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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Anti-tumor effects of recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin encapsulated in cationic liposome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin encapsulated in cationic liposome. METHODS: CT26 tumor model was established in BALB/c mice. Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups, including the group treated with recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin encapsulated in cationic liposome (Lip+ Ad-sur), the group of recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin (Ad-sur), the group of recombinant adenovirus encoding null encapsulated in cationic liposome (Lip+Ad-null), the group of liposome (Lip), and the group of PBS alone (PBS). Survival rate of mice, tumor volume, and side effects of treatments were observed. Lymphocytes were activated by adenovirus vaccine to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. CTL assay and histological examination were carried out. RESULTS: Immunotherapy with recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin encapsulated in cationic liposome was effective for inducing protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity in CT26 tumor model. In the combination therapy group, the tumor growth was inhibited and the tumor volume was significantly smaller when compared with the controls. The survival rate of mice in the combination therapy group at 7 weeks after inoculation of tumor cells was significantly higher than that of the control group. Histologically, the tumor tissue was markedly necrotic and was infiltrated by lymphocytes. 51Cr assay in vitro indicated that the combination therapy group showed higher specific killing activity against CT26 tumor cells than did the control groups, and the T cells were independent of NK cells. CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy with recombinant adenovirus encoding survivin encapsulated in cationic liposome was noted to have a significant anti-tumor effect on CT26 tumor model.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1988

Nucleotide sequence of a DRw10 beta chain cDNA clone. Identity of the third D region with that of the DRw53 allele of the beta 2 locus and as the probable site encoding a polymorphic MHC class II epitope.

The nucleotide and inferred amino acid sequence of a DRw10 beta chain was obtained from cDNA clones isolated from a DR1, DRw10 heterozygous cell line. The sequence of this beta chain gene was distinctive, differing from those of all other defined DR types. The DRw10 beta chain gene was shown by transfection experiments to encode a polymorphic epitope recognized by mAb 109d6 that is also encoded by the DRw53 beta 2 chain gene. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of both genes revealed that their third D regions (amino acids 67 to 73) were identical. This suggested first that the 109d6 epitope could be encoded by residues of this region, and second, that a putative gene conversion event transferred this sequence along with the information encoding the 109d6 epitope from a donor gene such as DRw53 beta 2. The sequence of the DRw10 beta chain gene was observed to be identical to that of clone pII beta 4 derived from the non-DR3 haplotype in the Raji cell line, which was also demonstrated to express the determinant recognized by antibody 109d6, suggesting that the typing of this cell line is HLA-DR3/DRw10. No evidence was found for the existence of a DR beta 2 chain gene product encoded by the DRw10 haplotype. The DRw10 haplotype was of particular interest because it was present along with a DR1 haplotype in the propositus who had rheumatoid arthritis, and was shared by the DR4-positive son of the propositus, who also had rheumatoid arthritis. This raised the possibility that the DRw10 haplotype, and most probably one or more specific conformations encoded by the DR beta chain, are involved in the definition of the disease susceptibility phenotype.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

Conscious attentional demands of encoding and retrieval from long-term memory.

The importance of allocating conscious attention to encoding and retrieval from long-term memory was investigated. Encoding, retrieval, and reactivation hypotheses were tested. College students were shown schematic faces in a secondary task and numerical problems as a primary task. The primary task was imposed both when the faces were encoded on study trials and when they were retrieved on recognition test trials. Difficulty of the primary task (easy vs. hard) was varied on both study and test trials. The easy problems permitted conscious attention to be given to the secondary faces whereas the hard problems prevented such allocation. Instructions about encoding the faces (incidental vs. intentional) were given to different groups. The degree of conscious attention that was allocated to the faces on study trials was assessed by means of interference, intention, and retrospection criteria of attended processing. Recognition of the faces was better when subjects allocated conscious attention to encoding than when they did not, in consistent support of the encoding hypothesis. The data ruled out a reactivation explanation. Finally, at times, paying special attention at retrieval improved recognition performance, providing weak support for the retrieval hypothesis.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding oat PF1: a protein that binds to the PE1 region in the oat phytochrome A3 gene promoter.

In monocotyledons, the expression of the oat phytochrome A gene (PHYA) is down-regulated by phytochrome itself. This autoregulatory repression is the most rapid light-induced effect on gene expression reported in plants to date. A functional analysis of the oat PHYA3 gene minimal promoter in a rice transient expression assay has identified two promoter elements, PE1 and PE3, that interact synergistically in positive regulation. We have isolated an oat cDNA clone (pO2) that encodes a DNA-binding protein that binds to the PE1 region of the oat PHYA3 gene promoter. The in vitro binding properties of the pO2-encoded protein, towards DNA probes containing either the PE1 sequence or linker-substitution mutations in PE1, correlate with the activity of these DNA elements in the rice transient expression assay. These mutations are known to abolish expression of a reporter gene in vivo. Binding of these linker-substitution mutants to the pO2-encoded protein in vitro was lower by one to two orders of magnitude than the binding of the native PE1 region. We suggest, therefore, that the pO2 clone may encode the putative nuclear factor, oat PF1, that is involved in positive regulation of PHYA3 by binding to PE1 in vivo. pO2 encodes a 170-amino-acid-long protein that contains three repeats of the 'AT-hook' DNA-binding motif found in high mobility group I-Y (HMGI-Y) proteins. Oat PF1 is highly similar to rice PF1 and to the protein encoded by soybean cDNA SB16. They all have a strong similarity in their N-terminus to the pea H1 histone, and the presence of several AT-hook DNA-binding motifs in their C-terminal halves.

Avena↗
PubMed1993

Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the "61-kDa" calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Tissue-specific expression of structurally related isoforms.

We have isolated a 2287-bp cDNA encoding the 61-kDa calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CaM PDE) from a bovine brain library. A large open reading frame within the cDNA encodes a 530-residue polypeptide which is identical to the sequence of the purified protein previously determined by direct amino acid sequencing. Moreover, COS cells transfected with the cDNA express a cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activity that is stimulated by calcium and calmodulin, confirming that the cDNA represents a mRNA species encoding a CaM PDE isozyme. RNase protection analyses indicate that either 61-kDa CaM PDE mRNA or structurally related transcripts encoding different CaM PDE isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Total RNA isolated from brain (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, and medulla/spinal cord), heart, aorta, liver, kidney outer medulla, kidney papilla, trachea, and lung completely protected a 410-base antisense riboprobe corresponding to sequence encoding a portion of the catalytic domain. Little or no protection was detected using adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, liver, kidney cortex, spleen, or T-lymphocyte total RNA. Only brain RNA completely protected a 240-base antisense riboprobe corresponding to the 61-kDa CaM PDE amino terminus encompassing a putative calmodulin-binding domain. However, heart, aorta, liver, kidney, trachea, and lung RNA protected 150 bases of this riboprobe suggesting that these tissues express an isoform structurally related to the 61-kDa CaM PDE. Northern analysis of mRNA isolated from brain, heart, aorta, liver, kidney, lung, and trachea revealed that the cDNA hybridizes with a 3.8- and a 4.4-kb (kilobase) mRNA species. Interestingly, Northern blots of bovine cerebral cortex and heart mRNA probed under stringent conditions with antisense transcripts corresponding to either the 5'- or 3'-untranslated sequence of the 61-kDa CaM PDE cDNA hybridized with only the 4.4-kb mRNA from both tissues. Since different, yet structurally similar CaM PDE isoforms are expressed in brain and in heart, this result, in addition to the RNase protection data, is consistent with the idea that the mRNAs encoding these two CaM PDE isoforms are products of an alternately spliced gene.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1993

Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel murine B cell activation marker. Homology to human CD38.

A rat mAb (NIM-R5) has recently been prepared against a novel murine B cell activation marker. We report here isolation of a cDNA (1-19) encoding the B cell-derived protein recognized by NIM-R5 antibody. This cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 304 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 34,500. The existence of a 22-amino acid hydrophobic region located 23 amino acids from the amino terminal of the deduced protein, together with four potential N-linked glycosylation sites, characterize the deduced protein encoded by I-19 cDNA as a typical type II transmembrane glycoprotein. Although I-19 cDNA appears to encode a novel murine protein, its nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence show approximately 70% homology to the previously reported sequence of human CD38, suggesting that I-19 cDNA encodes either the mouse homologue of CD38 or a closely related protein. Northern blot analysis of the expression of this cDNA product in a variety of cell types, together with immunoprecipitation of the recombinant protein expressed in BaF3 cells, indicated that I-19 cDNA encodes not only the epitope recognized by NIM-R5 but also a protein that is indistinguishable biochemically and in terms of distribution from the murine B cell activation marker recognized by NIM-R5 antibody. Chromosomal mapping studies have localized this locus to the proximal region of mouse chromosome 5. We anticipate that the availability of probes for the murine B cell activation marker recognized by NIM-R5, and the recombinant protein itself, will greatly aid efforts to define the role of this molecule in murine B cell development.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1999

Encoding and retrieval in human medial temporal lobes: an empirical investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The precise functional role of the hippocampus in human episodic memory is an unresolved question though it has recently been suggested that distinct medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions are involved in encoding and retrieval operations respectively. For example, a recent meta-analysis of positron emission tomography (PET) literature has suggested a rostral-caudal functional division in the medial temporal lobes (MTL), with rostral MTL mediating encoding and caudal MTL retrieval operations. However, a review of the combined PET and fMRI literature, reported in the present issue, while noting systematic discrepancies between PET and fMRI, reaches a conclusion that posterior MTL is involved in encoding. Here we present fMRI data, from a modified artificial grammar learning paradigm, that examines two questions concerning the functional role of the hippocampus, and related MTL structures in episodic memory. Firstly, we test a hypothesis that anterior hippocampus is activated during encoding and that this response is greater for novel items. Secondly, we test whether increasing familiarity with stimulus material is associated with a posterior MTL neural response. Our empirical findings support both hypotheses in that we demonstrate a left anterior hippocampal response sensitive to encoding demands and a posterior parahippocampal response sensitive to retrieval demands. Furthermore, we show that both anterior and posterior hippocampal responses are modulated to the degree to which stimuli can be assimilated into a meaningful rule-based framework.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Functional magnetic resonance imaging using non-Fourier, spatially selective radiofrequency encoding.

A new method for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) employing non-Fourier encoding using spatially selective radiofrequency (RF) excitation is presented. The method uses manipulation of spatially selective RF pulses to encode spins in the slice-select direction. The method has several advantages over standard multislice approaches. It provides a simple means for monitoring irregularly distributed sections throughout a volume without the need to encode the whole volume. It offers the potential for increased signal-to-noise ratio if an appropriate basis is used for encoding. With a unique design of excitation pulses, it also appears possible to significantly reduce in-flow effects. An interleaved echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence was adapted for non-Fourier encoding in the slice-select direction and was implemented on a conventional 1.5-Telsa system. The method was then used for functional mapping of the visual and motor areas where significant reduction of in-flow effect was demonstrated. This approach can be adapted to other imaging sequences that are used for fMRI, such as single-shot EPI.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cell-specific changes in expression of mRNAs encoding splice variants of aplysia cell adhesion molecule accompany long-term synaptic plasticity.

Aplysia neurons express several splice variants of apCAM, a member of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. The major transmembrane isoform is endocytosed in sensory neurons (SNs) during the early phases of long-term facilitation (LTF) of SN synapses evoked by serotonin (5-HT) or in the motor neuron L7 during the early phases of long-term depression (LTD) of SN synapses evoked by Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFa). We used single cell RT-PCR to evaluate whether expression of mRNAs encoding for different apCAM isoforms in SNs and L7 is regulated during LTF produced by 5-HT, and LTD produced by FMRFa. Single SNs and L7s express mRNAs encoding for all major isoforms, but the proportion of each isoform expressed differs for the two cells. SN expresses more mRNA encoding for GPI-linked isoforms, while L7 expresses more mRNA encoding for the major transmembrane isoform. The neuromodulators produced significant changes in the proportional levels of mRNAs encoding for specific apCAM isoforms during the first 4 h after treatments without affecting overall levels of apCAM mRNA. 5-HT evoked changes that exaggerated cell-specific differences in isoform expression. FMRFa evoked changes that reduced cell-specific differences in isoform expression. The effects of the neuromodulators on apCAM mRNA expression were not detected when cells were cultured alone or when SNs were cocultured with another motor cell that failed to induce synapse formation (L11). The results suggest that rapid cell-specific regulation of splice variant expression may contribute to different forms of long-term synaptic plasticity.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2003

Regional analysis of hippocampal activation during memory encoding and retrieval: fMRI study.

Investigators have recently begun to examine the differential role of subregions of the hippocampus in episodic memory. Two distinct models have gained prominence in the field. One model, outlined by Moser and Moser (Hippocampus 1998;8:608-619), based mainly on animal studies, has proposed that episodic memory is subserved by the posterior two-thirds of the hippocampus alone. A second model, derived by Lepage et al. (Hippocampus 1998;8:313-322) from their review of 52 PET studies, has suggested that the anterior hippocampus is activated by memory encoding while the posterior hippocampus is activated by memory retrieval. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have tended to show limited activation in the anteriormost regions of the hippocampus, providing support for the Moser and Moser model. A potential confounding factor in these fMRI studies, however, is that susceptibility artifact may differentially reduce signal in the anterior versus the posterior hippocampus. In the present study, we examined activation differences between hippocampal subregions during encoding and retrieval of words and interpreted our findings within the context of these two models. We also examined the extent to which susceptibility artifact affects the analysis and interpretation of hippocampal activation by demonstrating its differential effect on the anterior versus the posterior hippocampus. Both voxel-by-voxel and region-of-interest analyses were conducted, allowing us to quantify differences between the anterior and posterior aspects of the hippocampus. We detected significant hippocampal activation in both the encoding and retrieval conditions. Our data do not provide evidence for regional anatomic differences in activation between encoding and retrieval. The data do suggest that, even after accounting for susceptibility artifact, both encoding and retrieval of verbal stimuli activate the middle and posterior hippocampus more strongly than the anterior hippocampus. Finally, this study is the first to quantify the effects of susceptibility-induced signal loss on hippocampal activation and suggests that this artifact has significantly biased the interpretation of earlier fMRI studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Glutamine synthetase genes of pea encode distinct polypeptides which are differentially expressed in leaves, roots and nodules.

We have characterized the distinct polypeptides, primary translation products and mRNAs encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) in the various organs of pea. Western blot analysis of soluble protein has identified five distinct GS polypeptides which are expressed at different relative levels in leaves, roots and nodules of pea. Of the two GS polypeptides in leaves (44 and 38 kd), the 44-kd GS polypeptide is predominant and is localized to the chloroplast stroma. In roots, the predominant GS polypeptide is 38 kd. Upon Rhizobium infection of roots, three 37-kd GS polypeptides increase in abundance in the nodules relative to uninfected roots. cDNA clones encoding three different GS mRNAs have been characterized. Hybrid-select translation has identified three different GS primary translation products (49, 38 and 37 kd). Two cDNA clones (pGS134 and pGS341) are homologous to GS mRNAs most abundant in nodules which encode the 38- and 37-kd GS primary translation products. A third cDNA (pGS197) corresponds to a larger GS mRNA species specific to leaf poly(A) RNA, which encodes a 49-kd putative precursor to the mature chloroplast GS polypeptide. cDNA sequence analysis and Southern blot analysis of pea nuclear DNA identifies at least three genes encoding GS in pea which are related but distinct in structure and in vivo pattern of expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Identification in chickens of an evolutionarily conserved cellular ets-2 gene (c-ets-2) encoding nuclear proteins related to the products of the c-ets proto-oncogene.

In chicken cells, we previously identified a set of proteins (p58-64) structurally related to, but distinct from, the products encoded by the c-ets proto-oncogene. We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding nuclear products of mol. wt 58, 60, 62 and 64 kd, indistinguishable from those detected in chicken cells. The p60 and p64 species appear to represent phosphorylated versions on serine and threonine residues of p58 and p62. The homology of p58-64 to other ets-related proteins, including the v-ets encoded domain of the transforming protein of avian leukemia virus E26 and p54c-ets, the translation product of the chicken (Ck) c-ets gene, is confined to two regions of 175 and 96 amino acid residues localized respectively at the carboxy-terminal domain and close to the amino-terminal domain of these molecules. This cDNA corresponds to a gene localized in a locus distinct from that of c-ets which is transcribed as a 4.0-kb RNA species in most chicken tissues. We also identified the human (Hu) c-ets-2-encoded products as two proteins of 60 and 62 kd, highly related to chicken p58-64. This, together with the fact that the amino acid sequence of the cDNA encoding p58-64 is 95% identical to the reported partial sequence of a Hu-c-ets-2 cDNA, indicates that p58-64 are the translation products of the Ck-c-ets-2 gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Activated T cells transcribe an alternatively spliced mRNA encoding a soluble form of Qa-2 antigen.

Among the best characterized non-classical mouse major histocompatibility antigens are the Qa-2 molecules. These proteins can serve as targets for allogenic cytotoxic T cells and as signal transducing molecules. They are structurally similar to H-2 transplantation antigens in their N-terminal and beta 2-microglobulin binding domains but differ at their C-termini. While the H-2 antigens span the cell membrane, the Qa-2 molecules are attached to the cell surface via phospholipid anchors. The genetic information encoding this attachment is contained in exon 5. In concanavalin A activated splenocytes the expression of membrane bound Qa-2 antigens declines and, simultaneously, soluble forms of Qa-2 molecules are secreted. We demonstrate here that the soluble Qa-2 polypeptides are translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs lacking exon 5, while the membrane forms are encoded by the full-size transcripts. In cultured cells the alternative splicing of the Qa-2 message is induced by T-cell activation splicing of the Qa-2 message is induced by T-cell activation with concanavalin A. The canonical mRNA encoding the membrane form of Qa-2 predominates in unstimulated mouse tissues but the cultured cell lines, like activated T cells, express enhanced levels of the truncated mRNA. In some cell lines almost all Qa-2 transcripts lack exon 5. For example, in L cells, mRNAs encoding soluble Qa-2 molecules are at least 10 times more abundant than Qa-2 transcripts encoding phospholipid anchored antigens. These findings are discussed in terms of potential functions of membrane bound and secreted Qa-2 molecules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

High-order multiband encoding in the heart.

Spatial encoding with multiband selective excitation (e.g., Hadamard encoding) has been restricted to a small number of slices because the RF pulse becomes unacceptably long when more than about eight slices are encoded. In this work, techniques to shorten multiband RF pulses, and thus allow larger numbers of slices, are investigated. A method for applying the techniques while retaining the capability of adaptive slice thickness is outlined. A tradeoff between slice thickness and pulse duration is shown. Simulations and experiments with the shortened pulses confirmed that motion-induced excitation profile blurring and phase accrual were reduced. The connection between gradient hardware limitations, slice thickness, and flow sensitivity is shown. Excitation profiles for encoding 32 contiguous slices of 1-mm thickness were measured experimentally, and the artifact resulting from errors in timing of RF pulse relative to gradient was investigated. A multiband technique for imaging 32 contiguous 2-mm slices, with adaptive slice thickness, was developed and demonstrated for coronary artery imaging in healthy subjects. With the ability to image high numbers of contiguous slices, using relatively short (1-2 ms) RF pulses, multiband encoding has been advanced further toward practical application.

Arteries↗
PubMed2001

Adaptive sensitivity encoding incorporating temporal filtering (TSENSE).

A number of different methods have been demonstrated which increase the speed of MR acquisition by decreasing the number of sequential phase encodes. The UNFOLD technique is based on time interleaving of k-space lines in sequential images and exploits the property that the outer portion of the field-of-view is relatively static. The differences in spatial sensitivity of multiple receiver coils may be exploited using SENSE or SMASH techniques to eliminate the aliased component that results from undersampling k-space. In this article, an adaptive method of sensitivity encoding is presented which incorporates both spatial and temporal filtering. Temporal filtering and spatial encoding may be combined by acquiring phase encodes in an interleaved manner. In this way the aliased components are alternating phase. The SENSE formulation is not altered by the phase of the alias artifact; however, for imperfect estimates of coil sensitivities the residual artifact will have alternating phase using this approach. This is the essence of combining temporal filtering (UNFOLD) with spatial sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Any residual artifact will be temporally frequency-shifted to the band edge and thus may be further suppressed by temporal low-pass filtering. By combining both temporal and spatial filtering a high degree of alias artifact rejection may be achieved with less stringent requirements on accuracy of coil sensitivity estimates and temporal low-pass filter selectivity than would be required using each method individually. Experimental results that demonstrate the adaptive spatiotemporal filtering method (adaptive TSENSE) with acceleration factor R = 2, for real-time nonbreath-held cardiac MR imaging during exercise induced stress are presented.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative evaluation of nonrepetitive phase-encoding orders for first-pass, 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography.

In this work, a detailed quantitative comparison was made of many alternative phase-encoding strategies for first-pass 3D MR angiography where each phase encode is only sampled once during the transient passage of contrast agent. A series of standard sequential and centric phase-encoding orders including elliptical centric were tested, as well as a new order called elliptical sequential. The characteristics of the different phase-encoding orders were tested using a computer simulation followed by experimental verification using a variable flip angle scheme. The characteristics to be considered included: arterial intensity, arterial-to-venous contrast, degree of artifact, and the blurring of the point-spread function. By making use of a wide range of start times and a rapidly varying contrast curve, the quantitative results clearly indicate the widely varying merits of each phase-encoding order. In general, when an optimal start time is used techniques that sample the low k-space views most compactly will produce the best results; however, the same methods are more problematic when the bolus arrival time deviates substantially from that expected.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1994

Dynamically adaptive MRI with encoding by singular value decomposition.

A new MRI spatial encoding method based upon the singular value decomposition (SVD) and using spatially selective RF excitation is described. This encoding technique is particularly applicable to dynamic adaptive MRI, because it provides a near minimal set of spatial encoding profiles computed using an image estimate that is determined from a previously obtained image. Experimental results are presented for two cases, which exemplify its potential use in different dynamic imaging tasks. SVD-encoded MRI has demonstrated to be a highly efficient encoding scheme.

Brain↗
PubMed1995

A time encoding method for single-shot imaging.

A new 2D single-shot imaging technique is introduced that uses only one dimension of Fourier encoding. The second dimension is encoded in time, rather than using phase encoding. The data is acquired in the form of a closely spaced echo train with each echo produced from a different physical line in the object. A 1D Fourier transform is applied to each echo for image reconstruction. Because only the desired lines are excited, there can be no aliasing in the time encoding direction even when the object is much larger than the field of view. This technique is also very insensitive to motion, as motion-related artifacts do not propagate in the time encoding direction.

Acrylic Resins↗