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Results for “Child Reactive Disorders”

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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Mother-son interactions in families of boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with and without oppositional behavior.

Parenting responsiveness and over-reactivity were assessed among 25 mothers of 7-9-year-old sons with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and oppositional behavior (Oppositional Defiant, OD), 24 mothers of sons with ADHD only, and 38 mothers of nonproblem sons. Responsiveness was observed during mother-son play and clean-up interactions and over-reactivity was assessed using self-reports of parenting in discipline situations. Mothers of sons with ADHD/OD were less responsive and more over-reactive than mothers of nonproblem sons, and mothers of sons with ADHD only did not differ from the other groups. Mothers of sons with ADHD/OD reported more hostility than mothers of nonproblem sons, and controlling for maternal hostility eliminated the significant group differences in responsiveness during clean-up and in over-reactivity. Controlling for the child's ADHD subtype did not alter the pattern of results. The implications for addressing responsiveness and over-reactivity as components of parent-mediated behavioral treatments for ADHD are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is compromised in major depression and bipolar disorder (BD). It is not known however whether HPA abnormalities predate the onset of these disorders. Preliminary data indicated that the adolescent offspring of parents with BD (high-risk), as compared to adolescents of parents with no mental disorder (low-risk), had higher levels of daytime salivary cortisol. The present study re-examined the cortisol increase after awakening and basal cortisol levels in a larger sample, and tested the hypothesis that high-risk offspring are more reactive to psychosocial stress than low-risk offspring. Saliva samples were collected from 58 adolescents, 29 high-risk (14 male/15 female, 16.8 years) and 29 (14 male/15 female, 16.6 years) low-risk, in their natural environment during at least two days. Twenty-five high-risk (13 male/12 female) and 25 low-risk (13 male/12 female) youth completed a child adaptation (15 years) or the standard version of the "Trier Social Stress Test". Consistent with our previous finding, high-risk offspring had higher daytime levels of cortisol in their natural environment than low-risk offspring, and the difference was unrelated to clinical symptoms or other known confounds. Irrespective of risk status, female participants had higher daytime levels of cortisol than male participants. In contrast, there were no group differences in the cortisol response to the laboratory psychosocial stressor. The offspring of parents with BD show evidence of increased daytime basal HPA functioning with normal reactivity to psychosocial stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Attachment in infancy and preschool in low socioeconomic status rural Appalachian children: stability and change and relations to preschool and kindergarten competence.

Attachment classifications were obtained from the Strange Situation at 15 months and at 4 years for a sample of 82 low socioeconomic status rural Appalachian children. The rate of secure attachment in infancy was 50.5%, and the majority of insecure infants were disorganized. At 4 years of age 61.2% of children were secure; early secure relationships were likely to be maintained, and about half of the insecure infants changed to a secure classification by 4 years. Overall, there was low but significant stability in attachment at the level of secure/insecure. Comparisons of (a) children who changed from insecure to secure with those who were stable insecure and (b) stable secure children with those who changed from secure to insecure identified contextual, child, and maternal interaction factors associated with attaining secure attachment. Assessments of cognitive and socioemotional competence at 4 years and kindergarten age suggested a protective effect of secure infant attachment but little benefit from secure preschool attachment.

Appalachian Region↗
PubMed2004

An attachment-based treatment of maltreated children and young people.

Repetitive, intrafamilial abuse and neglect leads to a complex array of deficiencies and symptoms that reflect both the traumatic effects of maltreatment on children as well as the effects of their failing to develop a coherent pattern of attachment behaviours toward their caregivers. This article will attempt to describe principles of a psychological treatment for maltreated children and young people who have been placed in foster care and adoptive homes. This treatment, based on attachment theory, provides dyadic interventions that aim to be transforming and integrative. The co-regulation of affect and the co-construction of meaning are central to the treatment process, just as they are central features in attachment security.

Adoption↗
PubMed2006

Personality disorders and romantic adult attachment: a comparison of secure and insecure attached child molesters.

This study analyzed personality disorders in a group of 33 securely and 51 insecurely attached child molesters. A total of 51 child molesters were selected from a community based educational training program, and the other group was selected from a Belgian prison (n = 33). Research shows that adult attachment styles and personality disorders share a common underlying structure. It is remarkable that very little is known about differences between securely and insecurely attached child molesters. In this study, the authors found that the schizoid personality disorder differed between securely and insecurely attached child molesters. These findings have implications for the aetiology and treatment of child molesters. Future research is necessary to determine patterns of attachment in relationship to personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prospective longitudinal study of children with tic disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship of symptom exacerbations to newly acquired streptococcal infections.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) can trigger acute symptom exacerbations among patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), via autoimmune mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To examine the temporal relationship between newly acquired GABHS infections (and other immunologic indices) and acute exacerbations of tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. METHODS: Pediatric patients (7-17 years of age) with TS and/or OCD (N = 47) and healthy control subjects (N = 19) were prospectively monitored for newly acquired GABHS infections, nonspecific markers of acute inflammatory responses, and D8/17-reactive cells (a marker of rheumatic fever). Objective monthly ratings of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity were used to determine the timing of symptom exacerbations. RESULTS: The overall rate of acute exacerbations of neuropsychiatric symptoms was 0.56 exacerbations per patient per year. The average rate of new GABHS infections, using a stringent definition, was 0.42 infections per subject per year among patients, compared with 0.28 infections per subject per year for control subjects. The association between symptom exacerbations and new GABHS infections among patients was no greater than that expected on the basis of chance. At baseline, patients demonstrated significantly higher levels of D8/17-reactive cells and neopterin, compared with control subjects, but there was no consistent pattern of change when exacerbation time points were compared with baseline or follow-up time points. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest no clear relationship between new GABHS infections and symptom exacerbations in an unselected group of patients with TS and/or OCD.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of B-lymphoproliferative disorder with a monoclonal anti-interleukin-6 antibody in 12 patients: a multicenter phase 1-2 clinical trial.

Severe T-cell immunodeficiency after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation may result in the uncontrolled outgrowth of latently Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells, leading to B-lymphoproliferative disorder (BLPD). Given the potentially important pathogenic role of IL-6 in BLPD, it was tested whether the in vivo neutralization of IL-6 by a monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibody could contribute to the control of BLPD. Safety and efficacy were assessed in 12 recipients of transplanted organs who had BLPD refractory to the reduction of immunosuppression over 8 days. Five patients received 0.4 mg/kg per day. The next 7 patients received 0.8 mg/kg per day. Treatment was scheduled to last 15 days. It was completed in 10 patients, and in the other 2 patients was discontinued early (days 10 and 13, respectively) because of disease progression. Treatment tolerance was good, and no major side effects were observed. High C-reactive protein levels were found in 9 patients before treatment but were normalized under treatment in all patients, demonstrating efficient IL-6 neutralization. Complete remission (CR) was observed in 5 patients and partial remission (PR) in 3 patients. Relapse was observed in 1 of these 8 patients in whom remission was observed. This relapse was unresponsive to treatment. Disease was stable in 1 patient, but it progressed in 3 patients. Seven patients are alive and well. Two patients died because of disease progression, and 3 patients died while in CR (chronic rejection in 2 patients and BLPD sequelae in 1 patient). These data suggest that the anti-IL-6 antibody is safe and should be further explored in the treatment of BLPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The Adam and Eve story as exemplar of an early-life variant of the oedipus complex.

The Adam and Eve story is construed as having an organizing function that facilitates the analytic understanding of certain patients. In this interpretation, the story epitomizes a psychodynamic in which progressive growth, with separation and individuation, of the young is experienced as perilous--not only to them, but also correspondingly to their procreators. In the myth, the increasing psychic and physical maturation of Adam and Eve produced a crisis. Not only was divine authority flouted, but also apprehensions were aroused that God might be humbled or diminished. This threatened him, evoking his wrath and leading to the punishment by abandonment of his youthful wards. It is suggested that the story depicts an emotional complex of widespread application and is an archaic version of the oedipus complex, continuous with the oedipus complex proper, but from an earlier stage of development. This archaic complex is delineated with clinical vignettes, and a clinical explication of its various components is provided. Clinical management is considered, particularly with reference to the challenge that a closed-system perspective (Fairbairn 1958) presents to a patient's development.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood.

This parameter reviews the current status of reactive attachment disorder with regard to assessment and treatment. Attachment is a central component of social and emotional development in early childhood, and disordered attachment is defined by specific patterns of abnormal social behavior in the context of "pathogenic care." Clinically relevant subtypes include an emotionally withdrawn/inhibited pattern and a socially indiscriminate/disinhibited pattern. Assessment requires direct observation of the child in the context of his/her relationships with primary caregivers. Treatment requires establishing an attachment relationship for the child when none exists and ameliorating disturbed attachment relationships with caregivers when they are evident. Coercive treatments with children with attachment disorders are potentially dangerous and not recommended.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1975

Reactive psychoses. A family study.

Reactive, or psychogenic, psychoses have been given the most attention in the literature by Scandinavian investigators. We defined diagnostic criteria for reactive psychoses emphasizing differences with manic-depressive psychoses and schizophrenia. Forty Danish probands were selected and family history data was obtained by personal interview and record review. In order to compare our results with other investigations, we age corrected family history data. Siblings of reactive probands were found to have significantly more reactive psychoses than siblings of manic-depressives or schizophrenics, and significantly less schizophrenia than siblings of schizophrenics. Although there was some genetic overlap with manic-depressive psychosis, we believe that the findings are sufficiently distinct to warrant the separate diagnostic category of reactive psychoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cyclosporin A does not affect platelets in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

The immunosuppressive agents administered to maintain the remission of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) may have a deleterious effect on several cell types. The aim of this study was to analyze platelet activation and reactivity in children with INS treated with cyclosporin A (CyA). The study groups comprised 16 children with remission of INS induced by CyA and 16 children with glucocorticosteroid-induced remission 8 weeks from the onset of INS relapse. Fifteen healthy children served as controls. Surface expression of CD61, CD62P, and CD42b on resting and thrombin-stimulated platelets was analyzed with flow cytometry. No differences between groups were found in CD61, CD62P, and CD42b surface expression, but markers of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis or endothelial injury (F1+2 prothrombin fragments, tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) were elevated in patients treated with CyA compared with children on steroids and healthy controls. No correlations between markers of platelet function and CyA concentration were found. We postulate that CyA administration in nephrotic patients causes an activation of thrombinogenesis but does not influence platelet activation and reactivity in INS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Can childhood trauma predict response to topiramate in borderline personality disorder?

We report on a woman with borderline personality disorder and a history of childhood trauma that showed significant clinical response with low dosage of topiramate. We propose that topiramate changed some of the main features of this disorder, such as catastrophic reaction to real or imaginary abandonment or rejection, improving adaptive functioning. We hypothesize that topiramate might facilitate memory extinction, therefore decreasing emotional and behavioural reactivity.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1983

[Psychopath-like equivalents of depression in children and adolescents].

Psychopathlike equivalents of depression in 56 patients aged 10 to 16 years are described. Schizophrenics (50) made up the main group of clinical observations while in six cases, the diagnosis of psychopathlike equivalents of depression associated with diseases of residual-organic nature was made. Individual typical variants of psychopathlike equivalents of depression are described; their psychopathological structure was shown to be dependent on the character of affective disturbances and also on such factors as age-associated and individual reactivity.

Adolescent↗