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PubMed2001

Multi-country comparison of plasma lipid relationship to years of schooling in men and women.

BACKGROUND: The association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and social status has differed among societies in strength and direction. As years of schooling is a major determinant of socioeconomic status and dyslipidaemia a major CHD determinant, the purpose of this investigation is to estimate the association of years of schooling with plasma lipids and lipoproteins among samples from five countries representing different cultures, socio-political systems and stages of economic development. METHODS: Men and women from Chinese, Polish, Russian, Israeli and US samples were studied. Years of schooling were analysed both as a multi-category ordinal variable and divided into two strata: less than the equivalent of high school and greater than or equal to high school equivalence. Fasting plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were compared across years of schooling strata within each country. Lipid levels were computed unadjusted and then adjusted for age and lipid risk factor variables. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides varied directly with years of schooling in Chinese, Polish and Russian men, and in contrast varied inversely with years of schooling among US white men. The HDL cholesterol varied inversely with years of schooling for Chinese, Polish, and Russian men, but varied directly with years of schooling among US white men. The lipid differences between men of high versus low years of schooling were not explained by age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption or blood pressure medication use. Findings were less consistent for women and for Israelis and US blacks of both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid and lipoprotein levels consistent with atherogenicity varied directly with years of schooling in Chinese, Polish, and Russian samples. Opposite trends were present in US whites. These findings are consistent with a hypothesized influence of social status on CHD risk differing among populations in relation to stages in societal economic development.

Asia↗
PubMed2003

The need for global environmental health policy.

The world economy has been growing by an average of 3.5% a year. Continued global development is sustainable if overall social assets remain constant or rise over time, including manufactured, human, and environmental capital. Sustainable development requires that society not decrease its overall assets. But unregulated global trade may result in long-term loss of environmental capital. Multilateral governance is needed. Classical business models tend to view environmental damage as an externality--an impact on a third party's welfare that is neither compensated nor appropriated. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development clearly states that economic development must err on the side of environmental integrity. Whereas UN Environmental Program policy requires precaution in the face of scientific uncertainty, World Trade Organization policy requires scientific certainty before precaution can be used. The conflict is obvious. In fact, there is gross lack of policy coordination across institutions. This article looks at some environmental strains and concludes that trade policy must address all aspects of human welfare, not merely the economic.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spatial mobility in India: evolving patterns, emerging issues and implications.

"This study examines the patterns of spatial mobility in India as expressed at the inter-state level for the post-Independence period. Comparing these patterns with those which had been evolving throughout the colonial period the paper probes into the processes of dislocation of people in the context of India's development strategy.... The analysis points out the complex interrelationships with the nature of socio-economic development and suggests alternatives for stemming distress migration from the backward regions."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Study on the migrant labour force of China in recent years--a case study of Nanhai City, Guangdong Province.

"This paper, taking Nanhai City of Guangdong Province as an example, focuses on five interrelated aspects of the migrant labour force of China in recent years. Attention is initially paid to the background of the labour migration from inland towards coastal areas. Then, the demographic characteristics of the migrant labour force are analysed before turning to the analysis [of] the reasons for the migration. Fourthly, the impacts of the migrant workers on the socio-economic development of Nanhai City and the problems are examined. Finally, the prospects and some suggestions for... labour migration are put forward."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Needs assessment: developing an economic approach.

Health authorities and health boards in the UK are required under the provisions of the NHS Act, 1990, to assess the needs of their resident populations for health care and, through contracting, to act as purchasers of services informed by those needs. This paper presents an economic approach to informing the purchaser on priority setting for contracting. For illustrative purposes, the technique is applied to services for elderly people with dementia. The paper demonstrates that an economic approach to needs assessment is both desirable and practicable.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

International migration of health manpower in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper concerns itself with a few questions related to the impact of the emigration of health manpower on the health status of individuals and economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper evaluates the harmfulness of the migration from Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis leads to some observations about the effect of the quality of the migration on Africa's health care system development and the appropriateness of some of Africa's policies for controlling the migration.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

A partnership for community-based nursing experience: Head Start/Harper College.

In an effort to provide a meaningful community-based nursing experience for the students of William Rainey Harper College, a project was developed with the Community Economic Development Association of Cook County, Illinois to link second-year nursing students and clients in a Head Start program. The goals were designed to meet the needs of both the students and the Head Start clients. The students provided a portion of the health service plan for the Head Start families, and at the same time they received a comprehensive community/family learning experience. Throughout the second year of the nursing program the students followed their assigned family utilizing a unique integration of pediatric and psychiatric nursing concepts. The article will outline the project from development to completion of the first year of student involvement. It will address successes, failures, and changes made in the second year of the program.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Significance of beliefs and values in predicting fertility and contraceptive behaviour in Pakistan.

A comparative study of 1100 women aged 25-45 years, users and non-users of modern methods of contraception, in the urban centres of Lahore and Faisalabad was conducted in 1991. The objective of the study was to investigate reproductive behaviour and the extent to which social, cultural and attitudinal variables, such as beliefs and values about family life, religiosity and fatalism, influence the fertility decision-making process. Preferences for smaller families were found to be consistently associated with modern attitudes and behaviour towards family and religious values and obligations. Family income, husband's occupation and religiosity offered no explanation of reproductive behaviour. It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour, independent of economic development.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing better economic models of osteoporosis: considerations for the calculation of the relative risk of fracture.

OBJECTIVE: Simulation models are often used to assess cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis therapies. Many cost-effectiveness analyses are interested in a subset of the general population, such as high-risk patients. As the analyses are very sensitive to the assumed risk of fracture, it is imperative that the rates accurately reflect the fracture risk in the specified target population. The objective of this study was to describe the methodological difficulties and present some possible solutions for calculating the risk of fracture in target populations of interest. METHODS: For binary risk factors, a method for converting from a relative risk (RR) for people with a risk factor relative to those without, to an RR in the target population compared with the general population, is described. For continuous risk factors (i.e., bone mineral density [BMD]), data are often provided as an RR of fracture per SD decrease. A method for converting from an RR per SD decrease to an RR in those below a certain BMD threshold, compared with the general population, is presented. RESULTS: These results should allow future economic models to more accurately incorporate existing knowledge of risk factors by introducing methods to calculate fracture risk estimates in a target population. CONCLUSION: It illustrates the importance of considering the prevalence of risk factors in the general population when calculating RR in a target population.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Population structure.

This paper reviews recent new trends in population structure in the world and its major regions in order to access the determinants of those trends and explore issues regarding the recent and projected changes in the age structure of population and the relationships of those changes to social and economic development. In particular, the paper compares the change in age structure projected by the Population Division of the UN Secretariat in its most recent 3 series--namely, those completed in 1984, 1986, and 1988. By and large, the most recent UN assessment projects that a larger proportion of the world population will be aged 60 and over in 2000 and 2025 than was previously estimated. Those changes in projections can be observed for the world and for the more developed countries as a whole, and for the regions of Africa, Latin America, Northern America, East Asia, Europe, and Oceania. While the recommendations of the International Conference on Population called attention to the importance of changes in population structure, this paper recommends urgent government action in planning social programs for the aged because of the greater eminence of population aging in many settings. The case of Japan is used to illustrate the growing importance of increases in life expectancy as a determinant of age structure changes (in relation to fertility decline), a point that is reinforced through a cruder decomposition of UN estimates and projections for several European countries.

Africa↗
PubMed1990

[The role of socioeconomic factors in the household formation process].

The author examines "studies aimed at assessing the impact of [selected] demographic and non-demographic factors on...household creation in Poland. Attention is focused on the second group of factors accepted as resulting from the different socio-economic development of the studied territorial groups of the population. The evaluation of 150 demometric models yielded interesting...results concerning the relation between the factors studied and the frequency of household creation." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Farmers' paintings promote family planning.

Longyan Prefecture in West Fujian has a long and noble tradition of folk painting. The local authorities have made use of all forms of art, including folk painting, to promote the implementation of the family planning program. Folk painters in Longyan Prefecture have fully displayed their talent in producing numerous paintings to increase the population awareness of the public, depict people's keenness to respond to calls by the government for practicing family planning, and show the progress they have made in integrating family planning with economic development in rural areas. Most painters are farmers, while some are grassroots government officials working in towns and townships. They applied this ancient form of art to serving the great cause of controlling population growth and improving the quality of life in the country. Selected paintings were exhibited first in Fujian Province and then in Beijing, and have won several awards. Some of them were shown in Britain, America, Denmark, and the Philippines.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

Mortality level, trends and differentials in Malawi.

"This article examines the levels, and trends and differentials in mortality in Malawi.... The study has shown that (i) the level of mortality is very high in Malawi; (ii) mortality has declined during the period under review; (iii) there was reduction in the rate of mortality decline in the seventies; and (iv) [there are] interesting differences in mortality in terms of rural-urban localities, regions and age-sex differentials. The observed levels, trends and differentials in mortality are however consistent with the level of social and economic development in the country."

Africa↗