological response of rat lungs to inhaled benzo(a)pyrene, gallium oxide, and SO2.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the early cytokinetic and morphological responses of the lung to inhaled particles and an irritant gas are altered by the presence of a carcinogen. Fischer-344 rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to a combination of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) (7 mg/m3) adsorbed onto gallium oxide particles (22 mg/m3) and SO2 (5 ppm) or to gallium oxide particles and SO2 alone for 2 h per day for 9 days. Serial sacrifices were performed up to 28 days after the beginning of the exposure. Cell proliferation in the lungs was studied in 1-micron-thick glycol methacrylate autoradiographs of tritiated thymidine-labeled tissues. Cytokinetic and morphological changes in the two groups were similar. However, there were several changes associated only with B(a)P treatment such as increased proliferation in most cell types at 8 or 11 days and foci of large proliferating cuboidal cells in the alveolar region. Cell proliferation in airway and alveolar regions of lungs in both groups increased during exposure and decreased subsequently. Small foci of hyperplastic alveolar cells and hypertrophic terminal bronchiolar cells were present in both groups although they occurred more frequently in the group that received B(a)P. These cytokinetic and morphological changes were interpreted as a repair response of the lungs to a toxic insult. Whether the differences between the two treatments were related to the carcinogenic nature of B(a)P or to the toxic nature of B(a)P will be determined in a long-term study.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus: presentation as a pituitary mass and postoperative gallium-67 imaging.

Invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses is an uncommon, but well-recognized, form of fungal infection. We describe an elderly female patient with invasive aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus and associated osteomyelitis of the skull base, with clinical presentation as a pituitary mass. Postoperative gallium scan showed intense uptake in the sphenoid sinus, which resolved after treatment with amphotericin-B. This case demonstrates some of the pathologic and clinical features of invasive aspergillosis and suggests a potential role for gallium-67 imagining in monitoring clinical response to therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Gallium nitrate in advanced bladder carcinoma: Southwest Oncology Group study.

Gallium nitrate is a heavy metal anticancer agent that has demonstrated widespread activity in a number of phase I studies. This phase II study employed a starting dose of 700 mg/m2 IV every two weeks in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma. Significant nephrotoxicity observed in 4 of the first 10 patients required extending the time between cycles to three weeks in the remaining 24 patients. One complete response and six partial responses were achieved. Nephrotoxicity was the major dose-limiting toxicity. Gastrointestinal toxicity and myelosuppression were minimal. Gallium nitrate appears to be an active agent in advanced carcinoma of the bladder. Further clinical trials with this agent are warranted.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1994

Correlation of cytotoxicity with element release from mercury- and gallium-based dental alloys in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: An in vitro screening test was used to compare the cytotoxicity and elemental release from mercury- and gallium-based dental restorative materials. METHODS: The test employed three sequential extractions of the samples into cell-culture medium which were then used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the samples and the release of elements from the samples. Cytotoxicity was measured by placing the extract in contact with Balb/c mouse fibroblasts for 24 h and measuring the succinic dehydrogenase activity of the cells. The release of elements was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Samples of Tytin (Kerr) showed no cytotoxicity compared to Teflon controls. Dispersalloy (Johnson and Johnson) was severely cytotoxic initially when Zn release was greatest, but was less toxic between 48 and 72 h as Zn release decreased. Gallium Alloy GF (Tokuriki Honten) was moderately cytotoxic after 8 h, and increased in cytotoxicity thereafter, which correlated with a substantial and persistent release of Ga from this material. SIGNIFICANCE: The results of the current study concurred with in vivo assessments of these materials, and the use of sequential extractions was useful in determining trends in the cytotoxicity and elemental release from these materials.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1990

Defective gallium-transferrin binding in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome: possible mechanism for accumulation of aluminium in brain.

The plasma distribution of gallium (as an analogue of aluminium) was investigated in patients with Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, or stroke dementia, in subjects on haemodialysis for chronic renal failure, and in healthy controls. Gallium-transferrin binding was significantly lower in the Alzheimer (mean [SEM] 7.9 [1.1]%) and Down syndrome groups (6.9 [0.7]%) than in the controls (17.1 [1.6]%), whereas stroke dementia and haemodialysis patients had normal binding. There were no differences among the groups in plasma citrate concentration. The plasma transferrin concentration was slightly lower in the Alzheimer and Down syndrome groups than in the controls, but even lower in stroke dementia patients (1.74 [0.14] g/l vs 2.98 [0.18] g/l in controls). Transferrin iron saturation was higher in the Alzheimer (58.9%) and Down syndrome groups (81.6%) than in the controls (39.0%) or stroke dementia patients (33.4%). This deficiency of gallium/aluminium binding would leave more unbound aluminium which could move readily into the brain, where it has neurotoxic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The value of gallium-67 scintigraphy in localising infection following cardiac surgery.

Radioactive gallium-67 has been used in a 64-year-old woman who developed persistent fever and a small sinus in the upper chest 6 weeks following open heart surgery for the replacement of a rheumatic aortic valve. The scintigraphy revealed unexpected extensive inflammation tracking down from the region of the sinus to the lower chest in front and under the heart. Chest X-ray and echocardiographic findings were inconclusive. The value of gallium scintigraphy in this case was not only in the localisation of the lesion but also in defining the extent of inflammation, the latter feature determining the need for reintervention.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1990

Correlation between gallium-67 imaging and endomyocardial biopsy in children with severe dilated cardiomyopathy.

Fourty-four patients (aged 10 months to 15 years) were assessed in a double-blind study to observe the correlation between myocardial uptake of 67-gallium and endomyocardial biopsy in the detection of moderate to severe myocardial inflammation. The sensitivity and specificity of gallium-67 imaging were 87 and 81%, respectively. Based on these findings, immunosuppressive therapy can be assigned to children with dilated cardiomyopathy and positive myocardial uptake, since moderate and severe myocardial inflammation may be detected by this non-invasive method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Antibody fragments labeled with fluorine-18 and gallium-68: in vivo comparison with indium-111 and iodine-125-labeled fragments.

Although monoclonal antibodies have been radiolabeled with many different radionuclides, the application of positron emission tomography (PET) to the imaging of radiolabeled antibodies has been limited to the investigation of a small number of long-lived radionuclides. In this study, we labeled F(ab')2 fragments of a mouse monoclonal antibody (BB5-G1) specific for a human parathyroid surface antigen with the positron emitting radionuclides, gallium-68 and fluorine-18. The biodistribution of the fragments was evaluated in a nude mice model and the results were compared to those obtained with fragments labeled with iodine-125 and indium-111 using conventional labeling techniques. All labeled fragments bound to human parathyroid tissue implanted in nude mice, with parathyroid-to-muscle ratios reaching as high as 10:1, 4 h after administration. A major difference was observed in the uptake and clearance of the various labeled fragments through the kidney. The halogen activity cleared, but the metal radioactivity was retained in the kidney. The results indicate that the fluorine-18 or gallium-68 labeled fragment may be useful for parathyroid imaging with positron emission tomography.

Albumins↗
PubMed1994

Gallium nitrate delays the progression of microscopic disease in a human medulloblastoma murine model.

The goal of adjuvant chemotherapy is to treat postoperative microscopic disease in the hope of preventing tumor recurrence and/or metastasis. Since the introduction of chemotherapeutic agents, the disease-free survival of children with medulloblastoma has improved only modestly. Therefore, there is a need to develop and investigate new chemotherapeutic agents for this malignancy. Gallium nitrate has demonstrated significant antineoplastic activity toward human medulloblastoma in vitro and in vivo and may prove to be an optimal chemotherapeutic agent in treating medulloblastoma microscopic disease. The present study consisted of injecting medulloblastoma Daoy intradermally into both flanks of nude mice. A 15-day 50-mg/kg/day regimen was implemented the day after tumor inoculation. All treated and control mice received saline hyperhydration during the treatment period. The interval between tumor cell inoculation and first measurable tumor detection, tumor occurrence, growth rate, and size were recorded. Results indicated that gallium nitrate significantly prolonged the interval between tumor cell inoculation and measurable tumor detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Synthesis and biological evaluation of gallium polyaminothiols (PAT).

Two polyaminothiol ligands, one hexadentate, N,N',N"-tris[2-methyl(2-propanethiol)]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN), and another potentially heptadentate, tris[2-methyl(2-propanethiol)]aminoethylamine (TMAE), were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic and analytical methods. Both ligands were labeled with gallium-67 at pH 3.0-3.5 in high yields. The resulting gallium chelates were lipophilic. The biodistribution studies for both the chelates showed hepatic uptake and biliary clearance. The total % ID activity for [67Ga]TACN in liver and intestine at 5 min was 33.86 increasing gradually to 61.4% at 30 min. The chelates were in vivo stable to plasma-transferrin transchelation as confirmed by scintigraphic images obtained by [67Ga]TACN in rats and by plasma incubation of the chelates. These results indicate that Ga-TACN is a potentially useful tracer for hepatobiliary imaging using PET. No brain uptake was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Biological activities of phthalocyanines. XII: Synthesis tumor uptake and biodistribution of 14C-labeled disulfonated and trisulfonated gallium phthalocyanine in C3H mice.

The biodistribution and metabolism of 14C-labeled disulfonated and trisulfonated gallium phthalocyanine (Ga-PcS) was studied in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumor-bearing C3H mice. The [14C]Ga-PcS compounds were prepared via the condensation of [14C]phthalic acid and sulfophthalic acid in the presence of gallium chloride and characterized by their spectroscopic and chromatographic properties. The tissue concentrations of the dyes was measured by scintillation counting of the 14C and by extraction and fluorescence measurements. Elevated dye levels were found in the liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen as well as in the tumor. Lower sulfonation of Ga-PcS favored liver and spleen uptake whereas higher dye sulfonation resulted in greater kidney uptake. Both dyes showed high tumor uptake with peak concentrations exceeding those of most tissues except for the liver in the case of Ga-PcS2. The highest tumor uptake was observed with Ga-PcS3. Both dyes were slowly excreted from the body. The liver-feces pathway was favored in the case of Ga-PcS2 with high activities persisting in the liver, even after 21 days. The Ga-PcS3 was preferentially excreted via the kidney-urine pathway. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the liver and tumor extracts of [14C]Ga-PcS3-treated animals did not reveal desulfonation of the dye. However, urine analysis showed the presence of radioactive metabolites lacking the characteristic phthalocyanine absorption.

Animals↗