Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Candy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Cooking meat in microwave ovens does not cause formation of mutagenic substances].

UNLABELLED: During the cooking process of meat, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances can be formed that can induce tumours of the gastro-intestinal tract or of other organs in the rat. The formation of these substances is proportionate to the cooking time, the cooking surface and the quantity of fats contained in meat. A comparison is made between beef cooked on a grid where the temperature reaches 200 degrees C, and cooked in a microwave oven (Cuocorapido Candy 500 CL, frequency 2450 Mhz) where the temperature does not exceed 100 degrees C. Mutagenic substances were extracted by the Commoner technique and mutagenic activity was assayed with the Ames test. RESULTS: no mutagenic activity was demonstrated in the extracts of meat cooked in microwave ovens, while mutagenic activity was clearly demonstrated in the extracts of meat cooked on a grid.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Childhood asphyxiation by food. A national analysis and overview.

Data on all identified food-related asphyxiations of infants and children aged 0 to 9 years in 41 states from 1979 to 1981 were analyzed by type of food and age of child. Nationally, one death occurred approximately every five days. More than 90% occurred in infants and children younger than 5 years and 65% in infants younger than 2 years. Round foods were most often mentioned of the 103 foods specifically identified on death certificates. Most frequently cited were hot dog products (17 cases, 17%), candy, ten; nuts, nine; and grapes, eight. Hot dogs caused deaths from infancy through 3 years (more than two thirds of all deaths from meat products) and seven of ten deaths in 3-year-olds. Characteristics of foods, children, and environment can be related to three phases of food asphyxiation: penetration, occlusion, and expulsion. Preventive measures include product modification, warning labels, and dissemination of information on high-risk foods.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cuba: mass polio vaccination program, 1962-1982.

Poliomyelitis appeared in Cuba in the present century and acquired an endemo -epidemic character, with epidemic peaks every five to seven years. The first polio vaccination campaign, conducted in 1962, changed the trend of the disease by eliminating the morbidity and mortality peaks. Since that time there have been only isolated cases. There have been 21 mass vaccination campaigns, which have been preceded by serologic studies on a sample of the national population younger than 14 years of age. Since the eighth campaign, a trivalent vaccine candy has been administered in two doses to children from one month to three years of age. A booster dose at nine years of age was introduced in the ninth campaign. Since 1962, seven cases have been reported in infants younger than one year of age who, for various reasons, had not been vaccinated. The key to the success of the mass vaccination campaigns conducted over the last 20 years has been the use of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. The high vaccination coverage achieved in the various campaigns for each age group (greater than 80%) guarantees that no epidemics will break out in the country. Quality-control surveys following each vaccination operation have yielded an understanding of difficulties and have allowed measures to be taken to improve operations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The bead test: a critical appraisal.

An evaluation of the visual acuity levels obtained with the candy bead test (Bock) was performed. White beads (1 mm) were placed on a white felt background under controlled illumination. Ten subjects were required to localize randomly placed beads through increased degrees of induced optical blur. The visual acuity was then measured at the blur level yielding 60% accuracy in localization. The results indicate a range of visual acuity from 6/45 to 6/60 (20/150 to 20/200). These findings are significantly worse than the levels of acuity [6/18 to 6/24 (20/60 to 20/80)] found by other authors. Therefore, our findings raise concerns and indicate caution in the clinical interpretation of the bead test.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1983

Sodium intake from meals and snacks consumed by college students.

This investigation was designed to compute the total sodium intake from meals and snacks consumed by selected college students. Most students used carbonated beverages, candies, gums, cookies, and salted snack items. They consumed salted snack items mostly as evening snacks. Mean sodium intake was found to be 3,904 mg. for men and 2,628 mg. for women, without taking into consideration the use of table salt. Sodium density per kilocalorie per day was 1.40 and 1.41 for men and women, respectively, suggesting that the differences in intakes were due to women's lower caloric intake. Sodium intake was greater from regular meals than from snack foods. Evening snacks contributed more to the daily sodium intake than morning and afternoon snacks. It can be concluded that sodium intake of college students needs careful assessment. According to the Food and Nutrition Board, the most effective way to maintain intake within the suggested range is to reduce the amount of salt added at table or in cooking and to reduce moderately the selection of obviously salty foods (9). College students need to be made aware of the sodium content of foods they select for lunch, dinner, and evening snacks, as well as the amount of salt they add at the table.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Presweetened dry breakfast cereals: potential for dental danger.

Sugar concentrations were measured by enzymatic methods in twenty-eight presweetened breakfast cereals. Means for the various sugars were in essential agreement with recently published gas-liquid chromatography results and also with the sugar values expressed on the labels of these cereals. Thus, accurate and reproducible analytical methods are available for sugar measurements in foods; sugar levels in foods can now be assessed with confidence and the information disseminated to interested food purchasers. Oral retention time, as measured by salivary sucrose determinations, was prolonged after ingestion of these cereals directly from the box; oral clearance was more rapid, when the same subject drank a sugar solution of the same concentration. Presweetened cereals are candidates for frequent ingestion as snacks, due to their candy-like taste. This fact plus the high sugar levels in these cereals and the tendency to prolonged intraoral retention, automatically classifies these materials as potential dental hazards, when used as snacks. It is not implied that this is the case, when these products are eaten at mealtime with milk.

Cariogenic Agents↗
PubMed1982

Sugar substitutes: reasons and indications for their use.

Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol and hydrogenated starch and other sweeteners having more than one hundred times the sweetening power of sucrose, such as stevioside and thaumatin, are currently used as less or non-cariogenic sugar substitutes. A new product, coupling sugar, has been developed which is a sugar mixture of monosaccharides, glucosyl-sucrose, oligosaccharides and oligosaccharides terminated at the reducing end by sucrose. Its sweetness is between 55 and 65 per cent of that of sucrose. Coupling sugar has a sweet quality resembling that of sucrose and possesses its advantages as a food being both easily digested and a ready source of energy. Two coupling sugar preparations of different sugar composition (CSCP and CSSF) and maltosylsucrose, one of the main ingredients of coupling sugar, were studied to examine their cariogenicities as substrates both in vitro and in vivo. It was shown that, compared with sucrose, these substances were definitely low in cariogenic action. No deleterious effects of its use have been found. In Japan, coupling sugar is widely employed in the manufacture of candies, cookies, chocolates etc.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Life course and institutionalization: the deceptive effect of the percentage].

At one moment in time the percentage of elderly people living in an old people's home (bejaardenoord) or nursing-home (verpleeghuis) is much higher in the Netherlands than in comparable western countries. About 11% of people 65 years of age and more are living in such institutions. However, in discussions about institutionalization, people are making the same fallacious statements based on the percentage at one moment in time as indicated in literature as "% fallacy" (Kastenbaum & Candy, 1973). In this article we have calculated that about 35% of all elderly people in the Netherlands will be institutionalized before before death. Although at one moment in time about 2% of the elderly are living in a Dutch nursing-home, the incidence is as high as in the old people's home. That is why almost the same number of elderly people will be institutionalized before death in both institutions. Three examples are given of the fallacious use of the percentage at one moment in time. An attempt is made to calculate the chance which persons have, at different ages, to be institutionalized in later life. We use the incidence-rate in 1977 and 1978 and the life expectancy inthe period 1970-1975. The results indicate high chances for elderly people at different ages to be institutionalized in later life in an old people's home.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Poisoning in animals due to oral application of iron. With description of a case in a horse.

Peroral application of iron salts in various types of anemia was previously considered atoxic. The increased use of iron has, however, led to an increasing number of poisoning in children, taking iron tablets for candy. There have only been reported a few number of spontaneous intoxications in animals, but experimentally it has been possible to produce fatal intoxications in various kinds of animal species. The clinical findings are quite similar in the various animals, starting with vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and metabolic acidosis. If the intoxication is severe, shock and coma may develop, and death occurs quite soon. The histological findings are also similar in the various animals, varying from erosions of the tops of the villi to necrosis of the mucosal membrane of the jejunum. Degenerative changes in the liver as well as in the kidney are seen in several cases. The mentioned case was a horse given about 475 g ferro fumarate over a period of 5 days. The horse developed the classic clinical picture and death occurred on day 7. The diagnosis was confirmed by very high levels of iron in the liver, kidney and serum. The blood values of the enzymes ASAT and gamma GT were extremely high as a sign of a severe damage of the liver.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in foods.

A method for determining aflatoxins by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after CB extraction and cleanup has been applied to various foods. Recoveries at 1--15 ppb levels from green coffee and peanut butter was 72--85 and 74--104%, respectively. Precision of the method has been tested for peanut butter. Other products to which the method has been successfully applied include tree nuts, seeds, grains, chocolate-covered peanut butter candy, and roasted, salted-in-shell peanuts. High levels of aflatoxins found in several samples of nuts by this method have been verified by the official thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The advantages of this HPLC method are speed, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and immediate chemical confirmation of aflatoxins B1 and G1. None of the products analyzed required special cleanup procedures. Preparative-scale HPLC was used to isolate purified B1 for toxicity testing.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1980

Assessment of conservation of number: an attempt to enhance ecological validity and diagnostic sensitivity.

Two procedures were used to assess conservation of number in 56 kindergarten boys and girls. In the Standard condition children responded to the usual verbal questions about number. In the Modified condition the ability to conserve number was inferred from the child's judgments concerning which operations did or did not produce a promised increment in his collection of candies. In comparison to the Standard tests, the latter procedure was intended to be simpler verbally, more motivationally engaging, and more similar to the real-life situations in which children make judgments about quantity. Children performed significantly better in the Modified condition than in the Standard condition, a finding which suggests that the usual tests may not fully capture the child's understanding of number. Performance was also significantly better on tests of identity conservation than on tests of equivalence conservation. This identity-equivalence difference, however, was limited to the Standard condition; the two concepts were of equal difficulty when assessed by means of the Modified procedure.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Symptomatic response to varying levels of fructo-oligosaccharides consumed occasionally or regularly.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in 14 healthy volunteers the gastrointestinal tolerance to an indigestible bulking sweetener containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). DESIGN: In order to mimic their usual pattern of consumption, FOS were ingested throughout the day either occasionally (once a week, first period) or regularly (every day, second period). In the two patterns of consumption, daily sugar doses were increased until diarrhoea and/or a symptom graded 3 (i.e. severe) occurred, or when subjects did not want to ingest more candies. SETTING: Clinical Nutrition Unit, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris. RESULTS: In both periods, the first symptom which occurred was excessive flatus (> 30 g FOS/day): borborygmi and bloating appeared at a higher level (> 40 g/day); lastly, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea occurred at a very much higher level (50 g/day). The volumes of hydrogen excreted in breath in response to the same load of FOS were not different between the two periods. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic consumption of FOS initiated cautiously with subsequent gradual increase did not improve tolerance, nor reduce breath excretion of hydrogen.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Junk!

Each day, the US Postal Service delivers millions of pieces of unsolicited mail to our country's 500,000 physicians. This onslaught includes brochures for meetings in places both exotic and pedestrian, solicitations from financial institutions, newsletters, magazines, and elaborately packaged pharmaceutical promotions that may include such inducements as candy, flashlights, pens, and even golf tees! Our mailboxes groan under masses of unsolicited letters, periodicals, packets, brochures, booklets, and boxes.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enzyme immunoassay for carminic acid in foods.

A competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for carminic acid was investigated. Monoclonal anticarminic acid antibody was obtained from A/J mice immunized with carminic acid-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) conjugate. Carminic acid was extracted with distilled water from beverage, jelly, candy, pasta sauce, yogurt, or ice cream samples. Ham or fish paste samples were digested with pronase, then carminic acid was extracted from samples with sodium hydroxide solution. The extract was diluted more than 10-fold with 1% gelatin in borate buffer solution. Microtiter plates were coated with carminic acid-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate or just BSA. Goat anti-mouse IgG(H+L)-peroxidase complex was used as a second antibody, and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine was used as a substrate for the peroxidase. The working range for quantitative analysis was 0.3-10 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.2 micrograms/g original sample. Recoveries of carminic acid by this assay were > 95% for milk beverage and jelly, and > 85% for yogurt and fish paste. Carminic acid was detected in 7 of 26 red-colored commercial food products and ranged from 3.5 to 356 micrograms/g. This EIA system also responded to the structural analogue of carminic acid, laccaic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Immunologic findings in confectionary workers.

BACKGROUND: Food allergies are frequent in the general population. There are however, few studies of immunologic responses among workers in the confectionary industry. OBJECTIVE: To assess immunologic and clinical findings of workers in a confectionary plant. METHODS: Immunologic (skin tests and serum IgE) and respiratory findings (symptoms and lung function) were studied in a group of 71 confectionary workers (mean age: 35 years and mean exposure: 11 years). RESULTS: Skin prick testing with food extracts used in the manufacturing of candies and pastries demonstrated that the most frequent positive skin reaction occurred with extracts of cacao (31%), followed by reactions to chocolate (9%), cocoa (6%), hazelnut (6%), and sugar (2%). Increased serum IgE levels were found in 13.0% and increased IgM serum levels in 52.1% of these confectionary workers. The prevalence of asthma (26.1%) and dyspnea (26.1%) in workers with positive skin tests was significantly higher than in workers with negative skin tests (asthma: 2.0%, P = .004; dyspnea: 4.1%, P = .001). There was a high prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms during the work shift, but no significant association with immunologic tests was found. Similarly, both skin test positive and skin test negative workers exhibited significant across shift changes in lung function; however, no significant differences in baseline lung function or across-shift changes were noted between skin test positive and negative workers. Pre-shift administration of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) significantly diminished across-shift reductions in FEF50 and FEF25 for both skin test positive and skin test negative workers. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that exposure to environmental factors in confectionary plants is associated with frequent respiratory symptoms of an irritative nature. Specific skin testing may be useful in characterizing confectionary workers at risk for the development of occupational asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

GABAA membrane currents are insensitive to extracellular acidification in cultured sensory neurons of the frog.

The effects of decreasing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.0 or 5.8 on whole cell membrane currents induced by GABA (10-100 microM) were studied in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of the frog in short-term culture using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. In 45 of 50 cells the GABA currents were the same at both normal and reduced pH. In the remaining 5 cells, acidification increased the response. The reversal potential for the current, about +5 mV, was the same at reduced and normal pH. These results contrast with the effect of the same pH reduction which markedly reduces the current resulting from glutamate activation of receptors on central neurons (Traynelis and Cull-Candy 1990, Vyklický Jr. et al. 1990, Tang et al. 1990). These findings suggest that acidification under pathophysiological conditions plays a protective role in preventing excessive excitation not only by decreasing glutamate responses but also by leaving the inhibitory GABAA responses intact.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food and nutrition in Canadian "prime time" television commercials.

Television is, arguably, the most influential mass medium and "prime time" viewing attracts the largest audiences. To assess the type, number and nutritional content of foods advertised on TV, commercial breaks during "prime time" (7:00 to 11:00 p.m.) on five Canadian channels (CBC-English, CBC-French, CTV, CFPL, Much Music) were recorded and analyzed. A similar analysis of Saturday morning children's TV commercials was also performed. Commercials for foods and food products constituted between 24-35% of all commercials, the largest advertising output for any group of products. The combination of food presented in commercials reflected average current consumption patterns. Of special concern was the emphasis on low nutrition beverages, especially beer, as well as snacks and candy on Much Music. While further government intervention to restrict advertising practices may be an impractical option, there is scope for increasing the alternative promotion of healthy dietary choices.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Recent increases in numbers and risk of fatalities in young children ingesting iron preparations.

Iron preparations are the most frequent cause of pediatric ingestion fatalities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impression of an increase in iron deaths in young children and to postulate on the reasons. Using the data provided by the American Association of Poison Control Centers, overall annual mortality rate from iron preparations and among children < 6 y was calculated and changes in incidence were recorded. Between 1983 and 1991, there was a 2 to 3-fold increase in the numbers of reported ingestions of iron preparations by toddlers. In the general population the annual mortality rate/100 exposures to iron preparations increased from 0.05 during 1983-1990 to 0.116 in 1991 (p < 0.01). A similar trend was noted in children < 6 y with a rate of 0.004 in 1983-1990 compared with 0.12 in 1991 (p < 0.01). Hence, the increase in mortality was beyond what would be predicted from the increased number of ingestions noted. It is likely that increased awareness of pregnancy-induced anemia results in abundant use of iron pills. These pills have the appearance of candies, which should be changed immediately by legislation. During this period, the volume of iron preparations prescribed increased only marginally (16%), suggesting that over-the-counter use of iron pills increased substantially. In addition to warning labels and child-resistant packaging, an aggressive educational plan directed at the general population and physicians should be instituted immediately.

Child, Preschool↗