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The best known dentifrices are pastes. The various constituents save to respect integrity of soft and hard tissues. The abrasive must suppress coloration without enamel abrasion. The foaming agent facilitates detachment and elimination of coloration without lesion to the gingiva. Flavours, humectants, binders will not irritate the mucosa. Chlorhexidine and fluoride are among the most studied and interesting therapeutic agents.
The abrasive properties of five different silicon dioxides were investigated using laser reflexion. The substances were milled, amorphous silica gels of which four were commercially available dentifrice ingredients (Syloblanc) and one an experimental product. The abrasion process was carried out on acrylic plates in a brushing machine using two series of slurries of the substances, with and without sodium lauryl sulphate. Significant differences in abrasivity of the substances were observed. When sodium lauryl sulphate was included, the rate of abrasion decreased for the Syloblanc substances but increased for the experimental substance. The contrast was primarily explained by the capability of the different substances to form stable foams owing to their thickening properties. The investigation confirmed that silicon dioxides exhibit a wide range of abrasivity and proved that sodium lauryl sulphate influenced the abrasion process.
The abrasivity characteristics of six commercially available toothpastes containing different abrasives were investigated by using laser light reflexion and radiotracer methods. Surface profile and laser diffusometer measurements were also included in the study. Significant and, in some cases, substantial variations of abrasivity were observed. A certain correlation between the results of the different methods was found and used for purposes of ranking the toothpastes. The investigation indicated a necessity to use a combination of quantitative and surface descriptive methods in order that a complete picture of the abrasive properties of a dentifrice might be obtained. The importance of including other than biological materials in the test was also emphasized.
A detailed examination of nine publications used in a meta-analysis to compare the relative effectiveness of sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate in dentifrices showed important flaws in the process. Some studies were inappropriately chosen. Other selected comparisons between the two compounds favored sodium fluoride when more appropriate comparisons in the same studies, showing either an advantage for sodium monofluorophosphate or a lesser advantage to sodium fluoride, were ignored. Some simple errors also appear to have been made when taking data from the publications. When all these factors are taken into account it seems that three studies favor sodium monofluorophosphate, two favor sodium fluoride and the remaining five either could not or should not be included in a meta-analysis. The only two scientifically conceived and conducted studies failed to demonstrate an advantage of one compound over the other.
Comparative attributes are terms or phrases commonly employed in the vernacular of the biomedical literature to convey the results of comparative studies. Examples are such terms as "equivalent" or "superior." Recently, there has developed an increasing tendency in certain areas of application toward the institution of guidelines which provide both a uniform set of criteria for defining such attributes and a set of requirements which must be satisfied in order to demonstrate that such attributes may hold in a particular situation. The present paper provides a general discussion of comparative attributes, from which the application of the underlying concepts to any particular context might better be understood. Second, it provides an explicit and comprehensive discussion regarding the American Dental Associations's guidelines concerning the attributions of "superiority," "equivalence," and "at least as good as," as they are applied to the comparison of the clinical anticaries efficacy of fluoride dentifrices.
The effect of Sensodyne dentifrice, which contains strontium chloride hexahydrate, on the occlusion of dentinal tubules was studied in vivo and in vitro. Eight premolar teeth scheduled for extraction for orthodontic purposes were used. Four of the teeth were extracted before Sensodyne application (in vitro). The other four teeth were treated in vivo and then extracted. A patch of enamel was removed from all the teeth to expose the dentinal surfaces, and the smear layer over the exposed area was removed. In the in vivo test, the patients were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice a day, for 2 weeks. The teeth were then extracted and kept in distilled water until examined by scanning electron microscope. The in vitro teeth were brushed in the same manner and kept in distilled water between brushings. Most of the in vitro dentinal tubules were found to be open, whereas most of the in vivo dentinal tubules were occluded.
In vitro, conventional, microfilled and experimental composite resin specimens were subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion. Subsequently, height loss was recorded, and the appearance of the abraded surfaces was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the experimental composite, which had a polymer-impregnated porous glass filler, the glass phase showed flat surfaces. These surfaces were more smooth and lustrous than the surrounding resin. They also showed a rounding-off in the periphery. In the experimental composite smoothness and luster were therefore favored by the presence of large continuous areas of glass in the surface. It was possible to demonstrate the extension of the flat glass areas by the use of optical microscopy. In the conventional composite partly exposed irregular or rounded glass particles were frequent. A microfilled composite showed, except for frequent pores, a relatively smooth and lustrous surface. The wear rate of this material was, however, comparatively high.
Toothbrushing is the most widely recommended and practiced method of dental home care. While there is considerable information available in the literature on the time spent brushing the teeth, there is minimal information relating actual brushing time with the time patients estimate they normally brush. This paper reports in detail a study conducted in Switzerland in the 1980's, and supplements this information using the same protocol with two different Swiss populations conducted in the 1990's. In the early Swiss study, on volunteers registering at a dental clinic, the mean actual toothbrushing time was approximately 68 seconds. In the two recent studies, conducted with Swiss army soldiers or three groups of inhabitants in a town near Zurich, the actual toothbrushing means were 83.5 and 72.8 seconds, respectively. In the three studies conducted, the time subjects estimated they had brushed ranged between 134.1 to 148.1 seconds. In all studies, the difference between actual and estimated times was significantly different (p < 0.01). The amount of toothpaste used during toothbrushing was evaluated in two of the studies. In both evaluations, the amount of dentifrice used was approximately 1 gram. Dental professionals should be aware that there is a consistent difference in the time that patients believe they brush, and the time they actually spend brushing.
Anti-caries effect of dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophophate and sodium fluoride was studied among 2-3 years OLD nursery children.After one year,both mean dft and dfs were very significantly lower than those of control groups.
Many studies have shown that topical fluoride applications can produce a fluoride reservoir in dental plaque. Since the most common topical fluoride application is via toothbrushing with fluoridated dentifrices, the aim of this study was to measure fluoride uptake by dental plaque after a single toothbrushing with monofluorophosphate (MFP) toothpaste and to follow the plaque until its fluoride concentration returned to the prebrushing levels. In a fluoridated area, plaque samples were collected from 26 children who brushed with MFP toothpaste, 22 children who brushed with a fluoride-free control toothpaste, before brushing and at intervals of 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after brushing. A combination fluoride electrode was used to determine the fluoride content of the samples. In conclusion, our study has shown that brushing with fluoridated water has a positive effect on the fluoride level of the plaque and the addition of MFP did not make a significant change, although it had a short term effect. A negative correlation was established between plaque wet weight and its fluoride content whenever the plaque equilibrated.
An eight-week, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the ability of two dentifrices, Arm & Hammer Dental Care toothpaste and Crest toothpaste, to prevent the formation of stain induced by the twice daily use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). Stain formation was evaluated through the use of a new index (Modified Stain Index) designed to selectively detect stain of the proximal and facial surfaces of the anterior teeth. Examinations of stain formation were conducted at two-week intervals for a total of eight weeks. The results indicated equivalent stain prevention benefits for Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Crest when evaluated during eight weeks of chlorhexidine therapy. The modified stain index was shown to be valuable for discriminating location and intensity of early stain formation.
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