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PubMed2004

In vitro anti-adhesive activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng on Porphyromonas gingivalis binding to erythrocytes.

A polysaccharide with high uronic acid content from the roots of Panax ginseng was found to inhibit the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis to agglutinate erythrocytes. This polysaccharide showed a strong inhibitory activity (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.25 mg/mL), but treatment with pectinase resulted in non-inhibitory hydrolyzed products. In contrast, the inhibition by the acidic polysaccharide from the leaves of Artemisia capillaris was negligible. The carbohydrate composition of the two polysaccharides indicated that the anti-adhesive activity may be correlated with glucuronic acid content, one of the components of glycosaminoglycans. Low molecular weight heparin and sucrose octasulfate revealed stronger inhibitory effects on bacterial binding, than the acidic polysaccharide from P. ginseng.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2004

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by acidic polysaccharides from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng.

Helicobacter pylori specifically adheres to host cells, mainly based on carbohydrate-mediated cell-cell interactions. Previously, we investigated the anti-adhesive effect of polysaccharide fractions from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng, using hemagglutination and enzyme-linked glycosorbent assays. In the present study, each active polysaccharide fraction was further purified, resulting in a single peak (fraction F2) using gel filtration FPLC, in which no protein content was detectable. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the inhibitory effects of these polysaccharides on the attachment of H. pylori to the human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. The bacterial attachment to the cell line was inhibited by these polysaccharides in the range of the concentrations studied (0.2 - 2.8 mg/mL), showing their minimum inhibitory concentration at as low as 0.2 mg/mL. The bacterial binding was inhibited more effectively by P. ginseng polysaccharides, than by those from A. capillaris. The purified polysaccharides contain similar sugar compositions and have high amounts of uronic acids. Our results suggest that acidic carbohydrates may play an important role in the inhibitory activity on H. pylori adhesion to host cells and that our established purification protocol can be applied to obtain active acidic polysaccharides from plant sources.

Artemisia↗
PubMed1998

In vitro antigenotoxic activity of novel ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria.

Ginseng saponin metabolites produced by human intestinal bacteria were evaluated for antigenotoxic properties by testing their effects on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced mutagenicity and clastogenicity. They include 20-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (IH-901), 20-O-(alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]- 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (IH-902) and 20-O-[alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)- protopanaxadiol (IH-903). IH-901, IH-902 and IH-903 inhibited the mutagenicity of B[a]P in a dose-dependent manner. In the chromosome aberration assay, IH-901 and IH-903 reduced the frequency of chromosome aberration induced by B[a]P. These results suggest that the ginseng saponin metabolites tested in the present study have potential as chemopreventive agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng.

A genuine glycoside, named ginsenoside Rh4, was isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) through repeated column chromatography, and its chemical structure was established to be 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyldammar-20(22),24-diene-3 beta,6 alpha,12 beta-triol by spectral and chemical methods. The stereochemistry of a double bond at C-20(22) of ginsenoside Rh4 was characterized as (E) from a NOESY experiment in the 1H-NMR of the aglycone. Cytotoxic activities of ginsenoside Rh4 and its aglycone against cancer cell lines were evaluated by use of the SRB method.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1993

Memory effects of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701).

In experiments on young (aged 3 months) and old (aged 26 months) rats, using some conditioned-reflex methods with punishment or positive reinforcement for active and passive avoidance (shuttle-box, step-down, step-through, and water maze), we studied the effects of the standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). The extracts were administered orally for 7 days before training at three increasing doses: 17, 50, and 150 mg/kg for G115; 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg for GK501; and 27, 80, and 240 mg/kg for PHL-00701. The two extracts and their combination improved the retention of learned behavior. This effect varied considerably with the extracts, with the dose and with the behavioral method used. The results suggest that the Panax ginseng G115 and the Ginkgo biloba GK501 extracts possess properties similar in every respect to those of nootropic drugs. The favorable effects on learning and memory of the combination of G115 plus GK501 and the other pharmacological activities inherent in the extracts characterize this combination, offered as Gincosan as a particularly promising drug in geriatric practice.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Antinarcotic effects of the standardized ginseng extract G115 on morphine.

The study was undertaken to determine the antagonism of morphine analgesia by the standardized ginseng extract G115 from Panax ginseng, the inhibitory effects of orally administered G115 on the development of morphine-induced tolerance and physical dependence, the hepatic glutathione levels, the inhibitory effects of intraperitoneally administered G115 on the dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and the reverse tolerance to the locomotor accelerating effect of morphine. G115 significantly inhibits the development of morphine-induced tolerance and physical dependence, the hepatic glutathione level decrease induced by morphine multiple injections, the development of morphine-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and reverse tolerance to the locomotor accelerating effect of morphine. It did not, however, antagonize morphine analgesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Activation of PC12 cells by lipophilic components of Panax ginseng.

The lipid soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been found to possess a stimulatory effect on a para-neuronal culture cell line, namely PC12 cells. Addition of the diethyl ether extract (0.025-0.1 mg/ml) of Ginseng radix to a culture medium promoted the outgrowth of neurites from cells dose-dependently as well as their ready differentiation to respond to carbachol and high KCl-evoked membrane depolarization to induce free Ca2+ accumulation in the cells within a week of culture. Effective constituents of the extract were confined to four major substances detected in the extremely lipophilic front area on silica gel TLC.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in diabetic ob/ob mice. All animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of polysaccharides at 150 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), polysaccharides at 50 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), or vehicle (n = 5) for 10 consecutive days. On Day 5, as compared to the vehicle-treated mice (230.5 +/- 13.5 mg/dl, mean +/- S.E), mice from both treated groups showed significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels (187.4 +/- 20.5 mg/dl and 187.4 +/- 17.1 mg/dl), respectively (both P < 0.05). On Day 10, compared to the vehicle group (240.1 +/- 12.3 mg/dl), the 50 mg/kg dose group were at 188.4 +/- 12.6 mg/dl (P < 0.05), and the 150 mg/kg dose group were normoglycemic (148.8 +/- 17.6 mg/dl, P < 0.01). Those ob/ob mice treated with vehicle did not, however, show significant changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Data from the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that, compared to Day 0, there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in animals who received the 50 and 150 mg/kg polysaccharide doses, and the area under the curve (AUC) decreased 15.5% (P < 0.05) and 28.2% (P < 0.01), respectively. Interestingly, after cessation of polysaccharide treatment, the fasting blood glucose levels stayed lower, and returned to control concentration on Day 30. We also observed that the polysaccharides fraction did not affect body weight changes in ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract has a potential clinical utility in treating diabetic patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages.

We have investigated the immunostimulatory activity of the medicinal plant Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). Rat alveolar macrophages were treated with different extracts from 4-year old roots, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production was used as a measure of immunostimulatory activity. Aqueous extracts of P. quinquefolius root (1-100 microg/ml) were found to significantly stimulate alveolar macrophage TNF release. Both a P. quinquefolius methanol extract containing ginsenosides (but no polysaccharides), and pure ginsenoside-Rb1, the major ginsenoside present in P. quinquefolius, were found to be inactive as TNF-stimulating agents. Significant TNF-stimulating activity was found in the extractable polysaccharide fraction, which was hydrolyzed and found to contain glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and mannose. This represents the first evidence that North American ginseng exerts cytokine-stimulating activity on macrophages.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function.

The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is one of the most popular natural tonics in oriental countries. In this study, we have isolated polysaccharide fraction of Panax ginseng (ginsan) and examined its effect on the function of murine peritoneal macrophages. When macrophages were treated with ginsan, cytotoxic activity against B16 melanoma cells was significantly induced. In addition, the levels of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6 and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were increased and the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen components such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was enhanced. Moreover, phagocytic activity was induced in ginsan-treated macrophages compared to the control. The expression of CD14 and 1-Ab on murine peritoneal macrophages was increased by the treatment with ginsan, while the expression of CD11b was decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that ginsan has an immunopotentiating effects on macrophages and these abilities could be used clinically for the treatment of diseases such as cancer.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative titration of ginsenosides by different techniques in commercial ginseng products and callus cultures.

The ginsenoside content of different ginseng species (Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolium, and P. vietnamensis) from different sources (roots from field-grown plants or from in vitro cultures, cells from solid calluses or from liquid cultures, commercial powders, and suspensions) is evaluated by means of a new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique combining an automatic TLC sampler and scanner. The results are compared with those obtained through more classical gross spectrometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. HPTLC and HPLC allow the separation and estimation of the different ginsenosides. For this, HPTLC is faster and simpler than HPLC. Both techniques determine less amounts of ginsenosides than spectrophotometry, which displays overestimated values caused by light absorption by contaminating osides. In vitro cultured cells and roots contain the same ginsenosides as those produced by their mother plants, although at quite lower levels. The culture media also accumulates ginsenosides.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Complete chloroplast genome sequences from Korean ginseng (Panax schinseng Nees) and comparative analysis of sequence evolution among 17 vascular plants.

The nucleotide sequence of Korean ginseng (Panax schinseng Nees) chloroplast genome has been completed (AY582139). The circular double-stranded DNA, which consists of 156,318 bp, contains a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) with 26,071 bp each, which are separated by small and large single copy regions of 86,106 bp and 18,070 bp, respectively. The inverted repeat region is further extended into a large single copy region which includes the 5' parts of the rpsl9 gene. Four short inversions associated with short palindromic sequences that form stem-loop structures were also observed in the chloroplast genome of P. schinseng compared to that of Nicotiana tabacum. The genome content and the relative positions of 114 genes (75 peptide-encoding genes, 30 tRNA genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 5 conserved open reading frames [ycfs]), however, are identical with the chloroplast DNA of N. tabacum. Sixteen genes contain one intron while two genes have two introns. Of these introns, only one (trnL-UAA) belongs to the self-splicing group I; all remaining introns have the characteristics of six domains belonging to group II. Eighteen simple sequence repeats have been identified from the chloroplast genome of Korean ginseng. Several of these SSR loci show infra-specific variations. A detailed comparison of 17 known completed chloroplast genomes from the vascular plants allowed the identification of evolutionary modes of coding segments and intron sequences, as well as the evaluation of the phylogenetic utilities of chloroplast genes. Furthermore, through the detailed comparisons of several chloroplast genomes, evolutionary hotspots predominated by the inversion end points, indel mutation events, and high frequencies of base substitutions were identified. Large-sized indels were often associated with direct repeats at the end of the sequences facilitating intra-molecular recombination.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Chromatographic resolution of glucosidic compounds, ginsenosides on polyethersulphone membrane, and its application to the quantitative immunoassay for ginseng saponins.

A method has been devised for the chromatographic resolution of glucosidic compounds, ginseng saponins, on polyethersulphone (PES) membrane. The method results in good resolution and quantitative immunoassay for ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), G-Rc, and G-Rd in crude extracts of various ginsengs. The newly established method is simpler and applies for quantitative analysis. Ginsenosides developed by acetonitrile-water-acetic acid solvent system on a PES membrane were directly treated with a NaIO4 solution followed by bovine serum albumin (BSA), resulting in a ginsenoside-BSA conjugate on a PES membrane. Anti-G-Rb1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) was bound, and then a second antibody labeled with peroxidase directed against the first antibody. Finally a substrate reacted to the enzyme and gave staining. The stained membrane was scanned, and spots were analyzed quantitatively using NIH Image software. At least 62.5 ng of G-Rb1, G-Rc, and G-Rd were clearly detectable individually. Three ginsenosides can be analyzed quantitatively between 0.125 and 2.0 microg.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spatial and genetic structure within populations of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L., Araliaceae).

Spatial structure and fine-scale genetic structure were analyzed for the medicinal plant American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) to more fully understand biological processes within wild populations. P. quinquefolius has been harvested for more than 250 years and is now considered threatened or rare throughout its range. Plants within four protected and four unprotected populations were significantly clumped based on Ripley's univariate analysis. Analysis with Ripley's bivariate test determined that juvenile plants were significantly clumped with adult plants at the shortest distance classes in all populations. Although plants were highly clumped, we found that significant fine-scale genetic structure was restricted to the shortest distance classes based on estimates of coancestry (f(ij)). In most cases, estimates of f(ij) were more significant among juveniles than among adults, especially at the shortest distance classes. The spatial structure of ginseng seems to result from the establishment and persistence of plants in favorable microhabitats coupled with limited seed dispersal around maternal individuals. There were no differences in patterns of fine-scale genetic structure between protected and unprotected populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Ginseng extract inhibits lipolysis in rat adipocytes in vitro by activating phosphodiesterase 4.

Elevated concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) may cause insulin resistance. Inhibition of lipolysis reduces FFA availability and improves insulin sensitivity. Ginseng extract (Panax spp., GE) was shown to improve glycemia in Type 2 diabetes. In the present study, the antilipolytic effect of GE in rat adipocytes and the signaling pathway for GE antilipolysis were investigated. Adipocytes were isolated from rat fat tissue by collagenase digestion. The ability of GE to inhibit lipolysis was assessed by measuring glycerol and FFA release into the incubation medium. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor and various phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors were applied to investigate the signaling pathway for GE antilipolysis. The present study showed that insulin and GE inhibited lipolysis by 42.4 and 49% compared with basal, respectively (P < 0.05). Unlike insulin, the PI3-K inhibitor wortmannin did not reverse GE antilipolysis, and GE did not affect phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB). The nonselective PDE inhibitor enprofylline reversed both insulin and GE antilipolysis. The specific phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor cilostamide reversed insulin antilipolysis completely, but did not significantly affect GE antilipolysis. The specific phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor rolipram did not significantly affect insulin antilipolysis, but almost completely reversed GE antilipolysis. Moreover, the combination of PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors completely reversed GE antilipolysis. None of the ginsenosides (Rb1, Re, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) were responsible for GE antilipolysis. The results suggest that ginseng exerts its antilipolytic effect through a signaling pathway different from that of insulin. GE antilipolysis is mediated in part by activating PDE4 in rat adipocytes.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2005

Pseudomonas panacis sp. nov., isolated from the surface of rusty roots of Korean ginseng.

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated CG20106(T), was isolated from the surface tissues of rusty root lesions of Korean ginseng. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that this isolate represents a hitherto unknown subline within the genus Pseudomonas. Strain CG20106(T) was catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile and rod-shaped. The overall phenotypic features of the ginseng isolate were similar to those of Pseudomonas cedrina, Pseudomonas migulae and Pseudomonas azotoformans. However, several physiological and chemotaxonomic properties can be weighted to distinguish the isolate from these organisms. The major fatty acids were C(16:1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH (summed feature 3, 36.4+/-0.4%), C(16:0) (27.5+/-0.7%) and C(18:1)omega7c (19.4+/-0.2%). The DNA G+C content was 61.4 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic results revealed in this study, the name Pseudomonas panacis sp. nov. is proposed for strain CG20106(T). The type strain is CG20106(T) (=IMSNU 14100(T)=CIP 108524(T)=KCTC 12330(T)).

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Management for fistula-in-ano with Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination.

BACKGROUND: Non-operative management for patients with fistula-in-ano in infancy using a traditional herbal medicine Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination (GTTC) is described. METHODS: A total of 22 patients with peri-anal abscess or fistula-in-ano were treated with GTTC. Eighteen patients showed no improvement using the conventional non-operative management (frequent curettage of abscess cavity), after which administration of GTTC was commenced. The other four patients received GTTC from the beginning of their treatment. A dose of 0.1-0.2 g/kg of GTTC was given orally twice a day. The period between onset of peri-anal abscess and the commencement of GTTC (pre-GTTC period) was compared to the period until remission after administration of GTTC (post-GTTC period). The relationship between the GTTC dose, age at onset of peri-anal abscess, post-GTTC period, and relapse rates were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients reached remission, but a 4-year-old boy failed to reach remission and he required fistelectomy. Pre-GTTC periods were from 11 days to 3 years (median 50 days) and statistically longer than post-GTTC periods (4-65 days, median 7 days). There was a reverse correlation between the age at onset of peri-anal abscess and post-GTTC period (r = -044, P < 0.05). There was no statistical correlation between the dose of GTTC and post-GTTC period. Five patients showed relapse after discontinuing GTTC, all of them could be resolved with augmentation of the dose. The onset of peri-anal abscess in patients who relapsed were all < 3 months of age. CONCLUSION: Ginseng and Tang-kuei Ten Combination seemed to accelerate the recovery of patients with fistula-in-ano in infancy.

Abscess↗
PubMed1995

Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from ginseng Radix rubra in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

1. The effects of saponin from Ginseng Radix rubra on angiogenesis (tube formation) and its key steps (protease secretion, proliferation and migration) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were examined to elucidate the mechanism of the tissue repairing effects of Ginseng Radix rubra. The effect on a wound healing model was also studied. 2. Tube formation was measured by an in vitro system. The activity and immunoreactivity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) as a protease for angiogenesis and the immunoreactivity of its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), were measured in conditioned medium of HUVEC stimulated for 24 h with saponin. Cell proliferation was measured by counting the cell numbers at 2-7 days after seeding. Migration was measured by Boyden's chamber method. The effect on wound healing was studied in the skin of diabetic rats. 3. Saponin at 10-100 micrograms ml-1 significantly stimulated tube formation by HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. Saponin in a similar concentration-range increased the secretion of tPA from HUVEC as estimated by immunoreactivity and enzyme activity. On the other hand, PAI-1 immunoreactivity was slightly increased at 10 micrograms ml-1 of saponin, but then was significantly decreased at 50 and 100 micrograms ml-1. Cell proliferation was only slightly enhanced by 1-100 micrograms ml-1 of saponin, but migration was significantly enhanced by 10-100 micrograms ml-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, saponin stimulated wound healing with enhanced angiogenesis in vivo. 4. These results indicate that saponin stimulates tube formation mainly by modifying the balance of protease/protease inhibitor secretion from HUVEC and enhancing the migration of HUVEC, and that it is effective in vivo.

Animals↗