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PubMed2007

Analysis of the products from enzymatic scouring of cotton.

This article discusses the analysis of the hydrolysis products from one-step scouring of cotton using pectinase and two-step scouring of cotton using lipase then cellulase, protease then cellulase, or lipase/protease then cellulase, to improve water absorbency of cotton. UV spectrophotometric analysis indicated that the pectinase scouring process produced approximately 18-fold higher amounts of reducing sugars and galacturonic acid than any of the two-step scouring processes. The production rate of reducing sugars and galacturonic acid from most of the scouring processes showed a decrease with an increase in time. HPLC analysis revealed that the lipase/protease/cellulase scouring processes produced approximately 5-fold higher amounts of 17 amino acids than the pectinase scouring process. GC analysis for 18 fatty acids (C(8)-C(24)) revealed that three major fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and behenic acid, were found on both the scoured and the unscoured fabrics. Scoured fabrics were tested for content of proteins, extractable components, waxes, and anionic components including pectins, and some differences among the fabric scoured with different enzyme combinations were found.

Cellulase↗
PubMed2007

Wax removal for accelerated cotton scouring with alkaline pectinase.

A rational approach has been applied to design a new environmentally acceptable and industrially viable enzymatic scouring process. Owing to the substrate specificity, the selection of enzymes depends on the structure and composition of the substrate, i.e. cotton fibre. The structure and composition of the outer layers of cotton fibre has been established on the basis of thorough literature study, which identifies wax and pectin removal to be the key steps for successful scouring process. Three main issues are discussed here, i.e. benchmarking of the existing alkaline scouring process, an evaluation of several selected acidic and alkaline pectinases for scouring, and the effect of wax removal treatment on pectinase performance. It has been found that the pectinolytic capability of alkaline pectinases on cotton pectin is nearly 75% higher than that of acidic pectinases. It is concluded that an efficient wax removal prior to pectinase treatment indeed results in improved performance in terms of hydrophilicity and pectin removal. To evaluate the hydrophilicity, the structural contact angle (theta) was measured using an auto-porosimeter.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2002

Molecular tagging of a major QTL for fiber strength in Upland cotton and its marker-assisted selection.

Fiber is a basic raw material in the textile industry. The changes in spinning technology have in common the requirement of unique and often greater cotton fiber quality, especially strength, for processing. We used a Gossypium anomalum introgression line, 7235, characterized by good fiber quality properties, to identify molecular markers linked to fiber-strength QTLs. By the use of F(2) and F(3) populations derived from a cross between 7235 and TM-1, a genetic standard of Upland cotton, nine molecular markers, three SSRs and six RAPDs, were identified to be linked to two QTLs for fiber strength. One was a major QTL, QTL(FS1), detected both in Nanjing and Hainan, China, and the Texas College Station, USA. It was found to be associated with eight markers and explained more than 30% of the phenotypic variation. QTL(FS1) was mapped to chromosome 10. The major QTL in 7235 was identified to be transferred from an Acala 3080 cotton. The marker-assisted selection revealed that DNA markers linked to this QTL could be used in increasing the fiber strength of commercial cultivars.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Cotton-fiber germin-like protein. II: Immunolocalization, purification, and functional analysis.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains a germin-like protein (GLP), GhGLP1, that shows tissue-specific accumulation in fiber. The fiber GLP is an oligomeric, glycosylated protein with a subunit size of approximately 25.5 kDa. Accumulation of GhGLP1 occurs during the period of fiber elongation [4-14 days post-anthesis (DPA)]. During early phases of fiber development (2-4 DPA), GhGLP1 localizes to cytoplasmic vesicles as shown by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. In slightly older fibers (7-10 DPA), GhGLP1 localizes to the apoplast. In other plants, germins and GLPs have been reported to have enzymatic activities including oxalate oxidase (OxO), superoxide dismutase, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphatase. Cotton fiber extracts did not contain OxO activity, nor did intact fibers stain for OxO activity. A four-step purification protocol involving ammonium sulfate precipitation of a 1.0 M NaCl extract, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Trisacryl M, lectin-affinity chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography resulted in electrophoretically pure GhGLP1. While 1.0 M NaCl extracts from 10-14 DPA fiber contained superoxide dismutase and phosphodiesterase activities, GhGLP1 could be separated from both enzyme activities by the purification protocol. Although a GLP accumulates in the cotton fiber apoplast during cell elongation, the function of this protein in fiber growth and development remains unknown.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Localization of sucrose synthase and callose in freeze-substituted secondary-wall-stage cotton fibers.

Methods for cryogenic fixation, freeze substitution, and embedding were developed to preserve the cellular structure and protein localization of secondary-wall-stage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers accurately for the first time. Perturbation by specimen handling was minimized by freezing fibers still attached to a seed fragment within 2 min after removal of seeds from a boll still attached to the plant. These methods revealed native ultrastructure, including numerous active Golgi bodies, multivesicular bodies, and proplastids. Immunolocalization in the context of accurate structure was accomplished after freeze substitution in acetone only. Quantitation of immunolabeling identified sucrose synthase both near the cortical microtubules and plasma membrane and in a proximal exoplasmic zone about 0.2 microm thick. Immunolabeling also showed that callose (beta-1,3-glucan) was codistributed with sucrose synthase within this exoplasmic zone. Similar results were obtained from cultured cotton fibers. The distribution of sucrose synthase is consistent with its having a dual role in cellulose and callose synthesis in secondary-wall-stage cotton fibers.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2004

Functional genomics of cell elongation in developing cotton fibers.

Cotton fibers are single-celled seed trichomes of major economic importance. Factors that regulate the rate and duration of cell expansion control fiber morphology and important agronomic traits. For genetic characterization of rapid cell elongation in cotton fibers, approximately 14,000 unique genes were assembled from 46,603 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from developmentally staged fiber cDNAs of a cultivated diploid species ( Gossypium arboreum L.). Conservatively, the fiber transcriptome represents 35-40% of the genes in the cotton genome. In silico expression analysis revealed that rapidly elongating fiber cells exhibit significant metabolic activity, with the bulk of gene transcripts, represented by three major functional groups - cell wall structure and biogenesis, the cytoskeleton and energy/carbohydrate metabolism. Oligonucleotide microarrays revealed dynamic changes in gene expression between primary and secondary cell wall biogenesis showing that fiber genes in the dbEST are highly stage-specific for cell expansion - a conclusion supported by the absence of known secondary cell wall-specific genes from our fiber dbEST. During the developmental switch from primary to secondary cell wall syntheses, 2553 "expansion-associated" fiber genes are significantly down regulated. Genes (81) significantly up-regulated during secondary cell wall synthesis are involved in cell wall biogenesis and energy/carbohydrate metabolism, which is consistent with the stage of cellulose synthesis during secondary cell wall modification in developing fibers. This work provides the first in-depth view of the genetic complexity of the transcriptome of an expanding cell, and lays the groundwork for studying fundamental biological processes in plant biology with applications in agricultural biotechnology.

Cell Growth Processes↗
PubMed2005

Effects of farmyard manure and fertilizers on yield, fibre quality and nutrient balance of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).

Two-year field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilizer with or without farmyard manure (FYM) application on cotton productivity and fibre quality. A partial nutrient balance was calculated by the difference method (nutrient applied--crop removal). Seed cotton yield was improved with addition of FYM (5 Mg ha(-1)). Application of both N and P resulted in significant improvements in seed cotton yield than the control and without N plots (PK). Uniformity ratio and ginning outturn (GOT) was greater in the FYM amended plots than the plots without FYM. Nitrogen and P balance was positive in the fertilizer-N and P applied plots whereas K balance was negative in spite of the addition of fertilizer-K. Potassium balance was positive only when FYM was applied. These studies suggest that it is advantageous to apply FYM as it improves fibre yield by way of improved GOT and maintains a positive nutrient balance.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Surface properties of bamboo fiber and a comparison with cotton linter fibers.

In order to understand the different touch senses from bamboo and cotton fibers, the surface properties of bamboo fiber, e.g., the surface free energy, the Lifshitz-van der Waals force, and Lewis acid and base components have been determined using the column wicking technique. Taking the traditional cotton linter fiber as a reference, this paper shows that both these fibers have the similar surface free energies. However, a big difference between these two fibers which has been importantly observed is that the bamboo fiber having greater Lewis acid component seems to be double than the cotton linter fiber. Since water has been found to have such surface property, it is suggested that the bamboo fiber touch in the skin of people may like the touch between water and skin of people. Meanwhile, other surface properties of these two fibers are compared.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2006

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of nine cotton GhEF1A genes encoding translation elongation factor 1A.

The translation elongation factor 1A, eEF1A, plays an important role in protein synthesis, catalyzing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome by a GTP-dependent mechanism. To investigate the role of eEF1A for protein synthesis in cotton fiber development, nine different cDNA clones encoding eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A were isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber cDNA libraries. The isolated genes (cDNAs) were designated cotton elongation factor 1A gene GhEF1A1, GhEF1A2, GhEF1A3, GhEF1A4, GhEF1A5, GhEF1A6, GhEF1A7, GhEF1A8, GhEF1A9, respectively. They share high sequence homology at nucleotide level (71-99% identity) in the coding region and at amino acid level (96-99% identity) among each other. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the nine GhEF1A genes can be divided into 5-6 subfamilies, indicating the divergence occurred in structures of the genes as well as the deduced proteins during evolution. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that GhEF1A genes are differentially expressed in different tissues/organs. Of the nine GhEF1A genes, five are expressed at relatively high levels in young fibers. Further analysis indicated that expressions of the GhEF1As in fiber are highly developmental-regulated, suggesting that protein biosynthesis is very active at the early fiber elongation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Use of ultrasonic energy for intensification of the bio-preparation of greige cotton.

Raw unscoured cotton contains approximately 90% cellulose and various noncellulosic impurities such as waxes, pectins, proteins, and fats. To remove these hydrophobic noncellulosics and produce a highly absorbent fiber that can be dyed and finished uniformly, the greige cotton is traditionally processed with relatively harsh and environmentally unfriendly chemicals. New bio-preparation processes that utilize highly specific enzymes instead of conventional organic/inorganic chemicals are becoming increasingly popular in the textile industry. The major shortcoming of this new technology is that the processing time is much longer than the conventional method. This limitation was overcome by use of ultrasound energy in combination with enzyme processing. The combined enzyme/ultrasound bio-preparation of greige cotton offers significant advantages such as less consumption of expensive enzymes, shorter processing time, better uniformity of treatment and a notable decrease in the amount and toxicity of the resulting textile wastewater effluents.

Cotton Fiber↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simple and effective method for producing nonrandom peptide libraries using cotton as a carrier in continuous flow peptide synthesizers.

A method has been developed for generating nonrandom peptide libraries on cotton. Disks of cotton fabric were chemically modified to enable peptide synthesis. Incorporation of a 6-aminocaproic acid residue handle on the cellulose turned out to be advantageous. Disks were labeled with silver ink, stacked one on top of another in a continuous flow peptide synthesizer column, and simultaneously subjected to automated synthesis procedures. Depending on the sequences to be synthesized, the automatic synthesis procedure was stopped, and the disks were removed from the column, sorted, and reapplied to subsequent synthesis steps. In this way, individual peptides could be easily prepared in milligram quantities on each of the cotton disks.

Automation↗
PubMed2003

Oil removal from water by sorption on hydrophobic cotton fibers. 2. Study of sorption properties in dynamic mode.

The recovery of oil from an oil-in-water emulsion, during a flow through a bed of cotton rendered hydrophobic by acylation of cellulose was defined by sorption and coalescence phenomena. During percolation, the column "hold-up" (difference between injected and rejected oil) became constant at the equilibrium volume, i.e., as soon as the instant oil concentration in the effluent (C) was equal to the oil concentration in the initial emulsion (C0). This equilibrium permitted the measurement of the cotton sorption capacity (SC), which increased with C0 up to the cotton saturation. The oil-water separation improved at a lower temperature, lower flow, a deeper medium, and larger oil drops. The system was modeled as a piston flow-through in order to generalize the results.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

The measurement and health impact of endotoxin contamination in organic dusts from multiple sources: focus on the cotton industry.

Endotoxin is derived from Gram-negative bacterial membranes, and its inflammatory effects following inhalation are well characterized. The significance of this fact becomes apparent when the wide-ranging environments containing high levels of this microbial product are considered. Endotoxin is present in numerous industrial environments, especially where organic fibers are processed. Microbial contamination of these fibers mainly occurs at the agricultural stage. Materials such as flax and hemp are affected in this way, but the most important product in this context is cotton, from which chronic dust inhalation causes the disease byssinosis. Despite the fact that endotoxin constitutes a significant threat to public health, there are currently no occupational exposure limits for this toxicant. This communication describes the toxicology of endotoxin, and its role in inhalation-induced disease, focusing on measurement of airborne endotoxin in the occupational and domestic environments using the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) enzyme assay. Following the success of the LAL assay for measuring endotoxin in dusts, our laboratory has examined its application to aqueous washes from cotton fibers. Reproducibility of the results was high, and data are presented displaying levels of endotoxin contamination in fibers from different cotton producing countries. Hence, worldwide comparison of industrial endotoxin concentrations can be readily made using this test. It would be highly desirable if the performance of the LAL assay facilitated introduction of industrial endotoxin safety limits, and in spite of minor surmountable shortcomings, the test is accurate, reliable, and well field-tested, so its continued widespread use may achieve this goal.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Heterogeneous decomposition of indoor ammonia in a photoreactor with TiO2-finished cotton fabrics.

Addition of urea-based antifreeze admixtures during cement mixing can make it possible to concrete cement in construction of buildings in cold weather. This, however has led to increasing indoor air pollution due to continuous transformation and emission from urea to gaseous ammonia in indoor concrete walls. In order to control ammonia from indoor concrete walls, aqueous dispersion of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) was prepared and mixed with silicone additive to establish a treating bath. Cotton fabrics were finished with this treating bath by using pad-dry-cure process and then characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer, Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscope. The gaseous ammonia was derived from an environmental condition simulated chamber. The heterogeneous decomposition of gaseous ammonia by UV/TiO2 process in an annular photoreactor fixed with the TiO2-coated cotton fabric was studied under various dosages of aqueous nano-TiO2 dispersion, initial ammonia concentration, relative humidity and gas flow rate. A design equation of surface catalytic kinetics was developed for describing the decomposition of ammonia in air streams by UV/TiO2 process at given operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that increasing dosage of aqueous nano-TiO2 dispersion improved the ammonia decomposition of cotton fabric, which was prepared. At a constant temperature of 25 degrees C, ammonia in the air stream was effective removed by decreasing initial ammonia concentration and gas flow rate. For moisture in the range of 15-65%, when the relatively humidity level was increased to 45%, the decomposition of ammonia was remarkably enhanced, and the decomposition of ammonia could be inhibited by excessive moisture.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of five differentially expressed gene families in fast elongating cotton fiber.

Using the suppression subtractive hybridization method, we isolated five gene families, including proline-rich proteins (PRPs), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), expansins, tubulins and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), from fast elongating cotton fiber cells. Expression profile analysis using cDNA array technology showed that most of these gene families were highly expressed during early cotton fiber developmental stages (0 C20 days post anthesis, DPA). Many transcripts accumulated over 50-fold in 10 DPA fiber cells than in 0 DPA samples. The entire gene family --AGP, together with 20 individual members in other 4 gene families, are reported in cotton for the first time. Accumulation of cell wall proteins, wall loosening enzymes, microtubules and lipid transfer protein may contribute directly to the elongation and development of fiber cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Expression profiling identifies genes expressed early during lint fibre initiation in cotton.

Cotton fibres are a subset of single epidermal cells that elongate from the seed coat to produce the long cellulose strands or lint used for spinning into yarn. To identify genes that might regulate lint fibre initiation, expression profiles of 0 days post-anthesis (dpa) whole ovules from six reduced fibre or fibreless mutants were compared with wild-type linted cotton using cDNA microarrays. Numerous clones were differentially expressed, but when only those genes that are normally expressed in the ovule outer integument (where fibres develop) were considered, just 13 different cDNA clones were down-regulated in some or all of the mutants. These included: a Myb transcription factor (GhMyb25) similar to the Antirrhinum Myb AmMIXTA, a putative homeodomain protein (related to Arabidopsis ATML1), a cyclin D gene, some previously identified fibre-expressed structural and metabolic genes, such as lipid transfer protein, alpha-expansin and sucrose synthase, as well as some unknown genes. Laser capture microdissection and reverse transcription-PCR were used to show that both the GhMyb25 and the homeodomain gene were predominantly ovule specific and were up-regulated on the day of anthesis in fibre initials relative to adjacent non-fibre ovule epidermal cells. Their spatial and temporal expression pattern therefore coincided with the time and location of fibre initiation. Constitutive overexpression of GhMyb25 in transgenic tobacco resulted in an increase in branched long-stalked leaf trichomes. The involvement of cell cycle genes prompted DNA content measurements that indicated that fibre initials, like leaf trichomes, undergo DNA endoreduplication. Cotton fibre initiation therefore has some parallels with leaf trichome development, although the detailed molecular mechanisms are clearly different.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of endodontist versus generalist regarding preference for postendodontic use of cotton pellets in pulp chamber.

A degree of uncertainty exists about the use of cotton pellets in the pulp chamber after canal obturation. The purpose of this study was to poll practicing endodontists and generalists regarding their preference. Forty-six endodontists and an equal number of general dentists were polled in a mail survey regarding their preferences for the use of a cotton pellet in the pulp chamber after canal obturation. Eighty-seven percent of the endodontists and 54% of the generalists responded. Of the endodontists, 62.5% said they thought that the general dentist wanted a cotton pellet, contrasted to 80% of the generalists. The difference in proportions was not statistically significant.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Suppression of sucrose synthase gene expression represses cotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and seed development.

Cotton is the most important textile crop as a result of its long cellulose-enriched mature fibers. These single-celled hairs initiate at anthesis from the ovule epidermis. To date, genes proven to be critical for fiber development have not been identified. Here, we examined the role of the sucrose synthase gene (Sus) in cotton fiber and seed by transforming cotton with Sus suppression constructs. We focused our analysis on 0 to 3 days after anthesis (DAA) for early fiber development and 25 DAA, when the fiber and seed are maximal in size. Suppression of Sus activity by 70% or more in the ovule epidermis led to a fiberless phenotype. The fiber initials in those ovules were fewer and shrunken or collapsed. The level of Sus suppression correlated strongly with the degree of inhibition of fiber initiation and elongation, probably as a result of the reduction of hexoses. By 25 DAA, a portion of the seeds in the fruit showed Sus suppression only in the seed coat fibers and transfer cells but not in the endosperm and embryo. These transgenic seeds were identical to wild-type seeds except for much reduced fiber growth. However, the remaining seeds in the fruit showed Sus suppression both in the seed coat and in the endosperm and embryo. These seeds were shrunken with loss of the transfer cells and were <5% of wild-type seed weight. These results demonstrate that Sus plays a rate-limiting role in the initiation and elongation of the single-celled fibers. These analyses also show that suppression of Sus only in the maternal seed tissue represses fiber development without affecting embryo development and seed size. Additional suppression in the endosperm and embryo inhibits their own development, which blocks the formation of adjacent seed coat transfer cells and arrests seed development entirely.

Cell Division↗