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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Cortical orofacial motor representation in Old World monkeys, great apes, and humans. II. Stereologic analysis of chemoarchitecture.

This study presents a comparative stereologic investigation of neurofilament protein- and calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons within the region of orofacial representation of primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) in several catarrhine primate species (Macaca fascicularis, Papio anubis, Pongo pygmaeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens). Results showed that the density of interneurons involved in vertical interlaminar processing (i.e., calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons) as well pyramidal neurons that supply heavily-myelinated projections (i.e., neurofilament protein-immunoreactive neurons) are correlated with overall neuronal density, whereas interneurons making transcolumnar connections (i.e., parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons) do not exhibit such a relationship. These results suggest that differential scaling rules apply to different neuronal subtypes depending on their functional role in cortical circuitry. For example, cortical columns across catarrhine species appear to involve a similar conserved network of intracolumnar inhibitory interconnections, as represented by the distribution of calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons. The subpopulation of horizontally-oriented wide-arbor interneurons, on the other hand, increases in density relative to other interneuron subpopulations in large brains. Due to these scaling trends, the region of orofacial representation of primary motor cortex in great apes and humans is characterized by a greater proportion of neurons enriched in neurofilament protein and parvalbumin compared to the Old World monkeys examined. These modifications might contribute to the voluntary dexterous control of orofacial muscles in great ape and human communication.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2005

Genomic structure and paralogous regions of the inversion breakpoint occurring between human chromosome 3p12.3 and orangutan chromosome 2.

Intrachromosomal duplications play a significant role in human genome pathology and evolution. To better understand the molecular basis of evolutionary chromosome rearrangements, we performed molecular cytogenetic and sequence analyses of the breakpoint region that distinguishes human chromosome 3p12.3 and orangutan chromosome 2. FISH with region-specific BAC clones demonstrated that the breakpoint-flanking sequences are duplicated intrachromosomally on orangutan 2 and human 3q21 as well as at many pericentromeric and subtelomeric sites throughout the genomes. Breakage and rearrangement of the human 3p12.3-homologous region in the orangutan lineage were associated with a partial loss of duplicated sequences in the breakpoint region. Consistent with our FISH mapping results, computational analysis of the human chromosome 3 genomic sequence revealed three 3p12.3-paralogous sequence blocks on human chromosome 3q21 and smaller blocks on the short arm end 3p26-->p25. This is consistent with the view that sequences from an ancestral site at 3q21 were duplicated at 3p12.3 in a common ancestor of orangutan and humans. Our results show that evolutionary chromosome rearrangements are associated with microduplications and microdeletions, contributing to the DNA differences between closely related species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution.

For the last 15 years molecular cytogenetic techniques have been extensively used to study primate evolution. Molecular probes were helpful to distinguish mammalian chromosomes and chromosome segments on the basis of their DNA content rather than solely on morphological features such as banding patterns. Various landmark rearrangements have been identified for most of the nodes in primate phylogeny while chromosome banding still provides helpful reference maps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were used with probes of different complexity including chromosome painting probes, probes derived from chromosome sub-regions and in the size of a single gene. Since more recently, in silico techniques have been applied to trace down evolutionarily derived chromosome rearrangements by searching the human and mouse genome sequence databases. More detailed breakpoint analyses of chromosome rearrangements that occurred during higher primate evolution also gave some insights into the molecular changes in chromosome rearrangements that occurred in evolution. Hardly any "fusion genes" as known from chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells or dramatic "position effects" of genes transferred to new sites in primate genomes have been reported yet. Most breakpoint regions have been identified within gene poor areas rich in repetitive elements and/or low copy repeats (segmental duplications). The progress in various molecular and molecular-cytogenetic approaches including the recently launched chimpanzee genome project suggests that these new tools will have a significant impact on the further understanding of human genome evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evolutionary conserved chromosomal segments in the human karyotype are bounded by unstable chromosome bands.

In this paper an ancestral karyotype for primates, defining for the first time the ancestral chromosome morphology and the banding patterns, is proposed, and the ancestral syntenic chromosomal segments are identified in the human karyotype. The chromosomal bands that are boundaries of ancestral segments are identified. We have analyzed from data published in the literature 35 different primate species from 19 genera, using the order Scandentia, as well as other published mammalian species as out-groups, and propose an ancestral chromosome number of 2n = 54 for primates, which includes the following chromosomal forms: 1(a+c(1)), 1(b+c(2)), 2a, 2b, 3/21, 4, 5, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 10a, 10b, 11, 12a/22a, 12b/22b, 13, 14/15, 16a, 16b, 17, 18, 19a, 19b, 20 and X and Y. From this analysis, we have been able to point out the human chromosome bands more "prone" to breakage during the evolutionary pathways and/or pathology processes. We have observed that 89.09% of the human chromosome bands, which are boundaries for ancestral chromosome segments, contain common fragile sites and/or intrachromosomal telomeric-like sequences. A more in depth analysis of twelve different human chromosomes has allowed us to determine that 62.16% of the chromosomal bands implicated in inversions and 100% involved in fusions/fissions correspond to fragile sites, intrachromosomal telomeric-like sequences and/or bands significantly affected by X irradiation. In addition, 73% of the bands affected in pathological processes are co-localized in bands where fragile sites, intrachromosomal telomeric-like sequences, bands significantly affected by X irradiation and/or evolutionary chromosomal bands have been described. Our data also support the hypothesis that chromosomal breakages detected in pathological processes are not randomly distributed along the chromosomes, but rather concentrate in those important evolutionary chromosome bands which correspond to fragile sites and/or intrachromosomal telomeric-like sequences.

Alouatta↗
PubMed2005

Genetic evidence of a strong functional constraint of neurotrypsin during primate evolution.

Neurotrypsin is one of the extra-cellular serine proteases that are predominantly expressed in the brain and involved in neuronal development and function. Mutations in humans are associated with autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation (MR). We studied the molecular evolution of neurotrypsin by sequencing the coding region of neurotrypsin in 11 representative non-human primate species covering great apes, lesser apes, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Our results demonstrated a strong functional constraint of neurotrypsin that was caused by strong purifying selection during primate evolution, an implication of an essential functional role of neurotrypsin in primate cognition. Further analysis indicated that the purifying selection was in fact acting on the SRCR domains of neurotrypsin, which mediate the binding activity of neurotrypsin to cell surface or extra-cellular proteins. In addition, by comparing primates with three other mammalian orders, we demonstrated that the absence of the first copy of the SRCR domain (exon 2 and 3) in mouse and rat was due to the deletion of this segment in the murine lineage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Human endogenous retroviruses: from infectious elements to human genes.

Mammalian genomes contain a heavy load (42% in humans) of retroelements, which are mobile sequences requiring reverse transcription for their replicative transposition. A significant proportion of these elements is of retroviral origin, with thousands of sequences resembling the integrated form of infectious retroviruses, with two LTRs bordering internal regions homologous to the gag, prt, pol, and env genes. These elements, named endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), are most probably the proviral remnants of ancestral germ-line infections by active retroviruses, which have thereafter been transmitted in a Mendelian manner. The complete sequencing of the human genome now allows a comprehensive survey of human ERVs (HERVs), which can be grouped according to sequence homologies into approximately 80 distinct families, each containing a few to several hundred elements. As reviewed here, strong similarities between HERVs and present-day retroviruses can be inferred from phylogenetic analyses on the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of the pol gene or the transmembrane subunit (TM) of the env gene, which disclose interspersion of both classes of elements and suggest a common history and shared ancestors. Similarities are also observed at the functional levels, since despite the fact that most HERVs have accumulated mutations, deletions, and/or truncations, several elements still possess some of the functions of retroviruses, with evidence for viral-like particle formation, and occurrence of envelope proteins allowing cell-cell fusion and even conferring infectivity to pseudotypes. Along this line, a genomewide screening for human retroviral genes with coding capacity has revealed 16 fully coding envelope genes. These genes are transcribed in several healthy tissues including the placenta, three of them at a very high level. Besides their impact in modelling the genome, HERVs thus appear to contain still active genes, which most probably have been subverted by the host for its benefit and should be considered as bona fide human genes. Some of their characteristic features and possible physiological roles, as well as potential pathological effects inherited from their retroviral ancestors are also reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Regional specialization in pyramidal cell structure in the visual cortex of the galago: an intracellular injection study of striate and extrastriate areas with comparative notes on new world and old world monkeys.

Recent studies have revealed marked differences in the basal dendritic structure of layer III pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of adult simian primates. In particular, there is a consistent trend for pyramidal cells of increasing complexity with anterior progression through occipitotemporal cortical visual areas. These differences in pyramidal cell structure, and their systematic nature, are believed to be important for specialized aspects of visual processing within, and between, cortical areas. However, it remains unknown whether this regional specialization in the pyramidal cell phenotype is unique to simians, is unique to primates in general or is widespread amongst mammalian species. In the present study we investigated pyramidal cell structure in the prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). We found, as in simians, that the basal dendritic arbors of pyramidal cells differed between cortical areas. More specifically, pyramidal cells became progressively more spinous through the primary (V1), second (V2), dorsolateral (DL) and inferotemporal (IT) visual areas. Moreover, pyramidal neurons in V1 of the galago are remarkably similar to those in other primate species, in spite of large differences in the sizes of this area. In contrast, pyramidal cells in inferotemporal cortex are quite variable among primate species. These data suggest that regional specialization in pyramidal cell phenotype was a likely feature of cortex in a common ancestor of simian and prosimian primates, but the degree of specialization varies between species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Habitat quality and range use of white-headed langurs in Fusui, China.

The socioecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) was studied in Fusui Precious Animal Reserve, Guangxi, China, in 1997/1998. Habitat quality was classified according to the level of human disturbance. Plant species diversity increased with habitat quality. Important foods for the langurs occurred more in high-quality habitat. Home range size varied from 28 to 48 ha, and the home range area per individual decreased as habitat quality increased. Small polygynous langur groups had poorly defended ranges, but large groups defended their ranges intensively. Only harem males were involved in group defence, apparently competing for females by defending their habitat. High-quality habitat was more attractive to females; accordingly, group size increased significantly with habitat quality.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Relationships between cerebral indices for 'extra' cortical parts and ecological categories in anthropoids.

The relationships between cerebral indices for 'extra' cortical parts associated with advanced functions [Jerison's 'extra' neurons (Nc), Hofman's 'extra' cortical volume (Ve)] and ecology and social structure were examined for a total of 86 species of anthropoids (28 species of New World monkeys, 48 species of Old World monkeys and 10 species of apes). The species were divided into a total of 39 'congeneric groups' of species which share common ecology and social structure (in most cases, congeneric groups are synonymous with genera). Both Nc and Ve were significantly larger for polygynous congeneric groups than for monogynous congeneric groups in the case of New World monkeys. In the case of Old World monkeys, both Nc and Ve were significantly larger for terrestrial congeneric groups than for arboreal congeneric groups. In the case of apes, although complete analyses could not be performed because of the limited size of the sample for which data were available, both Nc and Ve appeared to be larger for polygynous/terrestrial apes than for monogynous/arboreal apes. These results suggest that the expansion of the cerebral cortex in anthropoids may be associated with terrestriality and polygyny.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Correlations of cerebral indices for 'extra' cortical parts and ecological variables in primates.

Correlations between cerebral indices for 'extra' cortical parts associated with advanced functions (Jerson's extra neurons, Nc; Hofman's extra cortical volume, Ve, and Hofman's extra cortical surface, Se) and ecological variables, namely troop size (TS), size of home range of one troop (HRt), and size of home range per individual (HRi) were examined in 12 species of prosimians, 8 species of New World monkeys, and 27 species of Old World monkeys. All three of the cerebral indices, Nc, Ve, and Se were, among the ecological variables examined, positively and most closely correlated with TS in the prosimians, with HRt in the New World monkeys, and with HRi in the Old World monkeys. These results suggest that the cerebral cortex may have expanded in relation to growth of TS for prosimians, in relation to expansion of HRt for New World monkeys, and in relation to expansion of HRi for Old World monkeys. It is, therefore, possible that the cerebral cortex may have expanded in conjunction with changes in different ecological factors in different taxonomic groups of primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Modulation by social status of the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and serum cortisol levels in male talapoin monkeys.

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay in male talapoin monkeys living in social groups. The slopes of the regressions between cortisol in the two compartments were significantly less in dominant than either the most subordinate males or those of intermediate rank. Furthermore, the dominants' CSF also contained proportionately more cortisol than was predicted from the overall regression analyses of the groups of which they were members. There was no difference in the proportion of 'free' cortisol (that is, not bound to serum proteins) between the serums of dominant or subordinate males. These findings point to an association between social status and the distribution of cortisol between blood and CSF in these monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Differences in blood levels of androgens in female talapoin monkeys related to their social status.

Serum testosterone and androstenedione levels were lower in the subordinate female talapoin monkeys of four social groups than either dominant or intermediate-ranking females. This was found in both intact or ovariectomized (oestrogen-treated) animals, which suggests that androgen from the adrenals contributed to this rank-related endocrine effect. These differences disappeared when the females were housed singly, levels in all animals becoming similar to those in subordinates in the group cage. There were no rank-related differences in progesterone levels during either the follicular or luteal phase of the cycle in intact females, or in those of ovariectomized females of different rank, but cortisol was highest in dominant group-living animals in these experiments. Significant correlations were found between androgen levels in group-living females and the amount of sexual interest shown in them by males; the amount of aggressive interaction involving each female did not correlate with her androgen levels. Social rank is defined according to the direction, not the amount, of aggression. These findings suggest that the social hierarchy regulates androgen levels in these female monkeys; there may also be effects on the ability of females to respond to their own, or to administered, androgen. Similar findings have been made previously in male talapoins. Since androgens fill a critical role in the sexual behaviour of both sexes in primates, this may be a neuroendocrine mechanism of general significance relating behaviour to social rank.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1997

Complex FISH probes for the subtelomeric regions of all human chromosomes: comparative hybridization of CEPH YACs to chromosomes of the Old World monkey Presbytis cristata and great apes.

We have generated a human subtelomere probe panel, utilizing well characterized CEPH YACs, for the investigation of human chromosome pathology and evolution through fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Region-specific FISH probes will be extremely valuable for detecting cytogenetically cryptic telomere abnormalities. Here, we present the first comparative mapping study (with 29 subtelomere probes and 6 chromosome paints) to the Old World monkey Presbytis cristata, followed by hybridizations to the great apes, gorilla and orangutan, when rearrangements were detected. We observed that the position of telomere-associated genomic sequences has been only moderately conserved during primate evolution. YAC 364f9, specific for the subtelomeric long arm of human chromosome 3, contains an evolutionary inversion breakpoint that was involved in independent chromosome rearrangements in P. cristata and gorilla.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparative anatomy of the arterial system of the foot in primates. 1. Macaque.

Using stereoscopic angiography, the entire arterial system of the foot of the macaque was analyzed. The arteria saphena, instead of the a. tibialis anterior, reaches the dorsum of the foot, and its branches supply most of the foot. The dorsal arteries are dominant as far as the metatarsal spaces of the lateral four toes. The a. metatarsea dorsalis II showed a tendency to be the single dominant artery and to give rise to even the a. digitalis communis plantaris IV through the catella plantaris distalis. This tendency was observed more clearly in other macaques species than the Japanese monkey. The perforating branch at the second proximal metatarsal space forms the arcus plantaris profundus, which is accompanied by the deep branch of the nervus plantaris lateralis. Beneath the arch, the catella plantaris proximalis is formed on the metatarsal bones among the perforating branches of the aa. metatarseae dorsales. The a. tibialis posterior forms the arcus plantaris superficialis, whose thin branches commonly enter the aa. digitales communes plantares.

Angiography↗
PubMed1989

Persistent HIV-2 infection of rhesus macaque, baboon, and mangabeys.

Six monkeys of three different species (mangabey, macaque and baboon) were infected with human immunodeficiency type 2 (HIV-2) NIH-DZ using intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of cell-free HIV-2 or autologous HIV-2-infected cells with no prior immunostimulation. Viral expression was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase activity in cells after coculture with human peripheral blood lymphocytes or by electron microscopy. Serum was analyzed by western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (detection of antigen and antibody), and neutralization assay carried out using immunofluorescence techniques. The 6 inoculated animals seroconverted during the 1st month after inoculation and remained persistently infected after 6-11 months. We also observed proviral DNA by genomic analysis in the six tested samples. No sign of immunodeficiency disease has been observed so far. The data suggest that HIV-2 infection of nonhuman primates provides an acceptable animal model to investigate vaccination or specific immunotherapeutic procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with SIV isolated from African green monkeys.

To establish an animal model for AIDS, 6 juvenile rhesus monkeys were infected intravenously with cell-free SIVagmTYO-1, 5, or 7. One animal was infected with SIV of known pathogenicity isolated from a sooty mangabey (SIVsmm). The 2 animals infected with TYO-1, 1 of 2 infected with TYO-7 and the 1 infected with SIVsmm seroconverted within 4-8 weeks after infection and infectious virus could be recovered 8-10 or 44 weeks after infection. Three of the 4 seroconverted monkeys developed a persistent lymphadenopathy 12 weeks after infection. Rhesus monkeys infected with SIVagm could serve as a model to study HIV infection and for vaccine trials.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗