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PubMed1989

Determination of the transfer of cesium and iodine from feed into domestic animals.

The transfer of 131I and 137Cs, released after the Chernobyl accident, into domestic animals was studied experimentally in order to determine transfer coefficients from feed into animal products under realistic conditions. The 137Cs transfer coefficients for meat were calculated to be: 0.01 d/kg beef (cow), 0.038 d/kg beef (heifer), 0.038 d/kg beef (bull), 0.35 d/kg veal, 0.4 d/kg pork, 0.33 d/kg sheep, 0.28 d/kg fallow deer and 1.3 d/kg chicken. The transfer coefficients for cow's milk were calculated to be 0.007 d/1 (131I) and 0.003 d/1 (137Cs), and for sheep's milk 0.06 d/1 (137Cs). In egg-white and yolk transfer coefficients for 137Cs of 0.2 and 0.1 d/kg, respectively, could be determined. Biological half-lives and the influence of feed additives on the activity concentrations in meat and animal products are described.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

Cesium-137 in moose diet; considerations on intake and accumulation.

An attempt was made to estimate the daily intake of 137Cs by moose during different months and seasons, and to compare this result with the 137Cs activity concentration in moose muscles. Plants representative of moose diet in central Sweden showed a high 137Cs activity concentration compared with plants from agricultural systems, and there appears to be very slow reduction of 137Cs activity concentration in these forest plants. It seems that the daily intake of 137Cs was low during the summer, but it exhibited a peak in the autumn, which corresponds to the 137Cs activity concentration in moose muscles and also coincides with the hunting season.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Specific cesium activity in freshwater fish and the size effect.

The specific Cs-137 activity of muscle tissue of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from the cooling pond of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caught in 1987 and 1988 increased almost linearly with fish weight ("size effect") in contrast to liver tissue, whose specific activity remained independent of weight. A kinetic model for uptake and excretion was developed to describe the size effect in muscle tissue by introducing a weight-dependent Cs biological half-time to fish. Similar size effects of specific Cs-137 activity were also found for other species of fish from the cooling pond, but were primarily attributed to changes in feeding habits with increasing weight of fish rather than to metabolic changes, since the specific Cs-137 activity both of muscle and liver tissue increased with fish weight for those species in contrast to silver carp.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

The transfer of cesium-137 and strontium-90 from soil to food crops after the Chernobyl accident.

The soil to plant transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr was studied at seven locations in Finland over 4 and 2 years, respectively. The plant/soil concentration ratio of 137Cs for field crops in the southern area (60 degrees-63 degrees N) ranged from 0.001 to 0.26 and in the northern area (64 degrees-67 degrees N) from 0.01 to 2.29, and that of 90 Sr in the whole area from 0.02 to 2.44. The mean concentration ratio of 90Sr was about nine times higher than that of 137Cs in the southern area. The concentration ratio of 137Cs for leaf vegetables fluctuated between years, and that for carrot, potato and especially cereals decreased gradually after the first year. In the fourth year, the mean concentration ratio of 137Cs in the southern area was about 60% of the first year value for coarse mineral soils and 80% of that for clay and silt soils. There was no difference in the average 90Sr ratios between the 2 years studied. The concentration ratio of 137Cs was lower for clay and silt soils than for coarse mineral soils, and the 90Sr ratio was lowest for organic soils. The concentration ratio of 137Cs for vegetables and grain decreased in the order: lettuce, cabbage > carrot, potato > cereals, onion; for fruits in the order: blackcurrant > strawberry > apple, and the concentration ratio of 90Sr decreased in the order: lettuce, cabbage > carrot, onion > cereals > potato.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1996

Burning radionuclide question: what happens to iodine, cesium and chlorine in biomass fires?

Fires can mobilize radionuclides from contaminated biomass through suspension of gases and particles in the atmosphere or solubilization and enrichment of the ash. Field and laboratory burns were conducted to determine the fate of I, Cs and Cl in biomass fires. Straw, wood, peat, dulse (seaweed) and radish plants were combusted with temperatures varying from 160 to 1000 degrees C, representing the normal range of field fire temperatures. Loss to the atmosphere increased with fire temperature and during a typical field fire, 80-90% of the I and Cl, and 40-70% of the Cs was lost to the atmosphere. The remainder was left behind in the ash and was soluble. Typically, the ash was enriched in I by a factor of two to three, with higher enrichments of Cs and lower enrichments of Cl, when compared to the initial fuel concentration during field burns. Most of the I was lost to the atmosphere as a gas. If the elements were radioactive isotopes, such as 129I, 137Cs and 36Cl, fires could cause an increased radiological dose to people through inhalation, exposure to ash, or ingestion of plants because of increased uptake of ash leachate.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1978

Cesium and rubidium salts: effects on voluntary intake of ethanol by the rat.

The effects of RbCl and CsCl on voluntary intake of ethanol solution by rats preferring ethanol solution 5% (w/w) over water as the drinking fluid was studied as a function of the dose given and the vehicle injected. Administration of RbCl or CsCl, 0.5 mEq/kg/day or 1.5 mEq/kg/day for three consecutive days, did not alter amounts of ethanol consumed. Repeated administration of RbCl or CsCl, 3.0 mEq/kg/day for three days, produced some moderate reduction in ethanol consumption. Simultaneous injection of RbCl (1.5 mEq/kg) and CsCl (1.5 mEq/kg) resulted in greater and profound lasting decrease in ethanol drinking. The later treatment did not alter specific activities of rat liver alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenase from saline treated controls. In general, dissolving the chloride salt of the alkali metals in saline resulted in greater effects on ethanol drinking than that determined after identical dose injected with water as the vehicle. The possible mechanism(s) underlying the effects of alkali metal salts used are suggested.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1984

Biochemical aspects of cesium administration in tumor-bearing mice.

The effect of pretreatment with CsCl on mice bearing sarcoma I implants was studied as a function of duration of treatment period, life span and tissue Cs+ and K+ levels. Treatment with CsCl for 14 consecutive days prior to sarcoma implantation resulted in initial reduction of the tumor-mediated mortality compared to controls and to a one week pretreatment period with identical doses of CsCl. A large accumulation of endogenous K+ was noted in tumor mass compared to nonmalignant tissue of the same animals or to tumor-free controls receiving identical Cs-treatment. The entry of exogenously administered Cs+ into malignant tissue was less than that accumulating in respective controls. The accumulation of Cs+ in tumor mass was dose-dependent. The ratio of K+:C+ was greater in tumor tissue than in nonmalignant tissue. The results suggest that a critical balance between these alkali metals may be required for adequate Cs effect against the tumor studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of cesium and potassium salts on survival of rats bearing Novikoff hepatoma.

The effect of CsCl on the life span of female Sprague-Dawley rats innoculated with Novikoff's hepatoma was studied as a function of both pre- and post-treatment with CsCl and as a function of the inoculant dose. The effect of KCl on the CsCl treatment was also studied. Rats treated with CsCl for 12 consecutive days prior to or immediately after inoculation with 1.0 ml of viable hepatoma cell suspension showed an increase in mortality score from corresponding controls. Conversely, increases in the dose of the inoculant resulted in delaying the onset of toxicity in rats receiving the Cs-treatment after inoculation as evidenced by a decrease in mortality. Availability of KCl in drinking water ad lib further decreased total mortality when given alone but not when combined with CsCl. The results indicate a dose-dependent paradoxical effect of CsCl on Novikoff hepatoma cell toxicity and suggest a critical intercellular balance requirement between Cs+ and K+ on the effect studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of cesium and ethanol on tumor bearing rats.

The effect of separate and combined administration of 15% ethanol and 0.2% CsCl solution on life span of rats with Novikoff hepatoma implants was studied as a function of time of initiation of treatment. Pretreatment with CsCl alone or combined with ethanol resulted in earlier onset on morbidity compared to the ethanol-treatment or to controls. As high as 87.5% of Cs-treated animals died 16 days post tumor implantation compared to 33% of rats receiving CsCl and ethanol combined. This protective action of ethanol against Cs-evoked toxicity in tumor-bearing rats persisted through the experiment. Animals subjected to drug treatment immediately after tumor transplantation displayed delayed onset of morbidity compared to drug pretreated rats. In both cases the Cs-treatment enhanced morbidity by approximately 2 folds from corresponding controls. Animals sacrificed 18 days post tumor inoculation showed an induction of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and an increase in Vmax without changes in the apparent Km by the Cs-treatment. There was an increase in liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase of hepatoma-bearing rats from tumor-free controls which was associated with an increase in the apparent Km value. The results indicate potentiation of the hepatoma toxicity by CsCl which may be minimized by ethanol. A role for hepatic enzymes determined in the pathogenesis of tumor line studied and/or their use as a biochemical correlate is suggested.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1984

Lithium, rubidium and cesium: cerebral pharmacokinetics and alcohol interactions.

The distribution of exogenously administered Li+, Rb+ and Cs+ in distinct mouse brain regions was studied as a function of time subsequent termination of a short-term daily treatment with these alkali metal salts. The resulting distribution profiles were compared with that obtained from the corresponding endogenous alkali metals. Endogenous Rb+ and Cs+ were readily measurable in all 6 brain regions studied compared to traces of measurable Li+. The Rb+ concentration was greater than that of Cs+. Short-term treatment with equal doses of the alkali metals studied showed greater brain accumulation of Rb+ and Cs+ than Li+ with a prolonged brain regions preference for Cs+ storages as a function of time. Duration of ethanol-mediated narcosis was reduced from saline controls by pretreatment with RbCl or CsCl as contrasted with prolongation by LiCl. The narcotic dosage of ethanol used reduced endogeneous Li+ and increased Cs+ levels in the cerebellum. This massive ethanol dosage exerted little effect on the distribution of exogenously administered Cs+ with exception of the striatum which continued to show a high content of Cs+. This may have contributed to partial antagonism of ethanol-depressant action and to restoring of motor function, i.e., rapid regaining of righting reflex. The results showed that Cs+ possessed longer biological life time in the brain than Rb+ or Li+ which may be of therapeutic value, i.e., in the use of Cs salts in treatment of brain tumors and in conjunction with psychoactive agents provided the respective chemotherapeutic and antidepressant properties of CsCl have been established.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of bacterial plasmids by density gradient centrifugation in cesium trifluoroacetate (CsTFA) without the use of ethidium bromide.

Plasmids extracted from bacterial cells by alkaline extraction can easily be isolated from linear DNA by isopycnic centrifugation in CsTFA. This is a fast and simple method which circumvents the use of the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide, and consequently the problems associated with its removal. The buoyant densities for covalently closed circular DNA and linear DNA in CsTFA are 1.60 g/ml and 1.65 g/ml, respectively. The isolation is achieved regardless of plasmid size and can be accomplished at temperatures of between 4 and 30 degrees C. Plasmid DNA isolated in gradients of CsTFA are of a high purity and have been found to be intact when cleaved with restriction enzymes and ligated with T4 DNA ligase.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1994

Cesium uptake studies on human erythrocytes.

The uptake of Cs+ ions into the erythrocytes of abstemious volunteers and of alcoholic patients was followed using 133Cs NMR. The uptake rates are approximately linear with a rate of 0.33 mM.h-1 at an extracellular Cs+ concentration of 10 mM. There is no discernible difference in the uptake rate between the two classes of subject despite earlier reports that Cs+ distribution is different and consequently that Cs+ transport might be anomalous in alcoholics. There is no evidence of saturation of the input rate and Cs(+)-loaded cells retain their Cs+ when incubated in a Cs(+)-free buffer, strongly suggesting that there is no transport mechanism for the removal of Cs+ from the erythrocyte. Experiments designed to ascertain which intracellular ion is being replaced by Cs+ indicate that it predominantly displaces K+.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1994

Human micronucleus counts are correlated with age, smoking, and cesium-137 dose in the Goiânia (Brazil) radiological accident.

A random sample of 276 people representing control, direct exposure, and probable indirect exposure in the Goiânia, Brazil radiological accident was examined using micronuclei as indicators of cytogenetic damage. The Goiânia subjects were analyzed for interactions of age, lifestyle, and ionizing radiation dose. Increases in micronucleus frequencies were most strongly correlated with the dose of ionizing radiation, but age, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits also affected micronucleus frequencies. Despite these additional influences, micronucleus frequencies can be useful as biological dosimeters.

Accidents↗