How to dance with porcupines: rules and guidelines on doctors' relations with drug companies.
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Population and evolutionary genetics studies have largely benefitted from advances in DNA manipulation and sequencing, as well as DNA data analysis techniques. Molecular evolution studies of male reproductive genes show a pattern of rapid evolution shaped, in some cases, by an adaptive selective process. Despite the large body of data on male reproductive genes, the female side of the story has remained unexplored. The few cases of female egg receptors analyzed also show rapid evolution. However, to disentangle between competing hypotheses on how selection operates on male x female molecular interaction leading to fertilization, we need to find male and female molecules that are partners in fertilization. A conflict model of sexual selection (similar to a host-parasite model) assumes a male-driven system where females are being forced under suboptimal conditions. This predicts that the amount of divergence at a female receptor depends on the amount of divergence among the male reproductive proteins that it binds (i.e., males are leading). Under a classical model of runaway sexual selection, female protein receptors might be the key to the rapid molecular changes observed in male reproductive proteins and higher divergence should be expected among female receptors than among their respective male binding proteins.
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Biomechanical signaling is a complex interaction of both intracellular and extracellular components. Both passive and active components are involved in the extracellular environment to signal through specific receptors to multiple signaling pathways. This review provides an overview of extracellular matrix, specific receptors, and signaling pathways for biomechanical stimulation in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Inflammation and airway remodeling are two responses readily apparent in asthma and other inflammatory disorders of the airway and lungs. Both adenosine and IL-13 play critical roles in contributing pathways. A new study reveals a previously unrecognized interaction between adenosine and IL-13 that indicates a mutual stimulation that may contribute to the nature and severity of airway inflammation and fibrosis.
Polycystin-1, the protein encoded by the principal gene involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, has been implicated in extracellular sensing as well as in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, the precise mechanisms involved in polycystin-1 signaling are not well defined. A report in this issue of the JCI demonstrates that the C-terminal tail of polycystin-1 is cleaved from the membrane through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) and that this domain translocates to the nucleus, where it activates the AP-1 transcription pathway. This translocation appears to be modulated by polycystin-2, with which polycystin-1 is thought to interact. These findings provide what we believe to be the first evidence that polycystin-1 can signal directly to the nucleus and that polycystin-1-polycystin-2 interactions do not require colocalization of these proteins in the same membrane compartment.
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The purpose of the study was to establish the frequency of, reasons for, and outcome of formula changes in infants. In this survey, we interviewed a convenience sample of 100 parents in our pediatric outpatient clinic and 75 parents in private pediatric office practices regarding their baby's initial formula, changes in formula, age at change, reason for change, initiator of the change, and outcome. The infants were 30-210 days old. Sixteen of the 175 infants (9%) were started on nonstandard formulas at birth. Fifty-eight of the remaining 159 infants (36%) were changed from regular to nonstandard formulas. After using nonstandard formulas, only seven infants (4%) were ever challenged subsequently with regular formula and all did well. Colic and regurgitation were the main reasons for switching formulas. In 47% the decision to change the formula was made by the mother and in 44% by the pediatrician. Following the formula change, mothers reported improvement or complete resolution of symptoms in 80% of infants. Although published estimates of formula intolerance range from 2% to 7.5%, one in three infants experiences a formula change, suggesting that nonstandard formulas are used excessively by both mothers and physicians. Nevertheless, in the vast majority of cases, parents report that the changes result in improvement or resolution of symptoms. Thus, while this practice appears to be a simple and effective intervention, it produces a significant population of soy and other nonstandard formula-fed babies who should be drinking regular formulas. Such changes encourage a belief by parents that their infants are allergic or otherwise abnormal and could have a negative impact on subsequent child development.
Being able to collaborate effectively is important for teachers who work together to serve students with learning disabilities in general education classrooms. Effective collaboration requires that teachers have knowledge and skills in how to effectively communicate and share their technical expertise for the purpose of solving classroom problems and providing continuity across instructional settings. Although both special education and general education preparation programs provide preservice teachers with the technical expertise for their respective areas of certification, few programs provide both special education and general education majors with instruction in interpersonal communication skills and collaboration strategies. The purpose of this article is to suggest guidelines and strategies to help teacher preparation programs move toward collaboration instruction for all educators. Suggestions for what to teach and how to teach it are offered, as well as an overview of factors that influence the implementation of collaboration instruction for all educators.