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[Respiratory function and gravitation].

Changes in the respiratory function following alteration in the spatial position of the body can be considered as a specific manifestation of the general mechanism of the antigravity function of the organism. These changes are to make up for the primary mechanical effects of gravity and to meet elevated energy requirements of the body when standing. The mechanism of increased respiration acting via the somatic component of the antigravity function of the body is of great importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Effects of gravitational forces on the nervous system].

The human being, submitted to G+ of G-, shows some adaptation mechanisms which beyond a certain limit can become pathological alterations. In this connection, some aspects concerning intraocular pressure, electrolytes and enzymes have been studied.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1991

Changes observed in lymphocyte behavior during gravitational unloading.

The effect of microgravity has been extensively studied on human lymphocytes in several space missions. A clear distinction must be made between two kinds of experiments: (i) with cells purified from the peripheral blood of test subjects before flight and then exposed inflight to mitogens and other activators (these are called in vitro experiments), and (ii) with lymphocytes from crewmembers of space missions exposed to mitogens prior to and after flight (ex vivo experiments). The first approach can be considered as basic research in cell biology in space; the second contributes to identifying the effects of the stress of spaceflight on the immune response of astronauts. The results from in vitro experiments have clearly shown that lymphocyte activation is nearly totally depressed in microgravity. This activation depression is confirmed by investigations on Earth in the fast rotating clinostat. Conversely, activation is increased when lymphocytes are cultured at 10 g in a centrifuge. In microgravity cell adhesion may be reduced, thus partly accounting for the decreased cell activation. The results of the experiments conducted at 10 g are due to a simultaneous activation of T- and B-lymphocytes by concanavalin A. The reduced activation observed in lymphocytes from crewmembers of space missions can be ascribed to both the physical and psychological stress of spaceflight. This observation was confirmed by investigations on subjects undergoing stress on Earth.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1992

Gravitational studies in cellular and developmental biology.

The paucity of data on the role of gravity in cellular and developmental biology has been examined, and a hypothesis has been generated that unifies potential gravity sensitivity in both plant and animal systems. This hypothesis considers the macromolecular order and functional importance of the extracellular matrix compartment, the intracellular cytoskeleton compartment, and the connecting plasma membrane-signal transduction compartment of plant and animal systems as potentially sensitive to alterations in the unit gravity environment in which they evolved.

Animals↗