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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Risk and influential factors of female breast cancer among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China].

To study whether prolonged or repeated low-dose ionizing radiation could induce female breast cancer, we analyzed the incidence and risk factors of breast cancer among female medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China by cohort study and case-control study nested in the cohort. The risk of breast cancer enhanced significantly than the control group. It occurred in those who engaged in X-ray work before 1960, those who have been worked more than 25 years and those who are exposed before age 30, however, the age of onset cancer did not advance. The significant risk factors are accumulative radiation dose of the breast, obesity and family history of breast cancer. In addition, interaction could exists between obesity, non-lactation history and occupational X-ray exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Early detection of breast cancer in Navarra. Diagnostic approach in women sent to a referral hospital].

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer screening programs represent an important increase in the number of patients to be evaluated and a higher proportion of subclinical lesions detected in reference hospitals. The authors' experience related to an early detection program initiated in Navarra, Spain (PDPCM) is herein presented. METHODS: The diagnoses made in 319 women referred from the PDPCM to the authors' hospital for mammographic suspicion of malignancy were reviewed. Directed surgical biopsy was carried out in 89 women (27.9%) without previous cytologic study. Fine needle aspiration punction and cytology (FNAP-cytology) were performed as the first diagnostic test in 216 lesions (67.7%) 53 of which were palpable and 163 nonpalpable. Aggressive techniques were not indicated in 14 cases (4.4%). RESULTS: A total of 136 carcinomas (42.6%) were diagnosed and benign lesions were find at biopsy in 112 (35.1%) women. The fifty-seven lesions (17.9%) which did not show malignancy on FNAP-cytology were not biopsied given the insufficient degree of suspicion. Only one false negative has appeared in this group from 27 to 48 months after the first consultation. The global diagnostic reliability was of 99.68%. CONCLUSIONS: Directed surgical biopsy is the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesions in early stages and is always necessary when there is medium or high radiologic suspicion of malignancy. Fine needle aspiration puncture is a very useful technique to confirm malignancy and to avoid unnecessary biopsies in low suspicion lesions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transabdominal and transurethral scanning in the diagnosis of the bladder cancer stage].

Diagnostic potential in staging cancer of the urinary bladder was evaluated in 54 relevant patients aged 37-74 for transabdominal versus transurethral ultrasound scanning. In transabdominal scanning stages T2 and T3 cannot be distinguished separately, stage T1 was recognized definitely in 66.6%, T2-T3 in 65.6%, T4 in 70% of cases. Transurethral scanning appeared valid in staging T1 in 91.6%, T2 in 88.8%, T3 in 92.8%, T4 in 90% of cases. Histological studies in 54 patients showed that transurethral scanning can provide accurate results in staging cancer of the urinary bladder in 90.7% of cases. The findings support clinical value of the method as highly informative in staging cancer of the bladder. Basing on both transabdominal and transurethral scanning, ultrasound picture for each stage of the cancer was characterized.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Human papillomavirus 16 DNA in cervical cancers and in lymph nodes of cervical cancer patients: a diagnostic marker for early metastases?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 is most prevalent in cervical cancers and also persists in metastases. We examined HPV16-DNA-positive primary cancers and several lymph nodes from each of 14 patients to evaluate the use of HPV16 DNA as a diagnostic marker for the detection of early node involvement. The HPV16 DNA was exclusively integrated in 39% of the primary cancers, predominantly episomal in 36%, and integrated and extrachromosomal to a similar extent in 25%. Thirteen of 16 involved lymph nodes contained HPV16 sequences. Integrated viral DNA showed the same pattern in primary tumors and in metastases. The level of extrachromosomal HPV16 DNA, however, appeared to be considerably reduced in some nodes. HPV16 DNA was also detected in 18 out of 59 histologically negative lymph nodes. This result recommends nucleic acid hybridization as a sensitive method for the detection of HPV-DNA-positive cancer cells. The prognostic significance of viral sequences in histologically negative nodes remains to be established.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1983

Diagnostic methods in lung cancer.

We feel that the guidelines described here reflect the state of the art at the time of writing (April 1982). The role of CT scanning is likely to evolve further and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) will probably play a significant role in the future. Experience, expertise, and equipment will vary from one hospital to another and thus rigid rules cannot reasonably be applied for the workup of suspected lung cancer. Ideally the diagnostic approach to an individual patient will be highly tailored, not only in regard to the nature of the pulmonary lesion, but also to his or her overall medical and social situation. We have found that a policy of early consultation between clinician and imaging specialist most readily facilitates effective use of available diagnostic resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Serum ceruloplasmin as a diagnostic marker of cancer.

The pursuit of the ideal tumor marker has generated many tests for use in the diagnosis and management of cancer, several of which are now widely available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility as a cancer marker of plasmatic levels of ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a glucoprotein that transports serum copper. A case-control design was used. Serum values were evaluated in 144 patients and 103 normal controls by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to define the optimal cut-off levels for the serum values of ceruloplasmin in the diagnosis of cancer. The ROC analysis showed that ceruloplasmin is considerably sensitive in men (80%) at the specificity level of 80.3% and in women the sensitivity (Se) was (63.2%) and the specificity (Sp) was (63.3%). According to this study, it would seem optimal to use the cut-off level of 358 mg/l in men and 383 mg/l in women. In conclusion, serum ceruloplasmin was significantly elevated in advanced stages of solid malignant tumors, however, locally advanced or locoregionally spreading tumors did lead to significant increases (P < 0.01). Finally, the results of ROC curve analysis suggest that the ceruloplasmin is characteristic of good diagnostic markers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in human cervical cancer cell-diagnostic cytological usefulness.

Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity in human cervical cancer cell nuclei was found to be approximately twice that of normal cervical cell nuclei. Using antipoly(ADP-ribose) antibody, frozen section of normal tissue were stained by indirect-immunofluorescence and it was demonstrated that the fluorescence of nuclei in squamous cells decreased during maturation. Correspondingly, superficial cells appearing in smear specimens had less nuclear fluorescence compared with parabasal cells in the same smear. However, cancer cells in cervical smears had marked nuclear fluorescence using immunostaining and were easily distinguished from normal cells.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2002

Gastric cancer: prognostic and diagnostic advances.

Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Only a limited number of biomarkers are available for detection and prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer. New advances in identifying molecular biomarkers are essential. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished according to their morphological and clinicopathological classifications (well-differentiated/intestinal type and poorly differentiated/diffuse type)--characteristics that can also be attributed to different oncogene activations. Many genes related to cell cycle regulation and signal transduction have been implicated in gastric cancer progression. In particular, there is convincing evidence that protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are involved in oncogenesis and disease progression. To learn more about the biological significance of all expressed PTKs in human cancers, an improved and more-comprehensive PTK profiling approach has been developed to discover additional PTKs activated in cancer cells. With the completion of the human genome project and the availability of cDNA microarrays or DNA chips, the entire human transcriptome can be used for elucidating genes responsible for human gastric cancer oncogenesis and progression.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Generation of PRL-3- and PRL-1-specific monoclonal antibodies as potential diagnostic markers for cancer metastases.

PURPOSE: The PRL-3 mRNA is consistently elevated in metastatic samples derived from colorectal cancers. We sought to generate a specific PRL-3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that might serve as a potential diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PRL-3 is one of three members (PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3) in a unique protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Because the three PRLs are 76% to 87% identical in their amino acid sequences, it poses a great challenge to obtain mAbs that are specific for respective phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) but not for the other two in the family. We screened over 1,400 hybridoma clones to generate mAbs specific to each PRL member. RESULTS: We obtained two hybridoma clones specifically against PRL-3 and another two clones specifically against PRL-1. These antibodies had been evaluated by several critical tests to show their own specificities and applications. Most importantly, the PRL-3 mAbs were assessed on 282 human colorectal tissue samples (121 normal, 17 adenomas, and 144 adenocarcinomas). PRL-3 protein was detected in 11% of adenocarcinoma samples. The PRL-3- and PRL-1-specific mAbs were further examined on 204 human multiple cancer tissues. The differential expressions of PRL-3 and PRL-1 confirmed the mAbs' specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Using several approaches, we show that PRL-3- or PRL-1-specific mAbs react only to their respective antigen. The expression of PRL-3 in >10% of primary colorectal cancer samples indicates that PRL-3 may prime the metastatic process. These mAbs will be useful as markers in clinical diagnosis for assessing tumor aggressiveness.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnostic methods used in breast neoplasms. Structure of the National Subprogram for Breast Cancer].

Different diagnostic methods used for the screening of breast cancer such as clinical examination of breasts, self-examination and mammography are reported. A detailed explanation is given regarding reasons for the indication of mammography which include latent symptoms in non-palpable lesions and asymptomatic cases, as well as the advantages of this diagnostic method. The structure and design of the Subprogram for Early and Preclinical Diagnosis of Breast Cancer are explained and data on the situation of breast cancer in the country are reported. The goal of the survey applied and the structure of the mobile car is briefly presented, as well as the management of the different classifications such as low, mid, high and very high risk. The purpose of this paper is to describe the developmental and supporting actions undertaken by the health staff, especially by the nursing and health promotion staff.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early gastric cancer: evaluation of diagnostic, clinicopathologic and therapeutic aspects in 60 cases.

A series of 60 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) operated on from 1.1.1971 to 31.5.1983 is reviewed; since three cases had two and another case even had three synchronous primitive neoplastic lesions, a total of 65 EGC are reported. A prevalence of the "ulcerated" types, a large variability of lesion size and a prevalence of location along the lesser curvature and the antrum was observed; 38 EGC (58.46%) were confined to the mucosa (m), 27 (41.54%) also involved the submucosa; histologically, 53 EGC (81.54%) were of the intestinal type, and 12 (18.46%) were of the diffuse type. Associated lesions, above all chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and adenomatous gastric polyps were often found. Clinical symptoms were not very specific (epigastric pain, abdominal distension, vomit, dyspepsia, GI hemorrhage) whereas x-ray and endoscopic evaluation had a very high diagnostic accuracy. Our policy is to perform curative resection for gastric cancer, in the form of partial or total gastrectomy with the removal of first level (n1) and second level (n2) lymph node groups and occasionally additional resection of enlarged lymph nodes in the tertiary (n3) group when metastases are suspected. All our patients have been followed up in order to detect any recurrences or metastases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection.

PURPOSE: Oral fluid (saliva) meets the demand for noninvasive, accessible, and highly efficient diagnostic medium. Recent discovery that a large panel of human RNA can be reliably detected in saliva gives rise to a novel clinical approach, salivary transcriptome diagnostics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of this new approach by using oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as the proof-of-principle disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Unstimulated saliva was collected from patients (n = 32) with primary T1/T2 OSCC and normal subjects (n = 32) with matched age, gender, and smoking history. RNA isolation was done from the saliva supernatant, followed by two-round linear amplification with T7 RNA polymerase. Human Genome U133A microarrays were applied for profiling human salivary transcriptome. The different gene expression patterns were analyzed by combining a t test comparison and a fold-change analysis on 10 matched cancer patients and controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate the selected genes that showed significant difference (P < 0.01) by microarray. The predictive power of these salivary mRNA biomarkers was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve and classification models. RESULTS: Microarray analysis showed there are 1,679 genes exhibited significantly different expression level in saliva between cancer patients and controls (P < 0.05). Seven cancer-related mRNA biomarkers that exhibited at least a 3.5-fold elevation in OSCC saliva (P < 0.01) were consistently validated by qPCR on saliva samples from OSCC patients (n = 32) and controls (n = 32). These potential salivary RNA biomarkers are transcripts of IL8, IL1B, DUSP1, HA3, OAZ1, S100P, and SAT. The combinations of these biomarkers yielded sensitivity (91%) and specificity (91%) in distinguishing OSCC from the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of salivary transcriptome diagnostics is successfully demonstrated in this study for oral cancer detection. This novel clinical approach could be exploited to a robust, high-throughput, and reproducible tool for early cancer detection. Salivary transcriptome profiling can be applied to evaluate its usefulness for other major disease applications as well as for normal health surveillance.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2002

Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology.

The A-bomb survivors represent the best source of data for risk estimates of radiation-induced cancer. It is clear that children are ten times more sensitive than adults to the induction of cancer. The introduction of helical CT has transformed diagnostic radiology, especially in pediatric patients. The undoubted benefits carry the price tag of much higher doses, and in children, even higher effective doses. The A-bomb data have "matured" and we now have cancer risk estimates for a dose range which coincides with the organ doses from pediatric CT. Individuals exposed 50 years ago to doses comparable to those associated with helical CT today, show a small but statistically significant excess incidence of cancer. There are no assumptions, and no extrapolations involved. An abdominal helical CT scan in a young girl results in a risk of fatal cancer later in life that amounts to about one in a thousand. The risk to the individual is small, and readily balanced by the medical benefits. The public health problem is, however, significant when the small individual risk is multiplied by the 2.7 million of such procedures performed annually. Every effort is needed to minimize doses by an appropriate choice of peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliampere-seconds (mAs), and at the same time to urge a more selective use of pediatric CT.

Adult↗