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PubMed1983

[Changes in protein synthesis in the liver and small intestine of rats after feeding].

Rats trained on fast food intake received a combined intravenous injection of [14C]valine and unlabelled valine before and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after food intake, respectively. The rate of protein synthesis was calculated basing on the average specific radioactivity of free valine in blood plasma and in the analyzed tissues during the 10 min incorporations period and on the specific radioactivity of protein bound valine in the tissues at the end of incorporation time. Before food intake the fractional rate of protein synthesis (ks) in liver was 55-67% per day and increased 1 to 4 h after food ingestion to 80-120% per day. ks in small intestine before food intake amounted to 78-109% per day and no specific changes were observed in time course. The synthesized amount of protein in liver and small intestine (related to 100 g body weight) was found to be 14-19 mg/h before food ingestion. This value increased postprandially in the liver to 25-32 mg/h and decreased towards the end of the testing period to 20-25 mg/h. The stimulation of the rate of protein synthesis in liver and perhaps in other organs may be part of a mechanism delaying the inflow of amino acids into tissues with lower turnover rates.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

E. coli O157:H7 is an emerging pathogen in Missouri.

Dramatic media reports of recent outbreaks of illness caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 have drawn national attention to this emerging pathogen. In 1993, a widely publicized outbreak of over 500 culture-confirmed cases was traced to fast-food hamburgers in Washington, Idaho, Nevada and California. Closer to home, the first (and still the largest) reported waterborne outbreak of this disease occurred in Cabool, Missouri in 1989. That outbreak affected 243 people, of whom 32 were hospitalized, 2 had hemolytic uremic syndrome, and 4 died. E. coli O157:H7 was added to the list of reportable diseases in Missouri in mid-1992, but its importance is still not widely recognized. This article reviews the results of state and national surveillance for the disease, and suggests methods for improving diagnosis and reporting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Violent crime: the role of alcohol and new approaches to the prevention of injury.

Almost all evidence of a link between alcohol consumption and violence is available only in the form of aggregate data. This is unsatisfactory and case-control investigations and studies which relate injury severity to blood alcohol levels are needed. In the few closely controlled studies which have been performed, increased risk of injury in assault has been linked with binge consumption of more than about 8 units, and above average weekly consumption only in those over 25 years. Raising the minimum purchasing age for alcohol to 21 years, learning to drink responsibly with parents, especially fathers, and the adoption of tempered glassware are all achievable objectives which would reduce alcohol-related injury. The use of sobriety-checkpoints (breath testing though not by the police) and other situational prevention programmes need to be evaluated in relation to reducing injury sustained in violent crime. Proactive, community policing has been shown to reduce levels of alcohol-related violent crime, in contrast to more reactive, defensive and confrontational policing. The concept of 'capable guardianship' to establish and maintain social control of young delinquents needs to be extended, particularly near known foci of violence such as bars and adjacent fast-food outlets and taxi-ranks.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

Obesity surgery: dietary and psychosocial expectations and reality.

Psychosocial and dietary habits have been compared in patients considering (Pre n = 33) or who had (Post n = 32) surgery for morbid obesity. Failure of conventional diets was attributed to lack of self-discipline (Pre 92% [22/24] vs. Post 87% [20/23], NS). Consumption of fast foods fell (Pre 70% [23/33] vs. Post 16% [5/32], p < 0.0001). Preoperative patients had unrealistic social expectations. They exaggerated the prospect of improved friendship (Pre 67% [22/32] vs. Post 34% [11/21], p < 0.05), erroneously anticipated better sex (Pre 78% [25/32] vs. Post 50% [15/30], p < or = 0.05), predicted better acceptance at work (Pre 85% [23/27] vs. Post 50% [15/30], p < or = 0.05), and misanticipated improved relationship with their partner (Pre 77% [20/26] vs. Post [47% 8/17], p < or = 0.05). Two factors predicted becoming employed following surgery: age (became employed [n = 5] 28 +/- 2 years vs. remained unemployed [n = 12] 44 +/- 4 years, p < 0.05) and percentage of excess weight lost (became employed 76 +/- 11 vs. remained unemployed 51 +/- 7, p < 0.05). The free support group was "useful" (17/17), yet only 5% attended regularly. Patients considering obesity surgery had specific unrealistic psychosocial expectations. They infrequently availed themselves of postoperative professional help. We identify the features associated with gaining employment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Occupational burns among restaurant workers--Colorado and Minnesota.

Work-related burns are a leading cause of occupational injury in the United States (1). A substantial proportion of these burns occur among restaurant workers--often affecting adolescents working in fast-food establishments. This report summarizes investigations of restaurant-associated occupational burns by the state health departments in Colorado and Minnesota.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A cluster of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and death in California. A mandate for improved surveillance.

In mid-January 1993, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with eating hamburger patties at a fast-food restaurant chain (chain A) was reported in Washington State. From mid-December to mid-January, 9 cases of E coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome had been reported in San Diego County, California. A total of 34 persons had bloody diarrhea, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or E coli O157:H7 organisms isolated from stool during the period November 15, 1992, through January 31, 1993. Organisms of E coli O157:H7 identified from 6 persons were indistinguishable from those of the Washington outbreak strain. Illness was associated with eating at chain A restaurants in San Diego (odds ratio, 13; 95% confidence interval, 1.7, 99) and with eating regular-sized hamburgers (odds ratio, undefined; lower-limit 95% confidence interval, 1.3). Improved surveillance by mandating laboratory- and physician-based reporting of cases of E coli O157:H7 infection and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome might have alerted health officials to this outbreak sooner, which could have resulted in earlier investigation and the institution of measures to prevent more cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection--Georgia and Tennessee, June 1995.

On June 26, 1995, the Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources (GDPH), was notified of three cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection among residents of a community in north Georgia who had onsets of illness within a 24-hour period (onset during June 19-20); in comparison, during 1993-1994, only two cases of this infection had been reported in the same community. Because of the proximity of this community to the Tennessee border, on June 28 GDPH notified the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH) about these cases. TDH subsequently identified two confirmed cases with onsets of illness during June 23-24. Both of these cases were among persons residing in eastern Tennessee approximately 100 miles from the community in Georgia, and one occurred in an 11-year-old boy who was hospitalized with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This report summarizes the investigation of this outbreak, which implicated eating hamburgers purchased at a fast-food restaurant chain (i.e., chain A) as the source of infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Nutrient intakes of Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand.

AIMS: To assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes of 10- to 13-year-old Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand and to compare these data with data from nonPacific Islands children of the same age. METHODS: A 24-hour diet record was used to assess the nutrient intakes of Tongan and Tokelauan school children (n = 162), aged 10- to 13-years, living in Auckland and Wellington. Nutrient intakes using the same methodology were compared with those from a nationally representative sample of nonPacific Islands, Form 1 children and also with Australian recommended dietary intakes for children aged 12- to 15-years. RESULTS: Data were collected from 162 (68 boys and 94 girls) of 220 children eligible to participate in the study (74%). Mean energy intakes for both the Tongan (8855 kJ for boys, 8610 kJ for girls) and the Tokelauan (9872 kJ for boys, 8826 kJ for girls) children were above the range of intake recommended by the World Health Organisation. The combined average energy intake of the two groups was higher than that of nonPacific Islands children for both boys and girls although not statistically significantly. Total fat intake was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for Tongan and Tokelauan boys, protein intake significantly higher for Tongan and Tokelauan boys (p < 0.01) and girls (p < 0.01), and carbohydrate intake significantly lower (p < 0.01) for Tongan and Tokelauan girls than for nonPacific Islands children. Compared with nonPacific Islands children micronutrient intakes were generally lower for Tongan and Tokelauan children with intakes of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, folate and vitamin A being significantly lower for both sexes. Vitamin C was also significantly lower for girls (p < 0.05). Tongan and Tokelauan children obtain most of their nutrients from meat, bakery products, fast foods and dairy products. Fruit and vegetables were not significant contributors to nutrient intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand consume a diet that is larger in amount but lower in nutrient density compared to that of nonPacific Islands New Zealand children. Their relatively high dietary energy intakes allow them to meet the recommended intake requirements for most nutrients although if current intakes of fat and energy are maintained this may put them at risk of heart disease and other diseases later in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphofunctional state of the neurocytes of the hypothalamic food centers in fasting rats].

Considerable changes in the size of neurocyte perikaryons, nuclei and nucleoli, and ratios between these values were detected in the hypothalamic food centres of rats fasting for 1, 2, or 3 days. A certain similarity was observed between the reactions of neurocytes of the hypothalamus starvation and saturation centres to starvation: the neurocyte perikaryon and nuclei increased in size and the relative size of the nucleoli decreased. The following differences in the time course of changes were observed: neurocyte perikaryons and nuclei grew in size during fasting, and the size of the ventromedial nucleus decreased. A possible relationship between the detected structural changes and neurocyte function in the studied hypothalamic centres is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentration in 151 duodenal ulcer patients and 41 non-dyspeptic volunteers. Significant sex differences.

In 41 non-dyspeptic volunteers (18 females and 23 males) the fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentration was investigated. No significant sex differences were found in the basal serum gastrin concentration. The integrated postprandial gastrin output, however, was significantly higher in females than in males. In 151 duodenal ulcer patients (31 women and 120 men) significant sex differences were found in both the fasting and the food-stimulated serum gastrin concentration. Women had values approximately 60% higher than men. In 116 of the patients (27 women and 89 men) the basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid concentrations were investigated. In the basal state no significant sex differences in acid output were found. After stimulation women had significantly lower gastric acidity and gastric acid output than men.

Duodenal Ulcer↗
PubMed1984

The absolute bioavailability of oral cefuroxime axetil in male and female volunteers after fasting and after food.

Cefuroxime axetil is a novel oral cephalosporin. Two studies are described in which fasting male and female volunteers were given single oral doses of 1 g cefuroxime axetil in comparison with intravenous cefuroxime, and in which absorption was compared in the fasting and non-fasting states. The mean (and range) absolute bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil in the first study was 0.35 (0.26-0.44) in male volunteers and 0.32 (0.23-0.41) in female volunteers. In the second study, the bioavailability was significantly greater when cefuroxime axetil was given after food: 0.45 (0.34-0.55) in males and 0.41 (0.29-0.51) in females. There were no differences between the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in males and females. It is recommended that patients take doses of cefuroxime axetil shortly after food.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Effect of centrally administered interleukin-1 and endotoxin on food intake of fasted rats.

We have previously shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide known to mediate many aspects of the acute phase response to infection, suppresses food intake when injected intraperitoneally into fasted rats. IL-1 acts at the level of the hypothalamus to induce fever. In view of the large number of peptides that have been shown to alter food intake as well as body temperature when injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV), we hypothesized that the receptor site for the anorexigenic activity of IL-1 would be located in a central nervous site bathed by the cerebrospinal fluid. In the present study, ICV injection of IL-1 or E. coli endotoxin (a stimulus for the synthesis of IL-1), significantly elevated body temperature, but did not affect food intake of fasted rats. We conclude that receptors mediating the anorexigenic actions of IL-1 or endotoxin are not located at a central nervous site bathed by the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, fever per se is not responsible for the reduction in food intake seen following peripheral injection of IL-1 or endotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Scopolamine-induced convulsions in fasted mice after food intake: effects of glucose intake, antimuscarinic activity and anticonvulsant drugs.

The present study was performed to further evaluate the contribution of antimuscarinic activity and hypoglycaemia to the development of scopolamine-induced convulsions in fasted mice after food intake. The effects of anticonvulsant drugs on convulsions were also evaluated. Antimuscarinic drugs atropine (3 mg/kg) and biperiden (10 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneally (i.p) to animals fasted for 48 h. Like scopolamine, both drugs induced convulsions after animals were allowed to eat ad libitum. Another group of animals was given glucose (5%) in drinking water during fasting. These animals, although they had normoglycaemic blood levels after fasting, also developed convulsions after treated with scopolamine i.p. (3 mg/kg), atropine (3 mg/kg) or biperiden (10 mg/kg) and allowed to eat ad libitum. Among the drugs studied, only valproate (340 mg/kg), gabapentin (50 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) markedly reduced the incidence of scopolamine-induced convulsions. The present results indicate that antimuscarinic activity, but not hypoglycaemia, underlies these convulsions which do not respond to most of the conventional anticonvulsant drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for food analysis.

Fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography (FTGC) is evaluated. A modified capillary column allowing temperature-program rates as high as 20 degrees C/s is operated with mass spectrometric detection (MSD). FTGC methods are developed for the analysis of off-flavors in water, derivatized sugars, and fatty acid methyl esters. Liquid injection and solid-phase microextraction are evaluated. Although the resolution can be somewhat lower than analysis with a traditional column, time savings are significant. Analysis times range from 2 to 4.5 min compared with 20 to 60 min for conventional methods. MSD allows for the analysis of some coeluting peaks, which allows for quantitation even when peaks coelute.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1978

Fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations in relation to the antral G-cell population. A study in patients with peptic ulcer disease.

The fasting serum concentration and the first-hour serum gastric response to a protein-rich meal were related to the antral G-cell population in 14 patients with peptic ulcer. They were divided into a uremic (n=5) and non-uremic group (n=9). Fasting serum gastrin correlated significantly with the total antral G-cell mass only in the non-uremic patients who showed a relatively narrow transitional body-antrum zone. Conversely, the integrated serum gastric response was inversely related to the size of this zone in both groups of patients. A presumptive endocrine G-cell mass was estimated by subtracting the G cells in the transitional zone from the total antral G-cell population. Total gastrin output correlated positively with this estimated mass in the non-uremic group and in the material as a whole. Also, the integrated gastrin response was positively correlated with the presumptive endocrine G-cell mass in the whole material. It was concluded that G cells in the transitional body-antrum zone, where also parietal cells are present, do not release gastrin into the circulation during meal stimulation like G cells in the remaining part of the pyloric antrum. On the basis of these results and our previous morphological observations (19), we propose that the G cells in the transitional zone are involved in a paracrine interrelationship with the surrounding parietal cells rather than contributing to the circulating pool of gastrin.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Neuropeptide Y and food intake in fasted rats: effect of naloxone and site of action.

Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) induces food intake in freely feeding animals and this effect is mediated by hypothalamic sites. Little is known, however, about the effect of NPY on food intake and site of action in food-deprived animals. To examine this further, 24-h fasted rats received injections of saline or NPY into the lateral cerebral ventricle (10 micrograms/10 microliters; n = 8) or into the lateral (LH) or ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) (1 microgram/0.5 microliters; n = 44). In addition, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of NPY were carried out with or without i.c.v. naloxone (25 micrograms), a specific opioid receptor antagonist. During the first 40 min food intake was not different with or without NPY. After 60 and 120 min, food intake was 5.9 +/- 0.4 g and 8.3 +/- 0.6 g with i.c.v. saline which was significantly augmented by i.c.v. NPY to 8.7 +/- 0.9 g and 14.4 +/- 1.5 g, respectively (P less than 0.05). This increase in food consumption was due to a prolongation of feeding time. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone significantly augmented latency to feed, both in the absence and presence of NPY (8.0 vs 1.7 min or 14.7 vs 2.8 min, respectively) and abolished the NPY-induced increase in food intake. Following intrahypothalamic injection of NPY, an increase in food intake (greater than 20%) was observed in 50% of the histologically identified LH and VMH sites, but only in 15% of the injection sites outside the LH/VMH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of a 24-hour food-and-water fast on viscosity of whole blood and plasma.

As a result of abstaining from food and water for 24 h during the midsummer Tishah-b'Ab fast, blood viscosity increased by 16.5% in 27 subjects studied; plasma viscosity increased by 10.3% in nine; hematocrit, by 3.1% in 27; serum total protein, by 6.3% and albumin, by 7.7%, both in 29 subjects. These changes were statistically significant. Plasma fibrinogen did not increase significantly. Fasting-induced changes could impair blood supply to vital organs in patients with vascular insufficiency.

Adult↗