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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Perceived skill and utilisation of information technology in medical education among final year medical students, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

The objective of this survey was to obtain a self-reported assessment of the use of information technology (IT) by final year medical students. Two hundred and sixty five students responded to a questionnaire survey. 81.5% of students considered their computer skills adequate, while 87.9% had access to computers outside the campus. Most students reported adequate skills at word processing, e-mailing and surfing the Internet. Fifty three percent of students spent three hours or more each week on the computer. While students indicated a general willingness to access Internet-based materials, further steps need to be taken to increase the use of this method of instruction.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed1998

Smart cards: a specific application in the hospital.

Computers have the ability to process and access tremendous amounts of information in our daily lives. But, now, individuals have this ability by carrying a smart card in their own wallets. These cards provide us the versatility, power, and security of computers. This study begins with a short description of smart cards and their advantages. Then, an electronic circuit that is designed for healthcare application in hospitals is introduced. This circuit functions as a smart card holder identifier, access controller for hospital doors and also can be used as a smart card reader/writer. Design steps of this electronic circuit, operation principles, serial communication with P.C., and the software are examined. Finally a complete access control network for hospital doors that functions with smart cards is discussed.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed2001

A molecular logic gate.

We propose a scheme for molecule-based information processing by combining well-studied spectroscopic techniques and recent results from chemical dynamics. Specifically it is discussed how optical transitions in single molecules can be used to rapidly perform classical (Boolean) logical operations. In the proposed way, a restricted number of states in a single molecule can act as a logical gate equivalent to at least two switches. It is argued that the four-level scheme can also be used to produce gain, because it allows an inversion, and not only a switching ability. The proposed scheme is quantum mechanical in that it takes advantage of the discrete nature of the energy levels but, we here discuss the temporal evolution, with the use of the populations only. On a longer time range we suggest that the same scheme could be extended to perform quantum logic, and a tentative suggestion, based on an available experiment, is discussed. We believe that the pumping can provide a partial proof of principle, although this and similar experiments were not interpreted thus far in our terms.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Designing prevention-oriented software for workplace health and safety.

Rapid changes in technology and health services organization are propelling information-driven decision making in all aspects of business. The potential of electronic data processing to reduce costs and increase efficiency has been heralded, but disease and injury prevention have received scant attention. Prevention-oriented software for surveillance and disability management must generate population- and case-level measures of magnitude and severity of occupational injury and illness. A public domain program, called WIZARD, was developed as a model. With 12 data elements, it generates, from injury and employment files, injury- and return-to-work rates, avoidable costs, attributable cases using several reference rates, and case lists from screening criteria. In conjunction with an explicit case definition, screening criteria for case follow-up, and guidelines for medical, disability, and health and safety management, software can play a significant role in prevention.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Nanofabrication: conventional and nonconventional methods.

Nanofabrication is playing an ever increasing role in science and technology on the nanometer scale and will soon allow us to build systems of the same complexity as found in nature. Conventional methods that emerged from microelectronics are now used for the fabrication of structures for integrated circuits, microelectro-mechanical systems, microoptics and microanalytical devices. Nonconventional or alternative approaches have changed the way we pattern very fine structures and have brought about a new appreciation of simple and low-cost techniques. We present an overview of some of these methods, paying particular attention to those which enable large-scale production of lithographic patterns. We preface the review with a brief primer on lithography and pattern transfer concepts. After reviewing the various patterning techniques, we discuss some recent application issues in the fields of microelectronics, optoelectronics, magnetism as well as in biology and biochemistry.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2005

An electro-optic monitor of the behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cilia.

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii steers through water with a pair of cilia (eukaryotic flagella). Long-term observation of the beating of its cilia with controlled stimulation is improving our understanding of how a cell responds to sensory inputs. Here we describe how to record ciliary motion continuously for long periods. We also report experiments on the network of intracellular signaling that connects the environment inputs with response outputs. Local spatial changes in ciliary response on the time scale of the underlying biochemical dynamics are observed. Near-infrared light monitors the cells held by a micropipette. This condition is tolerated well for hours, not interfering with ciliary beating or sensory transduction. A computer integrates the light stimulation of the eye of Chlamydomonas with the ciliary motion making possible long-term correlations. Measures of ciliary responses include the beating frequency, stroke velocity, and stroke duration of each cilium, and the relative phase of the cis and trans cilia. The stationarity and dependence of the system on light intensity was investigated. About 150,000,000 total beat cycles and up to 8 h on one cell have been recorded. Each beat cycle is resolved so that each asynchronous beat is detected. Responses extend only a few hundred milliseconds, but there is a persistence of momentary changes that last much longer. Interestingly, we see a response that is linear with absolute light intensity as well as different kinds of response that are clearly nonlinear, implying two signaling pathways from the cell body to the cilia.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Optical plankton analyser: a flow cytometer for plankton analysis, II: Specifications.

An analysing flow cytometer, the optical plankton analyser (OPA), is presented. The instrument is designed for phytoplankton analysis, having a sensitivity comparable with commercially available flow cytometers, but a significantly extended particle size range. Particles of 500 microns in width and over 1,000 microns in length can be analysed. Sample flow rates of up to 55 microliters/s can be used. Also, the dynamic range of the instrument is significantly increased for particles larger than about 5 microns. The optics, hydraulics, and electronics of the instrument are described, including the best form for a low fluid shear cuvette. The new pulse quantification technique we call digital integration is presented. This technique is essential for the instrument to handle both short and very long particles with a large dynamic range. Test measurements demonstrating particle size range and dynamic range are presented. Dynamic ranges of 10,000 and 100,000 were typically observed, measuring field samples with Microcystis aeruginosa colonies, whereas one sample showed a dynamic range of 10(6). A simple method for interpretation of time of flight (TOF) data in terms of particle morphology is presented. The specifications of the instrument are given.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1998

PCR for HBV, HCV and HIV-1 experiences and first results from a routine screening programme in a large blood transfusion service.

We adapted the PCR method to screen up to 3000 blood donations per day for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV-1 virus contamination. Up to 600 aliquots (average 418 donations) are pooled by using an automatic sample processor with disposable tips (validated to avoid contamination) taken from blood donations which are serologically negative and free for clinical usage according to federal regulations. In the case of a positive PCR pool result the viraemic donation is identified by two additional PCR pools testing steps with smaller pool sizes. All of the steps are supported by electronic data processing. After virus concentration by ultracentrifugation, and in the case of HCV and HIV-1 an additional reverse transcription step, PCR amplifications are performed. PCRs are done for each virus in two genomic regions. Laser-induced detection after PAGE and computer-analysis are used to identify the amplification products. Using this validated methodology routine we have checked 428 896 donations up to the end of August 1996. During this survey we found at least 24 viruses-containing donations which were negative in corresponding serological tests and would have been transfused (2 HBV-, 22 HCV-, 0 HIV-1 -containing donations). It seems possible for large transfusion centres to shorten the diagnostic window periods with our PCR-methodology with acceptable costs (15 DM per donation for all three viruses including logistics, developments and investments).

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1975

An automatic perimeter for glaucoma visual field screening and control. Construction and clinical cases.

An apparatus for static perimetry of the central visual field at 64 points is described. The testing is fully automatic: the test logic is programmed into a mini-computer and the results are plotted as a diagram in polar coordinates. A few cases with small or medium sized visual field defects have been analyzed by conventional methods and by the automatic instrument with satisfying results.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Altered carbohydrate metabolism in breast cancer and benign breast affections.

Breast diseases in 792 women were studied by biopsy and histological evaluation. In all subjects glucose tolerance was examined by OGTT (100 g glucose). The diabetes frequency of 22% in 326 women with breast cancer was compared with the frequency in women with fibroadenoma (n = 101), papilloma (n = 80), fibrocystic disease (n = 107), lipoma, granuloma, fibrosis (n = 88), papilloma with proliferation (n = 32), mastopathy with proliferation (n = 33) and carcinoma in situ lobulare (n = 11). The statistical evaluation was done with an electronic data processing system. We used matched pairs according to age, height and weight. Diabetogenic factors like age and overweight were thus allowed for. These comparative statistics showed a frequency of diabetes twice or three times higher in women with breast cancer. This result cannot be regarded as a consequence of age, overweight and menopause. In groups with fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease and lipoma, we found glucose tolerance in 1-3%, whereas the group with proliferation (including carcinoma in situ) showed an incidence of 7%. The remarkably high incidence rate of 14% in women with papilloma can be explained by the higher age and the more frequent obesity in this collective.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1975

Cancer of the breast, diabetes and pathological glucose tolerance.

In a prospective study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, covering the period from January 1st 1971 til December 31st 1973 the incidence of pathological glucose tolerance was examined in 837 women with breast cancer, benign tumours and conditions requiring excision or air cystography and/or mammography because of suspicion of tumour. The glucose tolerance was tested in all patients by oral ingestion with 100 g glucose of i.v. by means of intravenous injection of 0.33 g glucose/kg body weight. The results in 327 women with breast cancer were compared with those in 510 women with benign breast affections. Using matched pairs, the evaluation was done with an electronic data processing system. Diabetogenic factors like age and body weight were thus allowed for. In the total collective 22.3% out of 327 women with breast cancer were manifestly and 6.7% subclinically diabetic. Our findings allow the following conclusions. 1. Manifest diabetes mellitus is found twice as frequently in women with breast cancer compared to women with benign breast affections. 2. In the collective of pairs matched according to age, height and weight (n = 217) 21% of the women with breast cancer have a pathological glucose tolerance, compared with 10% of the women with benign breast affections. 3. Only 25 out of 73 manifestly diabetic women with breast cancer were aware of their metabolic disorder before admission to hospital, whereas 75% of the diabetic women with benign histological findings did know of it.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Digital autopsy archive using the personal computer].

The development of a dissection register for Legal medicine well differentiated and considering special requirement of the subject was not achieved in history because of complexity of post mortem findings in many cases. Realizing that an all satisfying concept failed we looked for the possibility of using electronic data processing for rapid and flourish collection of autopsy results not requiring much time for the coroner. Based on personal computer software "dBase" a database program was developed easy to handle using different forms asking for characteristic circumstances of the case and essential post mortem findings. Short codes for locations and ascertainments were chosen to enable rapid selection of interesting statements as far as handling for statistical evaluations later on. Less then 10 minutes are needed for recording post mortem results in this way short time after autopsy.

Archives↗
PubMed1976

[Changes in the antibiotic sensitivity of urinary tract pathogens (author's transl)].

The resistance of 2,314 bacterial strains from 1968 to 1972 was investigated drawing on case histories from the Munich University Urological Clinic. Using the disc-diffusion method 12,160 sensitivity tests were conducted with these strains against gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The material was compiled from 35,000 individual data by means of modern electronic data processing and evaluated according to variable criteria. As expected the incidence of resistance in hospital-acquired pathogens was considerably higher than that in community-acquired pathogens; however, the resistance pattern of hosptial-acquired pathogens remained essentially unchanged from 1968 to 1972, whereas a significant increase of resistance in community-acquired infections was recorded. It can thus be concluded that the methods used in this clinic for combatting hospital infection and a more critical attitude towards anti-bacterial therapy have had positive results. An express warning is issued against unspecific antibacterial therapy which is often administered outside the clinic on the pretext of long-term therapy. In the light of the resistance situation of urinary tract pathogens, antibiotics should be used sparingly, keeping in mind the acidification of urine and the wash-out principle by means of high fluid intake.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1978

The index line as a new aid in clinical and forensic toxicology.

On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, we investigated the use of electronic data processing for clinical toxicological purposes. Initially, sufficient funds were available for a comprehensive approach to the problem and programs covering the following areas were established: 1. A casuistic data program; 2. an identification program for wild fruits; 3. a program for the identification of tablets by their shapes. Due to a subsequent lack of funds, it was necessary to develop a partial solution: this solution is what we call the Index Line. The Index Line--limited data on poisonings--should enable the user to receive information by telex from the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, i.e., information on "who has what, where". As a first step the continuous Index Line registration of all cases of poisoning recorded at the poison control centers in Munich, Freiburg, Hamburg, and Nürnberg as well as at the State Institute for Food, Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry in Berlin was founded in 1975. To participate in the program, complete instructions are necessary.

Computers↗
PubMed1996

Hypertension registry as the base for population health care.

The Hypertension Registry (REH) is an instrument for the observation of all the data relevant for arterial hypertension (number, type, spread, etc.), enabling an adequate protection planning. As actually there is no relevant coherent REH in the Republic of Croatia, this work presents new relational database, i.e. prototype of REH tested on data of Clinical Hospital Split. REH supported by electronic data processing and based on the observation of the relevant patients data including the observation (the condition control) of the diseased until death, comprises the signification of the population and hospital registry.

Adolescent↗