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PubMedDate not supplied

[Organ donation and bioethics: building an interface].

This study sought to identify the attitude of nursing undergraduate students concerning organ donation and their knowledge about the current law of organ donation. The last-year nursing undergraduate students from two Colleges in Goiânia (GO) were approached. 45 students answered a questionnaire. A model of content analysis and bioethical principles was used to analyze the answers. The "Maintenance of the life" reveal willingness of subjects to donate organs to help others to stay alive. The "Unreliability" of health professionals for removing organs is associated to the feeling of great vulnerability. There is "Non Information" concerning the legislation in force. These results allow concluding that the donation of organs among subjects cannot be configured as an autonomous action.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Bioethics, critical solidarity and organic volunteering].

OBJECTIVE: The study proposes "critical solidarity" as a value to be incorporated into the 21st century's bioethics agenda and as an instrument to guide people and associations in volunteer praxis. METHODS: To explain how solidarity materializes itself, the motivations for engaging in volunteer activities in associations that integrate the corps of volunteers of the Instituto Nacional do Cancer [National Cancer Institute] in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are analyzed. The data for analysis were obtained by applying two instruments. The first one consists of a questionnaire divided into 2 parts: one part identifies the socioeconomic profile, and the other identifies solidarity as a value that motivates volunteer activity. The second instrument comprises of semi structured interviews utilized to collect supplementary data for analysis. RESULTS: The results indicate that volunteering is based on three basic motivations: a) personal motivations related to life as a volunteer, b) motivations resulting from professed beliefs, and c) motivations aroused by the feeling of solidarity. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the incorporation of critical solidarity requires a rupture with the detected model of patronizing volunteering; it implies explicating the common selfish interests that permeate volunteer activities and qualify an organic volunteering, that is, volunteering which is politically aware and committed to responding to the specific demands of the present time.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The otherness as a criterion of bioethics].

The present paper proposes questions about otherness as a fundamental criterion of Ethics and Bioethics, focusing on health care. The referencial mark used is the concept of otherness based on the Existencial Phenomenology.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Media, cloning, and bioethics].

This article was based on an analysis of three hundred articles from mainstream Brazilian periodicals over a period of eighteen months, beginning with the announcement of the Dolly case in February 1997. There were two main objectives: to outline the moral constants in the press associated with the possibility of cloning human beings and to identify some of the moral assumptions concerning scientific research with non-human animals that were published carelessly by the media. The authors conclude that there was a haphazard spread of fear concerning the cloning of human beings rather than an ethical debate on the issue, and that there is a serious gap between bioethical reflections and the Brazilian media.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics and health care technology assessment].

The simultaneous existence of a biotechnoscientific paradigm (which emphasizes technological incorporation) and a culture of limits (which selects technologies) challenges current health systems, raising ethical and political discussions as to the choices to be made. Health care technology assessment is mainly concerned with the consequences of health care and health care policies. Thus, there is significant overlap between this activity and bioethics, even though they are different fields of knowledge. Although the importance of ethical and social issues arising in technology assessment has been recognized, most publications emphasize only methodological and scientific aspects. There are different interests involved in technological incorporation, and many value conflicts arise. Ethical implications include those related to clinical trials, medical care assessment, incorporation of technology, resource allocation, equity, and the effectiveness gap. Incorporating the ethical dimension into technology assessment will foster a better understanding of health care practice and progress in its improvement.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2004

[Bioethics and primary care: an outline of ethical problems experienced by nurses and physicians in the Family Health Program, São Paulo, Brazil].

This is a qualitative empirical study of descriptive ethics conducted with nurses and physicians working in the Family Health Program (FHP) in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objective was to identify ethical problems experienced by these professionals, who were asked to record ethical problems they had faced through a short written description of such events. The results revealed ethical problems involving patients and their families, the health team, organization, and the health system. The study addresses ethical issues permeating daily health care practice and requiring immediate solutions, rather than the classical dilemmas usually found in bioethics literature. The peculiarity of ethical problems in primary care may hinder their identification as such and jeopardize the relationships upon which the FHP is built.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[To choose who should live: a bioethical study of social criteria to microallocation of health care resources in medical emergencies].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze ethical dilemmas about microallocation of health care scarce resources, based on deontological and utilitarian bioethical basis. It analyzes some criteria considered in the choices and justifications for patients selection in medical emergencies. METHODS: 395 subjects were interviewed in the city of Diadema/SP, about dilemmas among two people needing a place in a public hospital of emergency service. The presented situations dealed with the following social criteria: age, sex, social responsibility and economical condition. RESULTS: They pointed that significant portion of those researched seems to consider that the use of social criteria is valid and that the people lives can have unequal value in situations of scarce resources, accepting social variables to prioritize in situations of evidenced medical emergency. CONCLUSIONS: It could be evoked the coexistence of deontological orientations, defending the more "weak and vulnerable", and utilitarian positions, opting for the potential and life expectation as well as for the social responsibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Bioethics in the context of global health programs].

This work describes the Regional Program on Bioethics of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the Program's main achievements. The Program was established in 1994 under a three-way agreement with the University of Chile and the Government of Chile. The Program's objective is to thematically link the work of the PAHO/WHO units and representatives in each country, in close cooperation with local public and private organizations. The Program investigates such subjects as the health of poor people, priority-setting, the growth of the private sector, salaries and incentives in the public sector, investment in hospitals, health sector reform, professional education, and working together for development. Finally, the direction and heading of the Program are presented. Its efforts are carried out as promotional, support, and service activities. These activities take the form of technical assistance for personnel training, public information dissemination, ethical situation analysis in research and services, reviewing curricula and professional practice standards, and advising on specific plans and programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Embracing bioethics in neonatal intensive care, part II: case histories in neonatal ethics.

Ethical treatment dilemmas are not new to the NICU. With technologic advances over the past 20 years, NICU care has developed rapidly, and survival rates have improved for some of the tiniest and most critically ill infants. In guiding clinical practice, however, standards in evidenced- based medicine have often superseded standards in evidence-based ethics. Neonatal nurses attain a more in-depth understanding of the clinical significance of the four principles of bioethics: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Case studies illustrate the principles discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioengineers, health-care technology and bioethics.

Technology has created moral dilemmas in recent years creating an increased interest in the field of bioethics, which affects engineers in biomedicine, physicians, other health-care professionals, and society in general. For example devices like the kidney dialysis machine or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) diagnostic scanner demonstrate state-of-the-art capabilities, yet they are very expensive. Therefore, standards of the past involving health care and allocation of resources are changing, and professionals must be aware of this change, as well as the responsibility for complete testing and review during the research and development process of medical devices. In this paper, we illustrate technological impact and stress the necessity of an understanding of ethics in order to deal effectively with product liability, conflicts of interests, and allocation of scarce resources. Hopefully, this will result in awareness and education in ethics and professional responsibilities.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2004

[Bioethics and psychotherapy: which moral assumptions sustain psychotherapeutical acts?].

BACKGROUND: Since about 1970 biomedical ethics crystallized into a full-fledged discipline. The so called "ethical turn" is a fundamental conceptual challenge for the field of medicine and has generated heated controversy. Today, the ancient psychotherapeutic framework is under the severest strain in its long history. AIM: To review the relationship between psychotherapy and the conceptual shift in moral theory. MATERIAL AND METHOD: To forge a new model for the patient-physician relationship, speech acts and nature of man derived from a "pragmatic turn" of bioethics. RESULTS: Research findings suggest that behavior, cognitive and psychodynamic psychotherapies are speech-acts constituted by a hierarchy of subordinate acts distributed on three levels: the level of the locutionary act, the act of saying; the level of the illocutionary act (or force), what we do in saying and the level of the perlocutionary act, what we provoke by the fact that we speak. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in linguistic research have led to a more sophisticated understanding of how psychotherapy affects ethical issues. These developments point towards a new era of psychotherapeutical theory and practice in which specific modes of psychotherapy can be designed to target specific dilemmas of medical ethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1989

[Opinion survey on the bioethical views of Catholic physicians in Japan. I. Contraception and induced abortion].

This opinion survey on sex and bioethics was carried out in March and April of 1988 by the special committee for family planning and sex related problems which the JMCA (President Dr. Yasuro Anno) had drawn up. This study deals with the analysis of 229 responses to the 3 questions concerning contraception, natural family planning and induced abortion respectively. The background factors of the respondents, sex, age, baptismal age, region (by archdiocese), specialty (clinical, fundamental and social medicine), and payment of the membership fees during the past 3 years were investigated by means of the multiple regression analysis. In addition to the age factor which clearly influenced the responses of each question, the regional factor showed significant influences on the responses to the contraception as well as natural family planning questions. The author proposes five operational hypotheses (A-E) to explain these phenomena, and concludes that it is important to undertake interdisciplinary research as well as to conduct continuous education programs concerning biomedical ethics among the catholic physicians in Japan.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1999

[Proposal for revision of the French bioethics law of July 29, 1994].

The president of the joint-academy working group (National Academy of Medicine and the National Academy of Pharmacy) will present the group's proposals for a revision of the 1994 French bioethics laws to the Parliamentary Office for the evaluation of scientific and technological choices in view of a new examination of the laws by the Parliament in 1999.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1980

Bioethics guides medical-moral decisions that affect families.

Advanced medical technology has complicated moral decisions affecting health care by increasing costs and by holding out heroic measures that may be contrary to an individual's self-actualization. Bioethics guides the family, society's principal institution for nurturing, as it grapples with issues of life generation, prolongation, and termination.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethical aspects of Viagra].

Viagra (sidenafil) has specific activity, and well demonstrated efficacy and tolerability, when used in patients with organic erectile dysfunction. Its mechanism of action besides in restoring a compromised function of erection by improving the vasodilation nitrogen oxide-mediated, through the inhibition of cGMP, in the corpus cavernosum. The drug should be used after giving a correct and complete information to physicians by several experts in the field, including the bioethicist, considering the complexity of the problem of sexuality. The bioethical perspectives of the drug should be considered in relation to the principles of totality (therapeutic principle), autonomy, freedom, responsibility, and integrity of medical profession. Viagra is of value both at the clinical level and moral level, provided the therapeutic principle and the principles of responsibility and freedom are respected in an ethic-anthropological dimension that accepts the personalistic principle of corporeity.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioethics, biotechnology products and humans: Europe between the skilled Theseus and the Labyrinth-Minotaur's syndrome.

Following the approval on May 1998 of the European Union Common position no. 19/98 regarding the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, the debate on bioethical aspects of biotechnologies is increased. The European Union document clearly protects the patentability of inventions (that concerns more than a particular plant or animal variety or a single procedure if they are of industrial interest), but not the finding or discovery of that is in the nature, e.g. a gene. Some safeguards (the dignity and integrity of the person and of the human embryo, the plant diversity, etc.) and exclusions from patentability (plant and animal varieties, processes for the production of plants or animals, the human body at any stage of growth, cloning of human beings, modifications of germ line, use of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes as well as the inventions whose publication or exploitation would offend against public policy or morality, according to the Article 53a of the European Patenting Convention) are also indicated. Ethical issues discussed include the nature of human life and its protection, the safeguard of plant-animal biological diversity, the safeguard of human dignity and nature, whereas on several aspects (e. g. limits of the use of genetic material, xenotransplantation, etc.) the Parliament Assembly of the Council of Europe has requested a discussion or a moratorium (April, 1999). In this case an evaluation on the basis of the ethical beneficial principles should be performed and society should decide whether to master technologies and emulate the positive action of the hero Theseus against the Labyrinth-Minotaur syndrome or to renounce or "misuse" technologies like Daedalus and Icarus, who met a tragic end.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2000

Bioethics: communication and decision-making in advanced disease.

Effective communication is the cornerstone of excellence in patient care, and breakdown in communication is a common problem leading to requests for bioethics consultation. In palliative medicine, issues involving end-of-life decisions inherently involve many potential ethical concerns. Ensuring good communication among the physician, health care professionals, patient, and family will facilitate care, and avoid ethical problems. This chapter will address communication with patients, families, and health care professionals. Common ethical concerns such as withholding and withdrawing treatment modalities, medical futility, euthanasia, and assisted suicide will be discussed.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2000

[Guidelines in clinical practice. Bioethical considerations].

The adoption of guidelines in clinical practice raises questions that can be answered against a background in which professional conduct is compared with deontology, law, and the specific sociocultural context and health policies of institutions. In the scientific community, doubts are raised regarding the relationships between the general recommendations laid down in the Guidelines and the specific nature of every clinical condition; between the "duty of adhering" to Guidelines and the doctor's autonomy, as well as between the adoption, discrepancy and non-adoption of Guidelines and the juridical evaluation of medical liability. The information and individual consent of patients and citizens is of particular importance both with regard to clinical procedures and choices of allocation. In the light of these comments, the authors conclude that Guidelines should not be reduced to a form of automated procedure lacking any responsibility, but should represent a correct synthesis between the objective nature of scientific findings, the subjective condition of the patient and the doctor's autonomy. The application of correctly formulated Guidelines shared by the community means acting in such a way that the "right to health" and "freedom of treatment" can be exercised in respect of shared bioethical principles based on beneficence, autonomy and justice.

Bioethics↗