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PubMed1985

The antagonism of tetracycline and ferric iron in vivo.

To test the hypothesis that the in-vivo antibiotic action of tetracycline might be affected by ferric iron and the enhancement of infection by ferric iron by tetracycline, the actions of intraperitoneal antibiotic and local ferric ammonium citrate, given separately and together, were measured in the dorsal skin of guinea-pigs bearing lesions due to staphylococci, streptococci, a Proteus sp., an Erysipelothrix sp., Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Tetracycline, given in two intraperitoneal doses of 25 mg/kg at 0 and 2 h after intracutaneous challenge, maintained plasma concentrations of 4-6 micrograms/ml for more than the first 4 h of infection, after which the local lesions had become largely insusceptible to the antibiotic. The intracutaneous injection of Fe 10 micrograms in a volume of 0.1 ml containing the bacteria was sufficient to enhance infection by those strains susceptible to this effect. The in-vivo efficacy of tetracycline was not always related to low MIC; a low MIC was sometimes associated with little action and a high MIC with moderate action. Sixteen organisms were tested. The iron diminished the tetracycline effect only feebly with one staphylococcal strain and the strain of E. rhusiopathiae. In only one case, with a strain of Proteus sp., was the tetracycline action grossly diminished. On the other hand, tetracycline diminished the enhancement effect of iron moderately with three strains of staphylococci and one strain each of K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and C. perfringens, and strongly with two strains of staphylococci, a group-C streptococcus and one strain each of K. pneumoniae, E. rhusiopathiae and A. hydrophila. It is evident that the diminution of tetracycline action by moderate excess of readily available Fe , whether endogenous or administered, is an unlikely event (three instances among the 16 tested) whereas the diminution of the infection-enhancing effect of iron by tetracycline is much more likely (12 instances among the 16). Insofar as a decrease in iron available for enhancement of infection is valid evidence of a diminution of the iron available for necessary physiological processes of the subject treated, our results suggest that these processes might be affected by tetracycline.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of erysipelas in chukars.

A peracute severe outbreak of erysipelas in chukars (Alectoris chukar) caused 55% mortality. Pheasants and quails on the same premises were not affected. Possible sources of infection and pathogenesis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative investigations of a combined vaccine against parvovirus and erysipelas and corresponding monovaccines in different vaccination schedules. 1: Field trial].

In a field trial, the development of antibodies of a combined vaccine against the porcine parvovirus (PPV) as well as against swine erysipelas was compared with corresponding mono vaccines. Furthermore, these vaccines were used in different vaccination schedules. The tests were carried out on 109 gilts in three closed farms. In all gilts, a basic immunization repeated twice was carried out at the age of six months and at intervals of three weeks. The revaccination was carried out four months after the basic immunization with half of the animals, and six months after the basic immunization with the remaining gilts. Between the combined vaccine and the mono vaccine no significant differences in the development of antibodies against PPV could be found according to different vaccination schedules. The gilts having been vaccinated with the mono vaccine and boostered six months later showed significantly higher antibody titers against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Between the remaining vaccination groups no significant difference in the development of the antibodies against swine erysipelas could be found. On only one farm, a continuous decrease of antibody titers against PPV in case of altogether 238 non-vaccinated piglets until the sixth month of life could be observed. On the two other farms, an increase of antibody titers against PPV could be found at different points of time, which indicates an infection of the piglets. Between the individual vaccination groups no significant antibody titers against PPV could be measured in milk tests. With regard to the number of piglets born alive per litter, the number of piglets born dead per litter and the number of mummies, a significant difference could neither be found between the vaccination groups 1-4.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of porcine parvovirus vaccination on the development of PMWS in segregated early weaned pigs coinfected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus.

The objectives of this study were to determine if coinfection of segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) induces an increase in the incidence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) compared to singular PCV2 infection, and to determine if vaccination against PPV protects pigs against PMWS associated with PCV2/PPV coinfection in SEW pigs. Seventy, 3-week-old, SEW pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five groups. Pigs in group 1 (n = 14) served as the negative controls, group 2 pigs (n = 14) were inoculated with PCV2, group 3 pigs (n = 12) were inoculated with PPV, groups 4 (n = 16) and 5 (n = 14) pigs were inoculated with both PCV2 and PPV. Pigs in groups 1-3 and 5 were vaccinated with two doses of a killed parvovirus-leptospira-erysipelothrix (PLE) vaccine prior to inoculation. The PCV2/PPV-coinfected pigs (groups 4 and 5) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher and more persistent fevers than the singular PCV2-infected pigs. One pig in each of the coinfected groups developed clinical disease (fever, respiratory disease, jaundice, weight loss) consistent with PMWS. Lymphoid depletion was significantly (P < 0.05) more severe in the dually-infected pigs at 42 days post-inoculation (DPI). Vaccinated, coinfected pigs (group 5) remained viremic significantly (P < 0.05) longer and had higher copy numbers of genomic PCV2 DNA in sera at 28, 35, and 42 DPI compared to the unvaccinated coinfected pigs (group 4). PPV-viremia was detected only in the unvaccinated group 4 pigs. PLE-vaccination prevented PPV-viremia but did not prevent clinical PMWS or reduce the severity of lymphoid depletion in PCV2/PPV-coinfected pigs. Evidence of increased incidence of clinical PMWS due to vaccination was not observed in this model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unidentified coryneform bacterial strain from cases of polyarthritis in chickens: phenotype and fatty acid profile.

We report isolation of a strain of fermentative coryneform bacteria from an outbreak of polyarthritis in chickens. This strain could not be assigned to any recognized bacterial taxon because its peculiar phenotype is not yet reported. The strain possessed phenotypic characteristics and fatty acid profile similar to Erysipelothrix but, on the other hand, exhibited temperature-dependent motility like Listeria. We found no evidence of either Mycoplasma synoviae or Chlamydia infection. Details of the phenotype and fatty acid profile of the isolate and measures undertaken to contain the outbreak have been described.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2006

New consensus guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria.

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recently published a new laboratory guideline for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of infrequently encountered or fastidious bacteria not covered in previous CLSI publications. The organisms include Aeromonas species, Bacillus species, and Vibrio species that may cause infections following environmental exposure. Fastidious organisms that may cause endocarditis or medical device infections include Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species; coryneform bacteria; Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella group gram-negative rods; and the instrinsically vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus species. Organisms not previously covered in depth in CLSI guidelines include Branhamella catarrhalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Listeria species, and Pasteurella species. Clinically important drug resistance has been reported for each of these organisms. The guidelines provide recommendations for when it may be important to test these organisms, how standard methods may be easily adapted for testing, and appropriate interpretive criteria for results. Communication with infectious diseases clinicians prior to performing such testing is emphasized.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Arthritis in the prehistoric Southeastern United States: biological and cultural variables.

Recent research shows that a bacterial life form, Erysipelothrix insidiosa, can produce rheumatoid arthritis in deer, swine, and dogs, and that a number of animals, including man, birds, and fish, may be infected by the organism. Examination of the archaeological record suggests that both cultural and biological variables may be interrelated in the maintenance of some forms of arthritis over long periods of time in geographically disparate populations. Re-examination of Cherokee folk beliefs concerning arthritis suggests that they had some recognition of this connection, and it also suggests that they had some recognition of this connection, and it also suggests that the term "magical" may relate more to the world view of the observer than to any actual inability of preliterate peoples to draw causal relations on the basis of their own intimate knowledge of their environments.

Alabama↗
PubMed2000

Surface antigen, SpaA, of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae binds to Gram-positive bacterial cell surfaces.

In a previous study, we isolated the spaA gene encoding the surface protective antigen A, SpaA, of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and found that the N-terminal region of SpaA was responsible for protective immunity against erysipelas and that the C-terminal region contained eight repeat units consisting of 20 amino acids comprising the binding domain on the Erysipelothrix cell surface. In this study, using recombinant SpaA proteins, we showed that the repeat region bound to the cell surfaces of various Gram-positive bacterial cells, SpaA was a membrane-associated protein, this association depended on the interaction with choline residues in teichoic acid, and SpaA bound to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. These results showed that LTA was required for the surface association of SpaA in E. rhusiopathiae and that such an association might be common among Gram-positive bacterial cells. We suggested that an LTA-SpaA complex might have an important role in the E. rhusiopathiae infection process.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Erysipeloid--case report.

Erysipeloid is an acute, bacterial infection of traumatized skin in an individual who was in direct contact with meat or other animal products contaminated with a gram-positive bacillus Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We present a case of a 50-year-old housewife whose hobby was fishing, with a reddish, tender patch on the fifth finger and dorsum of the left hand, which developed a week after she had sustained an injury while boning the fish. The patient was treated with orally administered penicillin V 1,500,000 IU t.i.d. for 7 days, with complete resolution.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Preparation and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the protective protein antigen of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Thirteen mouse monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against the protective protein antigen (P64) of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were prepared and partially characterized. The titres of the Mabs varied from 200 to 1,638,400 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 13 Mabs 10, two and one belonged to the IgG2a, IgG1 and IgM subclasses, respectively. All Mabs reacted strongly with the 64 kDa protein and weakly with the 43 kDa protein upon Western blotting of the alkaline extract (AE) of E. rhusiopathiae. The protective activity (PD50/ml) of the 13 Mabs against E. rhusiopathiae infection in mice varied from < 50 to > 50,000. These Mabs were classified into three groups, highly protective Mabs, moderately protective Mabs and Mabs which did not possess protective activity, based on the protective index (ratio of the PD50/ml to the antibody titre). These results suggest that the 64 kDa protein is an effective protective antigen, which is easily cleaved into many small proteins, including the 43 kDa protein, and possesses at least two epitopes related to its protective activity and at least one epitope which is not related to protection of mice against E. rhusiopathiae infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Topically acquired bacterial zoonoses from fish: a review.

The main pathogens acquired topically from fish (through spine puncture or open wounds) are Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycobacterium marinum, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio damsela. S. iniae has recently emerged as a public health hazard associated with aquaculture, and M. marinum often infects home aquarium hobbyists. With the expansion of aquaculture and popularity of recreational fishing in Australia, medical practitioners can expect to see more infections of this nature. Diagnosis and treatment may be difficult, especially in view of emerging antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Preweaning mortality in pigs. 7. Polyarthritis.

The incidence and causes of polyarthritis in sucking pigs were studied in herds with 2,936 litters during a 2-year period. Among pigs more than 3 days old, the average morbidity rate was 3.3 per cent and the mortality rate amounted to 1.5 per cent (Table I). Among herds the morbidity ranged from 0.9 to 7.0 per cent and the mortality due to polyarthritis from 0.5 to 2.8 per cent. The incidences of polyarthritis were higher in the progeny of gilts than in the progeny of sows of other age groups (Table II). No consistens correlation between litter size at birth and the mortality rate due to polyarthritis was found (Table III). Cases of polyarthritis were observed in 17.8 per cent of the examined litters. Death due to polyarthritis occurred in 10.8 per cent of the litters (Table I); 67.3 per cent of the fatal cases occurred sporadically with only one pig lost per litter (Table IV). The mortality due to polyarthritis appeared to be higher in male pigs (Table V). An analysis of some possible contributory factors showed that the frequency of polyarthritis was adversely affected by new introduction of female breeding stock, clipping of the canine teeth and tail docking in the new-born, and by occurrence of skin diseases in individual piglets (Table VI, IX & XII). No obvious relation was found with such factors as: season of the year, sow's health condition, herd size (Table I), or hygiene level in the individual herds (Table VIII). Death due to polyarthritis occurred most frequently in pigs 2--4 weeks of age (Table X). The pathological lesions, which varied according to the duration of the inflammation and to the aetiology, are described. Arthritis was most frequently observed in the larger limb joints, although every joint may be affected (Table XI). In the majority of the cases a meningoencephalitis was present. A survey of other concomitant, complicating or possible predisposing lesions are presented (Table XII). The bacteriological examination of joints and other organs Table XIII) showed that haemolytic streptococci by far dominated as causative organism. Staphylococci species and E. coli were isolated from affected joints in 6.4 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the pigs, respectively. C. pyogenes and E. rhusiopathiae were rarely encountered in these sucking pigs with polyarthritis. Aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in regard of minimizing the losses due to polyarthritis/meningitis in sucking pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Development of an experimental animal model of aerogenic immunization with bacterial antigens (author's transl)].

Gnotobiotic piglets once aerogenically vaccinated with a avirulent strain, B10, of live Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E.r.) showed no signs of illness when exposed to 100 LD50 of the highly virulent E.r.-strain FFA two weeks later. Mice vaccinated in the same manner were not fully protected. Various serological assays provided no indication for an actual protection mechanism against the challenge infection. On the other hand preliminary evaluation of the reactivity of lymphoid cells from various organs showed remarkable differences in the response to the vaccinating antigen and to various mitogens between vaccinated and non vaccinated piglets. Developmental phases of the model system and its advantages and disadvantages are presented.

Aerosols↗