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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Effects of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on arterial blood gases in patients with stable COPD].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of inhaled salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on arterial blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We measured arterial blood gases and spirometry after inhalation of salbutamol (200 micro g) or ipratropium bromide (36 micro g) in 25 patients with COPD. After at least 2 days of washout period, the same patients inhaled the other drug, and the procedure of study was repeated. Blood specimens were taken just before the inhalation and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90,120 minutes after inhalation, and spirometry was done before and 60 minutes after inhalation. Both drugs caused a small decrease in PaO(2) levels, however the decrease in PaO(2) after inhalation of salbutamol was significantly higher than that after ipratropium (p< 0.05). Both drugs caused a little, but not statistically significant decrease in D(A-a)DO(2) and PaCO(2) (p> 0.05). There were a little increase in FEV1 and FVC at 60 minutes after inhalation of both drugs, especially with salbutamol, compared to ipratropium bromide; but both increases were statistically insignificant (p> 0.05). The results revealed that, salbutamol caused a significant, but small and transient decrease in PaO2 and a little, but insignificant increase in D(A-a)DO(2) when used in recommended doses. Although salbutamol and ipratropium bromide which are used in treatment of COPD, can cause small decreases in PaO(2) after inhalation, the declines are trancient and clinically insignificant.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

Kinetics of reaction between phenothiazine dye/methylene green and peroxydisulphate ion in presence of bromide ion.

The rate of nuclear bromination was observed when the methylene green reacts with peroxydisulphate ion in presence of bromide ion. The reaction obeys zero order kinetics in the dye whereas first order kinetics in peroxodisulphate and bromide ion. The reaction was studied at various ionic strengths and temperatures to find out the effect of ionic strength on rate of nuclear brominating and energy of activation. The kinetics pertains to the rate determining stage of peroxydisulphate-bromide reaction. The study in different concentration of bromide and peroxydisulphate has shown that the rate constant increases by increasing the ionic strength and temperature of the system. The effect of ionic strength on the activation parameters was also studied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Is there any difference between effects of ipratropium bromide and formoterol on exercise capacity in moderate COPD patients?

The effects of anticholinergic agents or long acting beta(2)-agonists on exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) improves various out come measures but there is not enough double-blind study which included comparison of different medications. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ipratropium bromide and formoterol on exercise capacity and also to determine the relationship between this improvement in functional parameters and exercise capacity for each treatment in patients with COPD. This study was performed as randomized, double blind and two period crossover design. Ten volunteer stable COPD patients were recruited from outpatient COPD clinic. At the initial visit medical data were recorded. One week later baseline measurements; pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed, afterwards, patients received ipratropium bromide 40 microg four times a day or formoterol 12 microg two times a day for two weeks. After a washout period, medications were crossed for another two weeks. After each of treatment period, all tests were performed. Nine subjects were male and mean age was 51.1 +/- 5.45 years, all of them were heavy smokers, level of COPD was mild to moderate (FEV(1)= 69%, FEV(1)/FVC= 68%). While formoterol significantly improved FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC %, ipratropium significantly improved FEV(1), FEF(25-75), peak oxygen uptake and minute ventilation. Moreover, both of the medications increased exercise time. There were no differences between effects of ipratropium bromide and formoterol on exercise capacity and functional parameters. We observed that ipratropium bromide and formoterol have similar improvement in exercise capacity in COPD patients. The improvement in exercise capacity also correlated with increase in FEV(1).

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of bronchodilatation produced by an anticholinergic (ipratropium bromide), a beta-2 adrenergic (fenoterol) and their combination in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease. An open trial.

Fenoterol hydrobromide (200 micrograms), ipratropium bromide (40 micrograms) and a combination of the two in the same dosage were administered by metered dose inhaler on 3 separate days to 20 patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. On each day, baseline forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and mid maximum flow rate (MMFR) were recorded. The values were again recorded after administration of the drug at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Side effects if any were recorded. There was a significant increase from baseline in FVC and FEV1 with all the three regimens at 15, 30 and 45 minutes. However, the rise in MMFR was significant only with ipratropium bromide and the combination regimen. At 60 minutes, the rise in FVC, FEV1 and MMFR was significant only with the combination regimen. There was no significant change in the PEFR values at any time with any drug. The difference in rise in all the four parameters with the 3 regimens was not statistically significant. No side effects were noted. Thus, a combination fenoterol and ipratropium bromide produced a more prolonged bronchodilatation, and ipratropium bromide perhaps acts both in the major (indicated by rise in FEV1) and small airways (measured by MMFR).

Aerosols↗
PubMed1990

Vasomotor rhinitis and the systemic absorption of ipratropium bromide.

Plasma concentrations of nasally administered ipratropium bromide were analyzed in 10 subjects suffering from severe vasomotor rhinitis and 10 age-sex matched control subjects. The rate of salivary secretion and heart rate were monitored in order to measure systemic anticholinergic effects. A total dose of 360 micrograms of ipratropium bromide (60 micrograms into each nostril, repeated twice at 15 min intervals) were administered nasally to the subjects in randomized order. Ipratropium bromide was rapidly absorbed from the nasal mucosa into the systemic circulation in both groups. The peak plasma concentrations were detected within 10 min after the last drug administration. The peak concentrations were about 50% higher (380 +/- 153 pg/ml) in patients than in control subjects (245 +/- 134 pg/ml). The AUCs/0-15 min (1970 +/- 1140 pg/ml X min) in patients were about 100% higher than in the control subjects (960 +/- 560 pg/ml X min). During the experiment there was a small decrease in the heart rate (8 bpm) and salivary secretion (10%) in both groups. In conclusion, the vasomotor rhinitis increases the systemic absorption of nasally administered ipratropium bromide, but the small increase in the absorption is not likely to have any clinical consequences.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1990

Different effects of atropine and cimetropium bromide on gastric emptying of liquids and antroduodenal motor activity in man.

Atropine (1 mg intravenously) and a new antimuscarinic compound, cimetropium bromide (5 mg intravenously), as well as placebo (physiological saline) were tested for their effects on gastric emptying and antroduodenal motility in healthy humans. In a first single-blind cross-over study, the emptying rate was assessed in 12 subjects by measuring paracetamol absorption. In a second single-blind parallel-group study, antroduodenal motor activity was measured in 20 subjects through four perfused open tip catheters with orifices positioned in the antroduodenal region. Atropine, unlike cimetropium bromide, significantly delayed gastric emptying. Antral and duodenal motility index was reduced significantly by atropine, but not by cimetropium bromide. Heart rate significantly increased only after atropine. Three subjects taking atropine complained of dry mouth and one of blurred vision. In conclusion, the results of these studies show that atropine, unlike cimetropium bromide, strongly inhibits gastric emptying of liquids and reduces antroduodenal motor activity in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of N-propylajmaline bromide on the normal and abnormal automatism of Purkinje fibers in the dog].

The effects of prajmalium bromide on normal and abnormal automaticity were studied in Purkinje fibers from dog hearts at late stages of experimental myocardial infarction. Prajmalium bromide (1.2 micromol/l) moderately reduced the frequency of normal and abnormal automaticity by 16 and 20% respectively. Prajmalium bromide induced early after-depolarizations, increased the frequency of spontaneous firing and decreased the maximum diastolic potential in the fibers that initially developed the automaticity of an intermediate type between normal and abnormal. It is suggested that antiarrhythmic effects of prajmalium bromide in the late stage of experimental myocardial infarction are not related to the influence of the drug on the abnormal automaticity in Purkinje fibers.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Octylonium bromide interacts competitively with the PAF receptor.

To clarify the nature of the interaction of octylonium bromide with the PAF receptor, saturation studies of 3H-PAF binding were made in the presence of increasing concentrations of the radioligand (from 0.06 to 7.4 nM) and of octylonium bromide (1 X 10(-8), 5 X 10(-8) and 1 X 10(-7) M) or of a potent PAF antagonist L 652,731 (2.5 X 10(-7) M), or in the absence of competing drugs. Saturation binding data were plotted according to the non-linear fitting analysis and to Scatchard transformation. Both mathematical models indicated that the presence of added drugs decreased the affinity of the complex 3H-PAF/PAF receptors, leaving unaffected the maximum number of PAF binding sites. Receptor parameters in the absence of competitors were: KD = 1.2 nM, Bmax = 950 fmoles 3H-PAF bound/10(8) platelets. Octylonium bromide increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, KD values from 1.5 to 2.1 nM, while Bmax ranged from 910 to 980 fmoles 3H-PAF specifically bound/10(8) platelets. Likewise, L 652,731 did not influence Bmax (980 fmoles) but increased KD (1.9 nM). The binding behaviour of octylonium bromide and L 652,731 indicates that the two compounds inhibit competitively the binding of 3H-PAF to its receptors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Octylonium bromide, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor.

Octylonium bromide, a spasmolytic agent in clinical use for the treatment of increased tone and/or motility of the gastrointestinal tract, was examined for its ability to antagonize some biological actions of platelet-activating factor. It was found capable of inhibiting, in a concentration- or dose-dependent fashion, the platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma, bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs, hypotension in rats and lethality in mice, its potency being between 1/15 and 1/50 that of WEB 2086. On the other hand, octylonium bromide was not capable of inhibiting the platelet-activating factor-induced contraction of guinea-pig lung parenchymal strips, an effect which is inhibited by WEB 2086 only at high concentrations. It is worth mentioning that octylonium bromide antagonized endotoxin-induced gastrointestinal damage, known to be due to platelet-activating factor release, at doses comparable to those which exert a spasmolytic effect in man. The role of platelet-activating factor in human gastrointestinal disorders has not yet been clearly established and, therefore, the clinical implications of this property of octylonium bromide are at the moment unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Results of prifinium bromide therapy in irritable bowel syndrome.

An open clinical trial with prifinium bromide, an anticholinergic agent, was carried out in 21 patients with irritable bowel syndrome showing clear psychosomatic characteristics. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by comparing the symptomatic severity before, during, and after treatment with prifinium bromide, 90 mg/day for four weeks. Of these 21 patients, 18 patients were allowed to take antacids or lactobacillus preparations concomitantly only when necessary. As a result, marked or moderate improvement in symptoms such as diarrhea and constipation was seen in 43% after two weeks and 86% after four weeks. Prifinium bromide's efficacy in the treatment of abnormal bowel movements was most evident in patients with diarrhea and slightly less evident in patients with alternation of diarrhea and constipation, and in constipated patients. Side effects attributable to the drug were encountered in four (19%) of the patients. None were serious enough to require that use of the drug be discontinued. All laboratory test values were within normal ranges before and after therapy. Overall, prifinium bromide was judged to be useful in 14 (67%) of the 21 patients studied.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Dehydration of 2-hydroxy(ethoxy)-2-aryl-N.N-penta(tetra) methylenemorpholinium bromides.

Dehydration of 2-hydroxy(ethoxy)-2-aryl-N.N-penta(tetra) methylenemorpholinium bromide was achieved either by heating (175 degrees C) the compound with catalytic amounts of hydrobromic acid, or by refluxing the compound in a glacial acetic acid-hydrogen bromide mixture or by treating it with phosphorus tribromide at room temperature. In the acetic acid-hydrogenbromide method, the product was accompanied by N-bromoethyl(carbethoxy)-N-phenacylmorpholinium bromide, while strong heating (210 degrees C) of the title compounds or reflux in xylene yielded N-2-bromoethylpiperidine hydrobromide. Under the latter conditions, N-methyl-N-phenacylpiperidinium bromide gave similarly N-methylpiperidine hydrobromide. A preliminary biologic activity study in the synthesized compounds has also been conducted.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1987

Duration of protection by oxitropium bromide against cholinergic challenge.

In order to determine the duration of action of the inhaled anticholinergic agent oxitropium bromide, a controlled study of the effect of pre-treatment with oxitropium bromide 200 micrograms against cholinergic challenge was carried out in ten asthmatic subjects (6 children, 4 adults). After baseline measurements of lung function (FEV1 and sGaw) and methacholine PC20 (the concentration of methacholine to produce a 20% fall in FEV1) oxitropium bromide or placebo were inhaled double-blind on 2 separate days. Lung function and methacholine PC20 were then measured at 1, 3 and 6 h post dosing. Oxitropium bromide caused significant protection from methacholine challenge for 6 h (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of pancuronium bromide on the adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes in vitro].

Infection is still an important problem following surgery. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) play a vital role in host defenses against invading bacteria; thus, adverse effects on PMN caused by anesthetic agents are of general interest. In this study, we examined the influence of pancuronium bromide on PMN adherence in vitro. Heparinized venous blood samples were obtained from 18 healthy male adult donors. Each specimen was divided. One part was used to determine the adherence of untreated PMN, while pancuronium bromide was added to the other. Two concentrations (1.3 or 0.5 micrograms relaxant/ml blood) were tested. PMN adherence was studied using nylon fiber columns as described by MacGregor et al. Both concentrations of pancuronium bromide caused an inhibition of adherence, which was significant in the case of the higher dosage (p less than 0.05). There is a direct correlation between the intensity of PMN adherence and the extent of granulocyte delivery to sites of inflammation. Therefore, it seems possible that clinical concentrations of pancuronium bromide may be able to increase the risk of developing bacterial infections. Further studies concerning this problem should be conducted.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of methyl bromide in food ingredients.

A headspace gas chromatographic (GC) method, which can be automated, has been developed for determination of methyl bromide. This method has been applied to wheat, flour, cocoa, and peanuts. Samples to be analyzed are placed in headspace sample vials, water is added, and the vials are sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After an appropriate equilibration time at 32 degrees C, the samples are analyzed within 10 h. A sample of the headspace is withdrawn and analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Methyl bromide levels were quantitated by comparison of peak area with a standard. The standard was generated by adding a known amount of methyl bromide to a portion of the matrix being analyzed and which was known to be methyl bromide free. The detection limit of the method was 0.4 ppb. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.5% for wheat, 8.3% for flour, 3.3% for cocoa, and 11.6% for peanuts.

Arachis↗
PubMed1979

Protein-cationic detergent interaction. Equilibrium dialysis study of the interaction of bovine serum albumin and other proteins with alkylpyridinium bromide.

The binding isotherms of native bovine serum albumin with cationic detergents, such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were determined at pH 6.8 and 3.4 at 25 degrees C. The isotherms for dodecyl and tetradecylpyridinium bromides were also determined at 3 degrees C. The average number of detergent cations bound increased with increasing hydrocarbon chain length. At low detergent concentration the binding of all alkylpyridinium bromides was smaller at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.8. Dodecylpyridinium bromide was bound to native beta-lactoglobulin, aldolase, ovalbumin, haemoglobin, myoglobin, lysozyme, trypsin and ribonuclease at pH 6.8. No binding occurred to alpha-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen. The free enthalpy change, --delta G degrees, calculated from intrinsic association constants K was determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Distigmine bromide and stress incontinence in women.

Twenty female patients with stress incontinence took part in a double-blind cross over study of distigmine bromide. The results show that symptomatic improvements in incontinence rate occurred with distigmine bromide although no significant urodynamic changes occurred. Distigmine bromide produces improvements in urinary stress leakage by increasing the tone of the urethral sphincter. However, the urodynamic data, from this study was unable to demonstrate any change in sphincter action. A further study of the action of distigmine bromide on urethral sphincter tones is suggested with electromyographic studies in addition to urethral profilometry.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the bronchodilatory action and side-effects of ipratropium bromide and thiazinamium methyl sulphate: a long-term, double-blind, crossover trial in patients with chronic bronchitis.

A long-term, double-blind study was carried out in 12 male chronic bronchitics with partially reversible airways obstruction to compare the bronchodilatory effects of ipratropium bromide and thiazinamium methyl sulphate and their influence on micturition and visual accommodation. Patients received either ipratropium bromide (160 micrograms daily) by aerosol plus placebo tablets or thiazinamium methyl sulphate tablets (900 mg daily) plus placebo aerosol for 10 weeks. After a 1-week treatment-free period, patients were crossed over to the alternative medication for a further 10 weeks. Measurements were made before and 1 and 10 weeks after the beginning of each treatment period. The bronchodilatory responses were measured by spirometry (VC and FEV1) and maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves (FVC, PEF, MEF50 and MEF25). Micturition was estimated from a mictiogram, obtained with a system based on an ultrasonic principle. Subjective clinical findings, heart rate and blood pressure were also obtained. The variables from both the spirometric and MEFV measurements showed the bronchodilatory effect of ipratropium bromide to be superior to that of thiazinamium methyl sulphate. Because the largest differences were found in the variables from the effort-dependent, first part of the forced expiration (PEF and FEV1), the results suggest a difference in effect occurring mainly in central and higher airways. Only the MEF25 value after 10-weeks' treatment was lower in the ipratropium bromide period with respect to the thiazinamium methyl sulphate period, but not significantly so. Although 3 patients on thiazinamium had visual complaints no objective disturbances of micturition or accommodation were established.

Atropine Derivatives↗
PubMed1980

First clinical experience with a new neuromuscular blocker pipecurium bromide.

The clinical trial of the new non-depolarizing muscle relaxant 2 beta,16 beta-bis-(4'-dimethyl-1'-piperazino)-3 alpha,17 beta diacetoxy-5 alpha-androstane dibromide (pipecurium bromide, RGH-1106, Arduan) was performed on 80 patients who had to undergo medium and major size intraabdominal operation on the basis of chronic surgical indication. Four types of general anaesthetic methods were applied, neuroleptanalgesia, halothane, halothane-fentanyl combination and hydroxydione. The clinical applicability of pipecurium bromide was tried to establish the dose needed for complete muscle relaxation initially and repeatedly and the effect of antagonist drugs on the muscle relaxation. We investigated the duration of the first and repeated dose of the relaxant. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were measured, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were calculated. In 10 patients of the halothane group the behaviour of some haemodynamic parameters was investigated. The changes of acid base parameters, blood gases, serum electrolytes and blood sugar were also observed. The administered doses were initially 3.88 mg/h, repeated doses 2.32 mg/h, this means 0.052 mg/kg body weight initially and 0.026 mg/kg body weight repeatedly The duration of effect after the first dose was 53 min, after the repeated doses 45 min. There were no direct effects on heart rate and arterial blood pressure. It did not affect myocardial contractility or work function, there was no remarkable changes in cardiac output. There were no direct metabolic changes due to pipecurium bromide. The relaxant has no histamine releasing effect. At the end of the anaesthesia the effect can be antagonized with neostigmine. During our observations there were no side effects or allergic reactions caused by pipecurium bromide.

Adult↗