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PubMed1986

Calcium and phosphate solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing TrophAmine.

Factors affecting solubilities of calcium and phosphate in neonatal total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions containing a new amino acid formulation were examined. Twelve TPN solutions containing various concentrations of TrophAmine, an amino acid formulation specific for infants and young children, were prepared in 10% dextrose injection. Some of the solutions also contained cysteine hydrochloride 40 mg/g of protein and either sodium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid (lipid emulsion buffer) to buffer the solution pH to simulate that produced by simultaneously administering lipid emulsion through the i.v. line. Calcium gluconate and monobasic and dibasic potassium phosphate were added to 20-mL samples of the TPN solutions to achieve calcium concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 meq/L with phosphate concentrations of either 10, 20, 30, or 40 mmol/L; a total of 20 samples of each TPN solution was prepared. Samples were inspected visually for precipitation or crystallization after 18 hours at 25 degrees C and again after 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Clear samples at this time were also examined microscopically for evidence of microcrystallization. Solubility curves were prepared by plotting graphically the concentrations at which either visual or microscopic precipitation occurred. Temperature, amino acid concentration, and the addition of cysteine hydrochloride and lipid emulsion buffer each influenced the solubilities of calcium and phosphate in the TPN solutions. The use of TrophAmine as the amino acid source allowed slightly greater concentrations of phosphate to be solubilized as compared with older amino acid formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

[Kinetic tracer studies on protein synthesis during infancy using chemically defined diets containing 15N-lysine as a tracer (author's transl)].

A four-month-old infant with exocrine pancreas insufficiency was fed exclusively on a chemically defined diet. The amino acid formulation of this diet (a supplemented casein hydrolyzate) corresponds to that of breast milk. The 15N labeled lysine tracer (97.4 atom-%) was included in the diet without changing its chemical score. A trace dose of 2.22 mg/kg body weight was applied for 5 days after the infant had been maintained on a chemically defined diet for 11 weeks. Urine was collected over a period of 170 h. The compartment theory was used to calculate the following metabolic data. Cumulative renal 15N excretion showed that nitrogen retention was 90.8%. Protein synthesis amounted to 10.34 g kg-1 d-1 compared with a protein breakdown rate of 8.97 kg-1 d-1. Net protein gain in this infant was about 5.5 g d-1 corresponding to a rate of 1.38 kg-1 d-1 or 13.3% of the synthesis rate. The metabolic pool amounted to 4.96 g N kg-1 d-1. 75.99 mg N kg-1 h-1 was metabolized, mainly to protein, and only about 10% was excreted with the urine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of two neonatal intravenous amino acid formulations in preterm infants: a multicenter study.

Two neonatal intravenous amino acid solutions (Aminosyn-PF and Troph-Amine) were compared in 44 preterm infants. The rate of weight gain, nitrogen balance, and changes in plasma aminograms were determined over 7 days to ascertain whether different outcomes could be identified for the two solutions. At study entry, the infants received a minimum infusion of 2 g amino acid/kg/d with 50 or more nonprotein kcal/kg/d. Group mean amino acid intake over the study period was approximately 2.6 g/kg/d for both groups; nonprotein caloric intake approximated 90 kcal/kg/d. Results showed no significant differences between solutions for the rate of weight gain, nitrogen balance, and nitrogen retention, which approximated intrauterine rates. The rate of weight gain averaged nearly 15 g/kg/d for both solutions. Differences between day 0 and day 7 plasma aminograms showed significant changes between solutions for histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and glutamic acid. However, day 7 plasma aminograms for both solutions compared favorably with those from enterally fed preterm infants reported in the literature. Failure to identify significant differences for the rate of weight gain, nitrogen balance, or nitrogen retention between the two groups suggests that differences in plasma aminograms resulting from use of one solution or the other had no short-term clinical consequences in the premature infants studied.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics and efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.

A series of experiments was conducted to study cyclosporin A (CsA) pharmacokinetics in dogs and the factors influencing variability of blood concentrations. In a first study, influence of feeding on drug absorption and blood profile was evaluated. Administration of CsA as micro-emulsion (ME) formulation with food decreased the bioavailability by 22% and increased the individual variability of drug absorption. In a second study, pharmacokinetic profiles from laboratory fasted beagle dogs receiving orally CsA ME formulation were analyzed. CsA was measured in blood samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, 34 profiles) and fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA, 16 profiles). A two-compartment model with first-order absorption was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Using FPIA, blood concentrations were 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than when using HPLC, but elimination half-life and MRT were similar. The coefficient of variation of key pharmacokinetic parameters ranged from 27 to 34% following HPLC assay. The same range of variation was obtained after FPIA assay. In a third study, in a clinical trial evaluating CsA for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis, a single blood sample was collected in dogs which had received CsA for 28 days. No significant correlation was found between clinical improvement and CsA blood concentrations. Considering the large margin of safety of CsA in dogs, the limited inter-individual variability and the lack of correlation between blood concentrations and clinical response, routine monitoring of blood CsA does not appear necessary in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formulation, fabrication, and evaluation of a cow's milk formula to Complementary Feeding National Program in Chile].

The complementary feeding national programme (PNAC) delivers 2 kg-month of dried full-fat cow's milk (LP) to 0-1 year old infants. The purpose of this work was to design, produce and evaluate nutrient stability and shelf life of a modified LP milk formula (LPM), which seems nutritionally more adequate for infants and is of similar cost than LP, to be included into the PNAC. LPM has the following attributes: P% 12.0 (LP 21.8%): casein/whey proteins ratio: 40 to 50/60 to 50 (LP 80/20); more digestible fats; essential fatty acids: > or = 4% of total calories; vitamins and minerals which cover 100% daily requirements for 0 to 6 months old infants; protein and energy can be modulated between 1.5 and 2.25 g/100 ml and 50-75 kcal/100 ml respectively. Forty tons of LPM were produced in accordance with our specifications for a field study. Quality controls on the product showed the production feasibility of such a formula at a lower price than LP. To determine shelf life, periodical analysis of peroxides, available lysine, ascorbic acid and linoleic acid were carried out in LPM stored for 1 year at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. It was found that LPM has an optimum shelf life of 7 months when packed in the same material that is now being in use for LP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arsenic species in solutions for parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND: In spite of its high toxicity, arsenic is a common contaminant in pharmaceuticals. This is stated by pharmacopoeias' monographs where it is not generically included with other heavy metals, but has its own specifications. Arsenic should not exceed 0.1 mg/L in most pharmaceutical products for IV administration. This limit, however, was established without taking into consideration the specific arsenic species which contribute to this amount. In this work, the presence of arsenite and arsenate species in solutions of amino acids, salts, vitamins, and lipids commercialized for IV administration was investigated. METHODS: The measurements were done by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: The results showed that all commercial formulations contain both arsenic species in some level; however, the total arsenic content exceeded the allowed limit in only a few samples. Calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, heparin, and vitamin solutions were the most contaminated, presenting total arsenic concentration ranging from 62 to 249 microg/L. The most important finding, however, was the different ratios As(V)/As(III) among the formulations. Whereas practically only As(V) was found in ampoules containing water for injection and salt solutions (NaCl, KC1, phosphates), As(III) predominated in solutions of vitamins, gluconate, and glucose. As these are reducing substances, we investigated the possibility of their reaction with As(V) and its conversion into As(III). The heating of As(V) in the presence of gluconate, glucose, ascorbic acid, methionine, isoleucine, sodium chloride, and pure water, in autoclave for 15 minutes, showed that, whereas no As(III) was found in pure water and sodium chloride solution, approximately 50% of As(V) was converted into As(III) in the remainder of the solutions. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that As(V), the main species in these formulations, may be converted into As(III), depending on the presence of reducing substances among the formulation constituents.

Arsenic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenteral nourishment of patients undergoing surgical or traumatic stress.

Severe surgical or other traumatic stress initiates an integrated central nervous system and metabolic response characterized by catabolism which selectively preserves vital organs, drawing on peripheral tissue proteins for required amino acids. When oral intake is prohibited adequate intravenous nutritional support hastens convalescence and may be life-saving. Intravenous nutrients routinely consist of amino acids for replacement of lost protein, a nonprotein calorie source--usually glucose, and vitamins and minerals. Lipid, infrequently used in routine surgery as part of the calorie source, supplies essential fatty acids and prevents side effects resulting with large amounts of intravenous glucose. Lipid has other benefits. Stress-induced hormones stimulate lipid catabolism. When lipid is used for part of the calorie requirement in intravenous feedings, the plasma insulin level is reduced and peripheral amino acids become available for synthesis of critically needed visceral proteins. Recent work has shown that the branched chain amino acids carnitine and some species of lipid added to intravenous nutrient formulations postoperatively affect the nitrogen retention and may hasten convalescence. Further work should be directed at understanding the unique biochemical changes occurring after injury, devising objective assay procedures to measure the severity of the response and improving intravenous formulations for the acutely ill surgical patient.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

[Composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of foods frequently consumed in Argentina].

The composition of food lipid, including total lipids, saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids was analysed in this study. Foods, which were frequently consumed in Argentina and include in this study were: lean and fatty red meats, "ossobucco" with or without bone marrow, lean and skinned chicken meager and fatty fish, several sausages (salami and blood sausage), several crackers, hand-made fatty bread, fried and baked biscuits, ice cream, milk-marmelade, edible oils and bovine tallow. The content of fatty acids grouped according to their families in the food and description of the formulation of each food are given in the current paper. The glossary will help to identify the preparation of foods and will be beneficial for the people in other countries of Latinoamérica.

Argentina↗
PubMed1991

Arrest and reversal of atherosclerosis with parenteral nutrition.

In a large subset of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, all medical and surgical treatment alternatives have been exhausted or have proved to be ineffective. Intravenous infusion of specially formulated amino acid solutions, developed in the animal laboratory, has been efficacious in arresting and reversing atherosclerosis in humans for the first time. It is anticipated that the principles derived from these precise parenteral studies will eventually permit development of oral and enteral dietary formulations effective for the systemic control and management of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional support in the critically ill surgical patient.

Aggressive nutritional support in the critically ill surgical patient is essential if improved outcome is to be realized. An understanding of the metabolic alterations of trauma and sepsis provides the foundation for a nutritional prescription for the individual patient. Careful nutritional assessment; titration of fluid, electrolytes, and micronutrients; provision of adequate calories and nitrogen to meet metabolic needs; and the selective use of specialized formulations are important components of nutritional management in the ICU.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of a standard meal on the absorption of a controlled release pseudoephedrine suspension.

The influence of a standard meal on the extent and rate of absorption of pseudoephedrine from a liquid controlled release (CR) formulation (Pennkinetic System) was studied in 16 normal male volunteers. Equivalent single doses of an immediate release reference syrup (IR-Sudafed) and the CR suspension were each studied under both fasted and postprandial conditions. AUC results showed no significant influence of food or formulation, indicating that the CR formulation was absorbed to the same extent as the IR product under all conditions. CMAX and TMAX tabulations under fasted conditions indicated that the CR preparation peaked at a lower level at a later time. Food diminished IR CMAXs but the CR suspension's CMAXs and TMAXs were apparently unaffected by food. This study indicates that this CR pseudoephedrine suspension releases drug independently of food intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Nutritional quality of germinated cowpea flour (Vigna unguiculata) and its application in home prepared powdered weaning foods.

Amino acid profiles, protein digestibility, corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), chemical scores, essential amino acid indexes, and calculated biological values of controlcowpea flour (CCF), germinated cowpea flour (GCF) prepared from cowpeas germinated at 25 degrees C for either 24 h or 48 h and weaning foods prepared from cowpea flours were determined. Locally available rice, cowpea flour, banana-pumpkin slurry, and skim milk powder and sucrose in the ratio 35:35:15:15:5 were used to formulate weaning food containing not less than 15% protein. The ingredients were cooked into a slurry and oven-dried to produce flakes. The nutritional and sensory qualities of the weaning products were evaluated. Germination had little effect on the amino acid profile of cowpeas. In vitro protein quality and starch digestibility were improved in germinated cowpea flour. The PDCAAS of 24 h germinated cowpea flour (GCF) weaning food was higher (55.49%) than CCF-weaning food (46.74%). Vitamin A activity in 24 h GCF weaning food was higher than in CCF-weaning food. In vitro starch digestibilities of 24 h GCF and 48 h GCF-weaning foods were higher than that of CCF weaning food. The 24 h GCF-weaning food which had a higher overall acceptability score by sensory panelist than 48 h GCF and CCF-weaning food is recommended for household consumption.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Effect of parenteral amino acids on leucine and urea kinetics in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of two commonly used parenteral alimentation amino acid mixtures on whole-body leucine and urea kinetics. METHODS: Ten stable preterm infants were studied during the first 4 weeks after birth. Six infants received a mixture containing higher branched-chain amino acids, lower glycine plus added dicarboxylic acids formulation (Trophamine), and four received a standard amino acid mixture (Aminosyn). Whole-body protein turnover was measured with (1-13C)leucine tracer, and the rate of oxidation of protein was calculated by quantifying the appearance of carbon 13 from leucine in carbon dioxide as well as from rates of urea synthesis estimated by using (15N2)urea tracer. Energy consumption and substrate oxidation were quantified by indirect respiratory calorimetry. Infants were given similar quantities of energy (approximately 61 kcal/kg per day), glucose (approximately 10.7 mg/kg per minute) and protein (approximately 2.1 gm/kg per day). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the rate of appearance of leucine in the two groups. However, the fraction of leucine oxidized (p = 0.002) and total rte of oxidation of leucine was higher in the Trophamine group. Thus additional branched-chain amino acids resulted in an increased contribution of C-1 of leucine to expired CO2. The rate of urea N synthesis was also similar in the two groups (Trophamine: 2.92 +/- 0.87 mg N/kg per hour; Aminosyn: 2.70 +/- 1.18 mg N/kg per hour). CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of Trophamine normalizes the blood amino acid pattern, it does not appear to improve nitrogen/protein kinetics. Furthermore, the additional branched-chain amino acids are disposed of by increased oxidation.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

Use review of nutritionally complete liquid diets.

A study was conducted to determine the manner in which semisynthetic fiber-free liquid diets and complete oral liquid diets were being used in a large teaching hospital, and to determine the influence of the establishment of a dietary formulary and guidelines on prescribing. A use review of the dietary formulations was conducted both prior and subsequent to the publication of the formulary and guidelines. Ninety-five patients were monitored on 22 adult medical, surgical, psychiatric and gynecological divisions. The inappropriate or questionable orders for all types of dietary formulations decreased from 65% to 52% after the publication of the formulary and guidelines. There was a significant decrease (p less than 0.005) in orders for semisynthetic fiber-free diets, from 34 to 4, after publication of the formulary and guidelines. The guidelines and formulary appeared to have caused the decreased use of the diet formulations and to have aided in eliminating less than optimal prescribing of the products.

Diet↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of formulated liquid diets.

A wide variety of formulated liquid diets are currently available on the Canadian market. Used for oral and tube feedings, they are nutritionally complete diets when offered as the sole source of nourishment for patients who are unable or unwilling to take solid food. To assist dietitians in identifying formulas most suited to patients' requirements, products are listed according to nutrient composition, caloric density, osmolality and packaging.

Canada↗