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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Separation of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) instars by individual rearing and head width measurements.

Two methods to verify whether head width measurements fit Dyar's rule were evaluated for the separation of instars of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché). Individual rearing was a reliable method of determining larval instar but was labor-intensive. The mean observed head widths were significantly different for each instar (first instar, 0.164 mm; second instar, 0.201 mm; third instar, 0.260 mm) and showed no sexual dimorphism. Head capsule width increased roughly 25% from instar to instar with geometrically progressing growth in accordance with Dyar's rule. However, head capsule width cannot be used to determine the instar of randomly selected larvae because the measurements overlap broadly between instars.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of methoprene and diflubenzuron on larval development of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Cat flea larvae, Ctenocephalides felis Bouche, exposed to glass surfaces treated with methoprene concentrations from 0.127 to 1,270 ng/cm2 did not emerge as adults. Most larvae died in the third instar, but those exposed to the 0.127 ng/cm2 concentration formed larval-pupal intermediates. Larvae exposed to glass surface treated with diflubenzuron concentrations from 12.7 to 1,270 ng/cm2 died during the process of molting in all three instars. Exposure of larvae to 12.7 and 127 ng/cm2 diflubenzuron resulted in 15 and 5.2% adult emergence, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Oral toxicity of boric acid and other boron compounds to immature cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Oral toxicity was characterized in first-instar cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché), feeding on dried blood treated with boric acid. LC50 values ranged from 2.11% after 24 h to 0.21% after 7 d. In carpet tests with five different boron compounds and a number of different formulations, significant mortality for first instars was observed in all cases. In similar tests with prepupae and cocoons, there was no significant effect on mortality. The importance of these results is discussed in light of current application procedures for boron compounds, and suggestions are made for future research.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Chlorpyrifos formulation effect on airborne residues following broadcast application for cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) control.

Airborne residues of 3 chlorpyrifos formulations were measured up to 50 h after broadcast treatment for flea control in residences. Insecticide formulation, time after treatment, ventilation regime, and height above floor affected airborne residues. Before spraying, chlorpyrifos residues were low or undetected. In nonventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked in 0-6 h after treatment at 38 ng/liter for emulsifiable, remained low at < 12 ng/liter for the microencapsulated, and sharply peaked in 1-2 h after treatment at 52 ng/liter for the aerosol formulation. Residues for all formulations then slowly declined through 50 h. In ventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked from 2 to 10 h after treatment at 25-27 ng/liter for emulsifiable, remained low at < 10 ng/liter, and sharply peaked in 0-2 h after treatment at 21 ng/liter for the aerosol formulation. Maximum airborne concentrations were 74 ng/liter for emulsifiable, 17 ng/liter for microencapsulated, and 61 ng/liter for aerosol chlorpyrifos.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1995

Airborne insecticide residues after broadcast application for cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) control.

Airborne residues of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, and permethrin were measured up to 50 h after broadcast treatment for cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), control in residences. Type of insecticide, time after treatment, ventilation regime, and height above floor significantly affected airborne residues. Before spraying chlorpyrifos, residues were low or undetected. In nonventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked 0-6 h after treatment at 38 ng/liter, then slowly declined through 50 h. In ventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked from 2 to 10 h after treatment at 25-27 ng/liter, then declined to 8 ng/liter at 50 h. Propetamphos and permethrin residues in nonventilated residences peaked at 0-2 h at 32-40 and 40-44 ng/liter, respectively. Propetamphos peaked at 12-17 ng/liter at 0-2 h in ventilated residences. Permethrin was not detected in any of the samples in ventilated residences. Maximum airborne concentrations were 74 ng/liter chlorpyrifos, 49 ng/liter propetamphos, and 54 ng/liter permethrin.

Air↗
PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) pupae.

Studies were conducted to investigate what protective nature the cocoon and nylon carpeting has against the performance of insecticides directed at cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), pupae developing in carpet. The following 5 combinations of life stages and substrates were used in these tests were: (1) larvae that pupated in carpet, (2) cocoons placed in carpet, (3) naked pupae placed in carpet, (4) cocoons placed on filter paper, and (5) naked pupae placed on filter paper. These studies evaluated the performance of chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, permethrin, and linalool. When averaged over all insecticides, the mean controls of cocooned pupae placed in carpet and cocooned pupae placed on filter paper were 37.2 and 26.7%, respectively, whereas that of naked pupae placed in carpet was only 13.7%. Additional tests conducted using chlorpyrifos revealed that mortality was 23 and 42% higher, respectively, whenever pupae in cocoons and naked pupae were treated in glass dishes without filter paper. These studies demonstrate that the debri-coated cocoon is not a barrier to insecticide penetration, and that pupae appeared to be protected inside the carpet matrix. Additional studies demonstrated that control of pupae developing in carpet was maximized at lower application pressures. The mean control of pupae with chlorpyrifos at 0.7 kg/cm2 pressure was 77.2%, yet applications at 1.7 kg/cm2 resulted in only 23.3% control.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Activity of insecticides against the preemerged adult cat flea in the cocoon (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

The activity of insecticides against the adult cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), inside the cocoon (preemerged) was determined by spraying the cocoons directly and observing subsequent emergence of adults over the next 14 d. Direct sprays of 0.5% trimethacarb wettable powder (WP) and chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and WP provided greater than 70% kill. The order of activity against the preemerged adult exposed to direct sprays was organophosphates greater than carbamates greater than pyrethroids. In general, pyrethroids and proprietary aerosols failed to kill preemerged adults. Even though most sprays did not kill preemerged adults, they stimulated adult emergence from cocoons. Preemerged adults placed in the nap of carpet were not killed by chlorpyrifos, diazinon, or propetamphos sprays; the carpet protected them effectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and field trials of permethrin-treated cotton used as nesting material to control fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) on cricetid rodents.

Upholstery cotton treated with four different concentrations (0.25-2.0%) (2,500-20,000 ppm) of an aqueous permethrin solution, used as nesting material by white mice, was laboratory-tested against the potential plague vectors Oropsylla montana (Baker), Thrassis bacchi (Rothschild), and Orchopeas howardi (Baker) and found highly effective (P less than 0.001) for 1 yr. Similarly treated cotton gauze was tested under ambient and 75% RH and was found to be highly effective (P less than 0.001) in both environments for 1 yr. A separate test determined that the LD50 of permethrin-treated cotton was less than 10 ppm. Cotton tested with 0.5% permethrin and distributed under field conditions to cricetid rodents for use as nesting material was found to be highly effective (P less than 0.001 as a pulicide for greater than 4 mo when tested during winter in Larimer County, Colo. Permethrin-treated cotton was less successful in controlling fleas on cricetid rodents during the summer months in a New Mexico hyperendemic plague area.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of diflubenzuron in simulated household and yard conditions against the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Siphonoptera: Pulicidae).

Diflubenzuron-treated carpet inhibited egg-to-adult development of the cat flea for up to 12 mo even with weekly vacuuming of the carpet. The efficacy of diflubenzuron was similar in treated soils over a 6-mo test period except in the case of treated soil that remained outside. Reduced efficacy is attributed to degradation of diflubenzuron by microorganisms and water.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ultrastructure of the eggs of seven flea species (Siphonaptera).

Eggs of seven flea species representing five families, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Pulicidae), Orchopeas leucopus (Baker) and Aetheca wagneri (Baker) (Ceratophyllidae), Conorhinopsylla stanfordi Stewart and Epitedia faceta (Rothschild) (Hystrichopsyllidae), Sternopsylla distincta texana (C. Fox) (Ischnopsyllidae), and Craneopsylla minerva (Rothschild) (Stephanocircidae), were examined with a scanning electron microscope and are described from the resulting micrographs. In the Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae the individual outer chorionic cells are not visible; the egg surfaces are covered uniformly with small, nodular tubercles. In contrast, the Hystrichopsyllidae and Ischnopsyllidae have a prominent, raised reticulum, very heavily constructed in the latter, delineating the chorionic cells. The single representative of the Stephanocircidae has only a faintly embossed chorionic reticulum. All of the species examined except E. faceta and C. minerva (both with a single micropylar opening) have multiple micropyles at the posterior end. C. felis, O. leucopus, A. wagneri, and C. stanfordi also have multiple aeropyles at the anterior end (these are lacking in S. d. texana). Lateral aeropyles, consisting of small groups of pores often associated with small mounds in the chorion, are present (maximum of two seen on any one egg) in all species except E. faceta, C. stanfordi, and C. minerva.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

New species of flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) from Spain.

The male holotype and female allotype of Echidnophaga iberica Ribeiro, Lucientes, Osacar & Calvete, a new species of rabbit flea from the Zaragoza area, northeastern Spain, is described on the basis of examination of a type series of six males and 13 females. Similarities of the new species with other species of the genus Echidnophaga are discussed and a key to identification of the four known Mediterranean species of the genus is provided.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Larvicidal effects of boric acid and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate to cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Borate products varied in efficacy against larval cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché, with some effective at rates of 23 micrograms/cm2 when larvae were exposed to the compounds in sand. Powdered boric acid, granular boric acid, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Polybor) at rates of 200 micrograms/cm2 produced < or = 90% mortality of larvae exposed in carpet for 96 h. LC50 values of larvae exposed in treated carpets for 96 h were 23 micrograms/cm2 for powdered boric acid, 40 micrograms/cm2 for granular boric acid, and 47 micrograms/cm2 for polybor.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Insecticidal effects of the insect growth regulators methoprene and pyriproxyfen on the cat flea (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae).

Residual effectiveness of the insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and methoprene against cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), larvae were evaluated under simulated household conditions. Pyriproxyfen provided control of larvae for > 12 mo when applied at 1 mg and 0.2 mg/m2 and > or = 3 mo at the rate of 0.04 mg/m2. Methoprene applied at 1 mg/m2 provided control for > 12 mo and 6 mo at 0.2 mg/m2. No significant mortality was observed when methoprene was applied at 0.04 mg/m2.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Systematic review of the genus Acropsylla Rothschild, 1911 (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae), with notes on certain fleas from northern Thailand.

Acropsylla (Leptopsyllidae), a genus of fleas from the Indian Subregion of the Oriental Region, is reviewed to include the seasonal and geographical distribution of the known species. Acropsylla girshami Traub, 1950 is proposed as a junior synonym of Acropsylla episema Rothschild, 1911. Keys are provided for the tribe Meopsyllini and for the species of Acropsylla.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Determining a diagnostic dose for imidacloprid susceptibility testing of field-collected isolates of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

The susceptibility of four laboratory strains of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), to imidacloprid was determined by three different laboratories, by using a standardized bioassay protocol. The probit lines generated by the different laboratories were very similar, with LC50 values ranging from 0.32 to 0.81 ppm. Based on these data, a diagnostic dose (DD) of 3 ppm imidacloprid in larval rearing media was provisionally identified for detecting shifts in tolerance, possibly as a consequence of incipient imidacloprid resistance. None of the larvae from the susceptible laboratory strains survived the DD. Eighteen field-collected isolates were evaluated for their susceptibility to imidacloprid and to validate a DD of 3 ppm. Probit lines from 18 field-collected isolates were very similar, with LC50 values ranging from 0.14 to 1.52 ppm. When exposed to the DD, between 3 and 10% of the exposed larvae emerged as adults from only three of the 18 isolates. All other field isolates gave 100% mortality at the DD. Under the criteria established (>5% survivorship at 3 ppm), two isolates would be established on mammalian hosts and more extensive tests conducted to exclude or confirm the presence of resistance. The DD of 3 ppm is robust enough to eliminate most of the susceptible isolates collected until today, yet low enough to identify possible isolates for further testing.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genetics of resistance against defences of the host plant Barbarea vulgaris in a Danish flea beetle population.

One essential aspect of the study of the evolution of host-plant use by insects is (variation in) its genetic basis. The genetic basis of the ability of a flea beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum) to use the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (G type) as a host plant was studied in a Danish population (Kvaerkeby) occurring naturally on this atypical host plant. Evidence was found that this ability was determined by a single, major, autosomal gene, although the presence of genes at additional loci at lower frequencies could not be excluded. No evidence was found for sex-linked inheritance, which was common in a second population in Denmark (Ejby) using Barbarea as a host plant. All beetles in the Kvaerkeby sample were homozygous 'resistant' to Barbarea defence. After crossing resistant F1 offspring from pairs consisting of a field-collected beetle and a susceptible one amongst each other, genotyping the F2 (reared on radish) showed a 1:2:1 ratio of homozygous resistant, heterozygous and susceptible beetles. No evidence was found for a reduction in the viability of beetles that were homozygous resistant at the autosomal locus, in contrast to what had been found earlier for two backcrossed lines founded by beetles from Ejby. The results show that there is variation in the genetic basis of host-plant use across local populations and imply that population structure should form part of the study of the interaction between P. nemorum and its host plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Structural rRNA characters support monophyly of raptorial limbs and paraphyly of limb specialization in water fleas.

The evolutionary success of arthropods has been attributed partly to the diversity of their limb morphologies. Large morphological diversity and increased specialization are observed in water flea (Cladocera) limbs, but it is unclear whether the increased limb specialization in different cladoceran orders is the result of shared ancestry or parallel evolution. We inferred a robust among-order cladoceran phylogeny using small-subunit and large-subunit rRNA nuclear gene sequences, signature sequence regions, novel stem-loops and secondary structure morphometrics to assess the phylogenetic distribution of limb specialization. The sequence-based and structural rRNA morphometric phylogenies were congruent and suggested monophyly of orders with raptorial limbs, but paraphyly of orders with reduced numbers of specialized limbs. These results highlight the utility of complex molecular structural characters in resolving ancient rapid radiations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Invasion of an asexual American water flea clone throughout Africa and rapid displacement of a native sibling species.

The huge ecological and economic impact of biological invasions creates an urgent need for knowledge of traits that make invading species successful and factors helping indigenous populations to resist displacement by invading species or genotypes. High genetic diversity is generally considered to be advantageous in both processes. Combined with sex, it allows rapid evolution and adaptation to changing environments. We combined paleogenetic analysis with continent-wide survey of genetic diversity at nuclear and mitochondrial loci to reconstruct the invasion history of a single asexual American water flea clone (hybrid Daphnia pulexxDaphnia pulicaria) in Africa. Within 60 years of the original introduction of this invader, it displaced the genetically diverse, sexual population of native D. pulex in Lake Naivasha (Kenya), despite a formidable numerical advantage of the local population and continuous replenishment from a large dormant egg bank. Currently, the invading clone has spread throughout the range of native African D. pulex, where it appears to be the only occurring genotype. The absence of genetic variation did not hamper either the continent-wide establishment of this exotic lineage or the effective displacement of an indigenous and genetically diverse sibling species.

Africa↗