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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effects of a low-glycaemic index spaghetti meal on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent meal in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a low glycaemic index (GI) breakfast on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent lunch meal. DESIGN: A low GI spaghetti meal and a high-GI white wheat bread (WWB) reference meal were served in the morning after an overnight fast in random order. Four hours after the breakfast, the subjects were given a second meal-a standardized high-GI lunch-and the blood glucose, insulin and lipid responses were measured after the lunch meal. SETTING: The study was performed at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Ten healthy volunteers, eight women and two men, aged 25-51 y, with normal body mass indices, were recruited. RESULTS: Lowered glucose and insulin responses and reduced serum triglyceride (TG) level were found at the subsequent lunch meal when the low-GI spaghetti meal was given as a breakfast. No differences in total serum cholesterol or HDL cholesterol were seen after lunch, when preceded by the WWB reference breakfast or the spaghetti breakfast, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved glucose tolerance and lowered serum TG levels can appear in the course of a single day. As insulin resistance and raised postprandial TG concentration are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the present study adds evidence for a beneficial role of a low-GI diet. SPONSORSHIP: Cerealia Foundation for Research and Development (project no. 232) and the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 24-28

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A diet containing rapeseed oil-based fats does not increase lipid peroxidation in humans when compared to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a rapeseed oil-based diet containing an increased proportion of easily oxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid with a diet rich in saturated fatty acids on the degree of lipid peroxidation in the human body. DESIGN: A randomised cross-over study. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Nineteen healthy moderately hyperlipidemic subjects (six women and 13 men, age 50+/-8 y and body mass index (BMI) 24.5+/-2.6 kg/m(2)) were given a rapeseed oil-based diet (RO) and a control diet (SAT) rich in saturated fatty acids during two consecutive 4 week periods separated by a 4 week wash-out period. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were analysed in plasma and urine. RESULTS: No significant differences in plasma or urinary levels of free 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), plasma total 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) plasma hydroperoxides or plasma malondialdehyde were observed between the RO and SAT diets (P=0.14-0.95). A higher concentration of serum gamma-tocopherol was detected after the RO diet compared to the SAT diet (P<0.001), whereas the serum alpha-tocopherol concentration and plasma antioxidative capacity did not differ between the two test diets. The total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio were lower after the RO diet compared to the SAT diet (P<0.001), while HDL cholesterol and total triglyceride levels were similar after the two diets. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a rapeseed oil-based diet rich in alpha-linolenic acid does not seem to increase the degree of lipid peroxidation in plasma and urine compared to a diet rich in saturated fats. This is possibly due to a sufficient content of antioxidants in the rapeseed oil diet to increase circulating concentrations of antioxidants that may protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. SPONSORSHIP: Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research and Foundation for Geriatric Research.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2002

Reasons among older Swedish women of not participating in a food survey.

OBJECTIVES: To (a) examine participation rate as a function of municipality, age group and living status; and (b) investigate the main reasons for exclusion and declining as stated by the women themselves. DESIGN: Analysis of participation rate and content analysis of statements given in phone calls explaining exclusion or declination from a project in which 24 h recalls and food-diaries were used. SUBJECTS: Self-managing Swedish women (n=505) were systematically selected from a stratified random sample covering single living and cohabiting women aged 64-68, 74-78 and 84-88 y living in three municipalities. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among included and declining women when municipalities and living status was analysed, but significantly more women in the oldest group were excluded (P>0.01). Among those in their 80s living at home, the usual reasons for exclusion were illness, disability or dementia, and many lived in institutions for old people. The four most used explanations to decline participation were 'lack of time', 'tired, fragile, sick or having bad memory', 'not willing to participate in scientific studies' and 'too old and nothing to contribute'. CONCLUSIONS: The participation rate was, compared with other food surveys in the older generation, fairly good, especially among those in their 80s. However, the most active and the very ill and disabled did not participate. SPONSORSHIP: The Swedish Council for Social Research, the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research, the Swedish Foundation for Health and Care Sciences and Allergy Research and Uppsala University.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Hydrothermal treatment and malting of barley improved zinc absorption but not calcium absorption in humans.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether hydrothermal treatment or malting of barley (cv. Blenheim) improves zinc and calcium absorption in humans. DESIGN: : Two groups of 10 and 12 healthy subjects, respectively, were in a period of 2 months in a fasting state, served two single meals each containing porridge or breakfast cereals prepared from processed or unprocessed (control) barley (60 g). The meals included 200 g of milk, extrinsically labelled with (65)Zn and (47)Ca. Whole-body retention of both minerals was measured. SETTING: The study was carried out at the Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg. SUBJECTS: The subjects were recruited among students at the Göteborg University. None dropped out. INTERVENTIONS: The activities of (65)Zn and (47)Ca were measured by whole-body counting four to five times over a 4-week period after each meal. RESULTS: Zinc absorption from hydrothermally treated barley porridge, containing 28 mg P as inositol tri- to hexaphosphates (InsP(3)-InsP(6)), was significantly higher (P<0.001) than from control porridge containing 111 mg P as InsP(3)-InsP(6), 25.2+/-6.9 vs 11.0+/-2.5% (n=12). Calcium absorption did not differ (P>0.05), 21.1+/-6.8 vs 19.5+/-4.7% (n=12). Zinc absorption from breakfast cereals of malted barley with phytase activity and containing 70 mg P as InsP(3)-InsP(6,) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than from flakes of barley, containing 108 mg P as InsP(3)- InsP(6) and no phytase activity, 22.9+/-5.8 vs 14.8+/-4.6% (n=10). The calcium absorption was 21.3+/-6.5 vs 18.5+/-4.3% (n=10) and did not differ significantly (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Improvements of zinc absorption in breakfast meals can be achieved by optimised hydrothermal treatment or malting of barley. Calcium absorption was not influenced in the meals in this study. SPONSORSHIP: Supported by Semper AB, Sweden, Oy Lahden Polttimo, Finland, the SL-Foundation, Sweden, Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK), the Nordic Industrial Foundation, Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research (SJFR, project no 50.0306/97).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Glucose and insulin responses to porridge and gruel meals intended for infants.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the glycaemic index (GI) and insulinaemic index (II) of some common products intended for infants; that is, three commercial porridges and one gruel. Also, the influence of added fruit components to porridge on postprandial metabolic responses was studied by comparing corresponding data with a matched model product without fruit. DESIGN: The volunteers were served the test products in random order following an overnight fast. A white bread was included as a reference product. Capillary blood samples were collected before and during 3 h after the meals. SETTING: The study was performed at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: A total of 10 healthy volunteers, six men and four women, aged 24-41 y, with normal body mass indices, were recruited. RESULTS: The GIs (67-75) of the commercial porridges and gruel were significantly lower than for the white bread reference (P < 0.05). In contrast, the GI (79) of the model product (porridge without fruit) could not be distinguished from the reference. The IIs (112-149) for the commercial products and model products, respectively, were not significantly different from the reference. CONCLUSIONS: : The commercial porridges and gruel gave unexpectedly low GIs. In contrast, high IIs were noted. The inconsistency between GI and II could probably be explained by the insulinotrophic effect of the milk component in the products. The fruit and fruit juice added to some of the products had only minor effect on postprandial glycaemia. SPONSORSHIP: The Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of genetic variation in Gymnadenia conopsea, the fragrant orchid.

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br., or the fragrant orchid, is one of many plant species negatively influenced by new practices in agriculture and forestry during the last decades. This study describes the level of microsatellite variation within and among 10 Swedish populations of this species. It was not possible to detect strong effects of small population size or fragmentation. In general, the species had high genetic variation within and low genetic divergence among populations, although the correlation between population size and number of alleles was close to significance at the 95% level. Also, a significant isolation by distance effect was observed, indicating the presence of modest restrictions in gene dispersal between the investigated populations.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2002

Paternal occupational group and risk of offspring with neural tube defects.

Selected paternal occupations as well as specific occupational exposures to chemicals such as organic solvents have been suggested as possible risk factors for neural tube defects (NTD). We investigated data from a population-based, case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants with NTDs among 1989-91 California births and fetal deaths. Interviews were conducted with mothers of 538 NTD cases and 539 non- malformed controls. Mothers were asked to report the occupations that the fathers had in the period 3 months before and 3 months after conception. Each job title and industry reported was coded in accordance with the 1990 US Census. Considering those fathers who worked in managerial and professional occupations as the reference group, elevated odds ratios (OR) for NTDs were observed for the categories: technical, sales and administrative, OR = 1.5 [95% confidence interval 1.0, 2.4]; service, OR = 2.0 [1.2, 3.1]; farming, forestry and fishing, OR = 2.1 [1.3, 3.3]; operators, fabricators and labourers, OR = 1.8 [1.2, 2.7]; and military, OR = 1.9 [0.7, 5.0]. Stratification by NTD phenotype revealed that these elevated ORs were primarily observed for spina bifida phenotypes. Analyses adjusted for maternal body mass index, maternal periconceptional use of multivitamins containing folic acid, paternal race/ethnicity, maternal race/ethnicity and maternal education revealed attenuated risk estimates for most of the occupational groups. Analyses of 182 more specific occupational groups defined by aggregating fathers on similar job titles, when compared with fathers who worked in managerial and professional occupations, revealed that four job title groups were associated with fairly precise effect estimates of >or=1.5. These groups were: cooks; janitors and cleaners; farm workers; and groundsmen/gardeners. Using occupational titles as defined in previous investigations, we did not observe an elevated OR associated with paternal occupational solvent exposures, OR = 0.8 [0.5, 1.3]. These analyses generated potential clues regarding paternal occupational exposures as NTD risk factors. Risk variation observed by spina bifida phenotype is interesting and will need to be investigated further.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed2002

Occupational contact dermatitis I: incidence and return to work pressures.

Since the passage of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in 1970, there have been extensive changes in United States workplaces that should have served to enhance the prevention of occupational skin disease (OSD). Analysis of skin diseases reported to OSHA (OSHA recordables) shows that the number of OSDs declined steadily from 1974 to 1983 to about half the previous annual incidence. After 1984, there was a modest resurgence peaking in 1994, with a subsequent decline. A similar but somewhat greater decline in the late 1990s has been observed for occupational respiratory diseases, diseases caused by toxic agents and for poisonings. Likely explanations for the trends in OSD are discussed; the initial decline probably reflected an improvement in workplace conditions, the later resurgence and decline may have been attributable to changes in recording behaviors and in worker's compensation. The decline in recorded OSD since 1996 has been fairly uniform in most major industrial sectors but has been less marked in agriculture, forestry, and fishing so that this sector has replaced manufacturing in recording the highest incidence rate. In 1999, the incidence rate of recorded OSD was 0.49 per 1,000 workers, which appears to grossly under report the true incidence. OSD now constitutes about 10% of all occupational disease cases. Currently, there is increasing emphasis in corporate and occupational medicine on reducing costs and maintaining productivity as well as in preventing occupational injuries and diseases. This is shown by the trend for a greater proportion of workers with occupational conditions to return to modified duty positions rather than to be completely off work. Implications of this phenomena for management of OSD are discussed.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

A prospective study on knee pain and its risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of work-related and individual factors as well as physical activity and sports on the incidence and persistence of knee pain among a working population. DESIGN: Employees of a large Finnish forestry company replied to a questionnaire (a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire) on musculoskeletal pain and its possible risk factors at the baseline of this study. A cohort of 2122 workers free of knee pain and another cohort of 333 workers with severe knee pain were followed up for one year. The effects of the risk factors on the incidence and persistence of knee pain were studied using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 214 (10%) workers developed knee pain during the follow-up. Significant predictors of incident knee pain in the multivariable model were higher age, overweight, smoking, and previous knee injuries. Also, working with the trunk forward flexed in kneeling or standing position and physically strenuous work were non-significant predictors of incident knee pain. Of those 333 workers with severe knee pain at baseline, 220 (66%) still reported severe knee pain after one year. Higher age and job dissatisfaction increased the risk of persistent symptoms. General physical exercise and different sports activities did not predict the incidence or persistence of knee pain. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study, the risk factors for self-reported knee pain seemed to be highly similar to the risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (OA) reported in other papers. Age, previous knee injuries, overweight, and knee-straining work were those risk factors, which contributed to the incidence of knee pain. Psychosocial elements of work were more involved in the persistence of the symptoms in the knee.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Serologic study of the prevalence and course of Hantavirus infections in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern].

694 sera obtained from 1994 till 1998 in the general population were examined with a recombinant enzyme immunoassay for hantavirus antibodies against the serotypes Hantaan and Puumala. Positive samples were retested for confirmation with an indirect immunofluorescence assay and a recombinant immunoblot. The observed antibody prevalence of 0.9% signities that Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is not an endemic area. 12 out of 196 patients with a suspected hantavirus infection were confirmed. All proved antibodies were anti-Hantaan. Due to strong cross-reactivity in the Hantaan group, definite determination was not possible with the methods employed. The clinical symptoms corresponded to epidemic nephropathy. One patient developed the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Titre controls were carried out. In all professional groups with a high risk of infection (forestry employees, zoo keepers, workers in a stud farm, pest controllers) no increased antibody prevalence was seen. Dialysis patients had the same antibody prevalence as the general population (0.9%).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Toxicologically determined indoor air guidelines values].

At the Austrian Ministry for Environment (now: Federal Ministry for agriculture and forestry, environment and water management) a working group was established to propose indoor air guideline values. This consists of representatives of different disciplines, such as physicians, toxicologists, engineers and lawyers. Already in the constituent meeting it was decided to employ a set pattern for establishing toxicologically sound guideline values. It was then agreed to use the pattern proposed by the German ad-hoc-working team. The interdisciplinary discussions, however, demonstrated the need for additional clarification, since representatives of different disciplines obviously interpret the various terms and principles differently. In particular, there is a need for discussing in detail the relation between the guideline values for indoor air to other air quality standards (outdoor air and workplace) and to specify their scope and application, especially the need to describe in greater detail what should be done in case either guideline value I or II was exceeded.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic variation of the bud and leaf phenology of seventeen poplar clones in a short rotation coppice culture.

Leaf phenology of 17 poplar ( Populus spp.) clones, encompassing spring phenology, length of growth period and end-of-year phenology, was examined over several years of different rotations. The 17 poplar clones differed in their latitude of origin (45 degrees 30'N to 51 degrees N) and were studied on a short rotation experimental field plantation, situated in Boom (province of Antwerpen, Belgium; 51 degrees 05'N, 04 degrees 22'E). A similar, clear pattern of bud burst was observed during the different years of study for all clones. Clones Columbia River, Fritzi Pauley, Trichobel (Populus trichocarpa) and Balsam Spire (Populus trichocarpa x Populus balsamifera) from 45 degrees 30'N to 49 degrees N reached bud burst (expressed as day of the year or degree day sums) almost every year earlier than clones Wolterson (Populus nigra), Gaver, Gibecq and Primo (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra) (50 degrees N to 51 degrees N). This observation could not be generalised to end-of-season phenology, for which a yearly returning pattern for all clones was lacking. Late bud burst and early leaf fall of some clones (Beaupré, Boelare, IBW1, IBW2, IBW3) was brought about by increasing rust incidence during the years of observation. For these clones, the variability in leaf phenology was reflected in high coefficients of variation among years. The patterns of genetic variation in leaf phenology have implications for short rotation intensive culture forestry and management of natural populations. Moreover, the variation in phenology reported here is relevant with regard to the genetic mapping of poplar.

Genetic Variation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rotator cuff tear--an occupational disease? An epidemiological analysis].

BACKGROUND: In literature there are only few data which describe the influence of occupation on the development of rotator cuff disease. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 760 open rotator cuff repairs were analysed and related to the profession and occupational load. Exclusion criteria were traumatic tears and sports injuries. All male persons were statistically analysed and the data compared with occupational patterns of the region, obtained from the Federal Statistical State Office. RESULTS: Rotator cuff repairs were performed in 472 males who had no evidence for a traumatic origin. After statistical analysis (p < 0.001) we found significantly more patients working in agriculture and forestry (6.38% versus 1.07% in Bavaria) and in the building industry (35.11% versus 13.40% in Bavaria). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that working exposure increases the risk or leads to the clinical manifestation of rotator cuff tears. Although a detailed analysis of individual physical exposure is not available yet, the statistical results indicate that rotator cuff tears must be taken into consideration as a result of ergonomic exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Spread of early-summer meningoencephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany].

Between 1978 and 1984 there were 299 serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany (180 males, 119 females; aged 1-82 years). A previous tick bite was recalled by 258 (86.2%). The illness had taken the form of a feverish infection in 13, meningitis in 161, meningoencephalitis in 13, and meningomyeloencephalitis in 14. There were three deaths (1%), and permanent neurological sequelae in 20 (7%). The incidence of new cases cases between April and October varied from eight to 118 per year. The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was the place of infection in 239, other European countries in 52 (42 in Austria). In the FRG the disease occurred predominantly in Bavaria (156), half of the cases in Lower Bavaria and eastern and northern Upper Bavaria and in Baden-Württemberg (78), concentrated in the regions around Freiburg and Karlsruhe, a few (3) in Hessen and Rhineland-Palatinate (2). No cases were noted in other parts of the FRG. Antibody studies on 8526 persons in the endemic regions of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg produced rates of 2.0 and 1.2%, respectively. The rate increased with age, to a peak of 2.4% in the seventh decade. Those working in forestry and agriculture had a higher antibody rate, at 4.6 and 3.3% respectively, than civil servants, employees and housewives (0.4-0.9%). In some areas the antibody rate varied from less than 1 to 6%. Those with higher antibody rates also had higher infection rates, and vice versa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity.

Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely applied biological insecticide and is used to manage insects that affect forestry and agriculture and transmit human and animal pathogens. This ubiquitous spore-forming bacterium kills insect larvae largely through the action of insecticidal crystal proteins and is commonly deployed as a direct bacterial spray. Moreover, plants engineered with the cry genes encoding the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins are the most widely cultivated transgenic crops. For decades, the mechanism of insect killing has been assumed to be toxin-mediated lysis of the gut epithelial cells, which leads to starvation, or B. thuringiensis septicemia. Here, we report that B. thuringiensis does not kill larvae of the gypsy moth in the absence of indigenous midgut bacteria. Elimination of the gut microbial community by oral administration of antibiotics abolished B. thuringiensis insecticidal activity, and reestablishment of an Enterobacter sp. that normally resides in the midgut microbial community restored B. thuringiensis-mediated killing. Escherichia coli engineered to produce the B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxin killed gypsy moth larvae irrespective of the presence of other bacteria in the midgut. However, when the engineered E. coli was heat-killed and then fed to the larvae, the larvae did not die in the absence of the indigenous midgut bacteria. E. coli and the Enterobacter sp. achieved high populations in hemolymph, in contrast to B. thuringiensis, which appeared to die in hemolymph. Our results demonstrate that B. thuringiensis-induced mortality depends on enteric bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An endogenous rate of time preference, the Penrose effect, and dynamic optimality of environmental quality.

In the present paper, the endogenous theory of time preference is extended to analyze those processes of capital accumulation and changes in environmental quality that are dynamically optimum with respect to the intertemporal preference ordering of the representative individual of the society in question. The analysis is carried out within the conceptual framework of the dynamic analysis of environmental quality, as has been developed by a number of economists for specific cases of the fisheries and forestry commons. The duality principles on intertemporal preference ordering and capital accumulation are extended to the situation where processes of capital accumulation are subject to the Penrose effect, which exhibit the marginal decrease in the effect of investment in private and social overhead capital upon the rate at which capital is accumulated. The dynamically optimum time-path of economic activities is characterized by the proportionality of two systems of imputed, or efficient, prices, one associated with the given intertemporal ordering and another associated with processes of accumulation of private and social overhead capital. It is particularly shown that the dynamically optimality of the processes of capital accumulation involving both private and social overhead capital is characterized by the conditions that are identical with those involving private capital, with the role of social overhead capital only indirectly exhibited.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Outbreaks of forest defoliating insects in Japan, 1950-2000.

In Japan, several forest-defoliating insects reach outbreak levels and cause serious defoliation. Stand mortality sometimes occurs after severe defoliation. However, in general, tree mortality caused by insect defoliation is low because of the prevailing moist climate in Japan. Evergreen conifers are more susceptible to tree mortality as a result of insect defoliation whereas deciduous broad-leaved trees are seldom killed. Insect defoliation occurs more frequently in man-made environments such as among shade trees, orchards, and plantations than in natural habitats. Outbreaks of some defoliators tend to occur in stands of a particular age: e.g. outbreaks of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) occur more frequently in young pine plantations. In contrast, defoliation caused by outbreaks of lepidopterous and hymenopterous pests in larch plantations is more frequent with stand maturation. There is a relationship between outbreaks of some defoliators and altitude above sea level. Most outbreaks of forest defoliators were terminated by insect pathogens that operated in a density-dependent fashion. Since the 1970s, Japan has been prosperous and can afford to buy timber from abroad. More recently, there has been an increasing demand for timber in Japan, that coincides with a huge demand internationally, so that the country will need to produce more timber locally in the future. The increasing pressure on the forestry industry to meet this demand will require more sophisticated methods of pest control coupled with more sustainable methods of silviculture.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Head posture measurements among work vehicle drivers and implications for work and workplace design.

An increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders, e.g. from the neck region, has been found among professional drivers of work vehicles. The purpose of this study was to identify causes of postural load and implications for vehicle design and work tasks. A second purpose was to develop the methods for measurement and analysis of head postures. Field measurements of head postures for drivers of fork lift trucks, forestry machines, and cranes were carried out. The equipment used was an electric goniometer measurement system, containing a mechanical transmission between the head and the upper trunk. Methods for data presentation and quantification were developed. The results showed that rotatable and movable driver cabins improved head postures and viewing angles substantially. Narrow window frame structures and large, optimally-placed windows were also advantageous. The steering wheel, controls, and a high backrest restricted shoulder rotation, which increased head rotation in unfavourable viewing angles. Improved workspace layouts and work organization factors such as job enlargement decreased the influence of strenuous postures. The results also showed that head postures should be analysed in two or three dimensions simultaneously, otherwise the postures taken will be underestimated in relation to the maximal voluntary movement.

Adult↗