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PubMed1992

[Hemodynamic effects of bathing in severe burnt patients].

Repeated water immersion is currently used in France in the treatment of severe burn injury. A prospective study was carried out to assess the haemodynamic effects of immersing such patients in a half sitting position in water, the temperature of which was kept at 35 degrees C. The burn exceeded 50% of body surface area (BSA), with at least 30% being third degree burns. The study was carried out during the first bath, three days after the injury. The patients were immersed up to the clavicles. They were sedated with 2 mg.h-1 of both flunitrazepam and phenoperidine, and were mechanically ventilated. The following haemodynamic parameters were monitored: heart rate, arterial blood pressure (the transducer being level with the arterial catheter), right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures (the transducer being level with the right atrium, level which had been marked on the chest before immersion and placed two intercostal spaces higher after immersion because of the change in position of the heart). The cardiac output was measured using the thermodilution method. The patient's temperature was monitored with the thermistance of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Values were obtained before immersion, after 15 and 30 minutes of immersion, and 5 minutes after the end of the bath. Nine patients were included, 2 women and 7 men, aged between 24 and 45 years, weighing 73.7 kg on average. Burn size was 78% of BSA (range 64 to 95%). Water immersion was maintained for 34 +/- 3 min. The right atrial, mean pulmonary arterial, and wedge pressures, and the cardiac and systolic indices increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Hygiene for the newborn--to bath or to wash?

Appropriate skin care of newborns is performed partly to prevent infection but also for aesthetic and cleansing purposes. Skin care should involve cleansing with a non-toxic, non-abrasive neutral material. This study compared the relative risks and benefits of washing versus bathing with regard to bacterial colonization rate, clinical infection rate, body temperature and crying. The results confirm our clinical impression that bathing and washing routines do not differ with regard to signs of infection or other clinical complications. However, the washing routine does increase the babies heat loss and make them less comfortable.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2000

Bath psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy in atopic eczema.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of bath psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy in severe cases of atopic dermatitis (AD) in adults using the extended Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis (SASSAD) score. METHODS: Thirty-five adult subjects with severe AD underwent bath PUVA therapy for a maximum of 30 sessions ranging from one to three times a week. The only other treatment allowed during the study was topical application of hydrocortisone. RESULTS: There were a total of six drop-outs, three due to aggravation of symptoms. After the maximum 30 sessions the remaining 29 subjects showed 82.1% improvement in the severity of lesions, 75.2% reduction in extension of lesions, 74% improvement in itching and 79% improvement in night-time rest. Patient evaluations gave an overall score of 8.8 on a scale of 0-10.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Does calculation of the 95th percentile of microbiological results offer any advantage over percentage exceedence in determining compliance with bathing water quality standards?

UNLABELLED: AIMIS: Draft WHO guidance is likely to suggest a calculated 95th percentile method, rather than percentage exceedence, in assessing compliance of bathing waters with microbiological standards. This study set out to determine whether this was an appropriate development. METHODS AND RESULTS: A series of Monte Carlo studies compared five non-parametric methods for calculating the 95th percentile with the parametric method and compares results with percentage exceedence. It is shown that the Hazen method gives the closest proximity to the parametric method for calculating 95th percentile values. However, the difference between 95th percentile results and percentage exceedence, as currently used, is trivial compared to uncertainty due to sample variation. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that a calculated 95th percentile for beach classification offers little advantage compared to percentage exceedence, other than offering a false sense of certainty. Furthermore, the additional calculation needed in determining 95th percentile values will demand electronic calculation, increase the chance of calculation errors and make the results less understandable to beach managers and the general public. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study should encourage the European Commission to keep percent compliance rather than calculation of 95th percentiles in any new bathing water directive.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Bathing epilepsy.

A patient who had complex partial seizures provoked by bathing is reported. All the attacks occurred during or immediately after bathing, irrespective of water temperature. The semiology was suggestive of a seizure focus in the mesial temporal lobe. Though there are some similarities with hot-water epilepsy, this case appears to be a distinct type of reflex epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools.

Bladder cancer has been associated with exposure to chlorination by-products in drinking water, and experimental evidence suggests that exposure also occurs through inhalation and dermal absorption. The authors examined whether bladder cancer risk was associated with exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) through ingestion of water and through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools. Lifetime personal information on water consumption and water-related habits was collected for 1,219 cases and 1,271 controls in a 1998-2001 case-control study in Spain and was linked with THM levels in geographic study areas. Long-term THM exposure was associated with a twofold bladder cancer risk, with an odds ratio of 2.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.09, 4.02) for average household THM levels of >49 versus < or =8 micro g/liter. Compared with subjects not drinking chlorinated water, subjects with THM exposure of >35 micro g/day through ingestion had an odds ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.92, 1.99). The odds ratio for duration of shower or bath weighted by residential THM level was 1.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.87) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile. Swimming in pools was associated with an odds ratio of 1.57 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 2.09). Bladder cancer risk was associated with long-term exposure to THMs in chlorinated water at levels regularly occurring in industrialized countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bathing persons with dementia.

In the care of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, bathing frequently poses a formidable challenge for caregivers. This article reports the results of a consensus conference on techniques to reduce disruptive behaviors during bathing, and to make the process less stressful for persons with dementia.

Baths↗
PubMed2000

Public perceptions of health risks from polluted coastal bathing waters: a mixed methodological analysis using cultural theory.

This article explores public perceptions of, and attitudes toward, possible health risks from polluted coastal bathing waters in the United Kingdom. Cultural theory is applied in the present analysis, using a mixed methodology of quantitative analysis from interviews and qualitative interpretation of focus group discussions to provide insights into how different cultural solidarities view a number of issues. These include risks to health; attitudes toward regulation; public consultation and information provision; and trust, blame, and accountability applied to different stakeholders in the bathing-water-quality debate. The results show that individuals' standpoints can be represented on a number of dimensions, consistent with cultural theory, including perceptions of power and authority, beliefs in the efficacy of collective action, and acceptance or rejection of incremental change as opposed to radical solutions. The discussion focuses both on methodological and substantive issues related to the use of cultural theory as a research tool, and on policy recommendations arising from this research.

Baths↗
PubMed2004

Irritation potential of bath and shower oils before and after use: a double-blind randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Difficulties in avoiding weak irritants may contribute to chronic contact dermatitis. A large variety of shower and bath oils are claimed to be suitable for use on dry skin because of their mildness and because they deposit a protective oil film on the skin. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in the irritation potential of eight shower or bath oils and to investigate whether surfactant residues may form a reservoir of irritant substance on the skin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was double-blind and randomized using healthy human volunteers. The inherent capacity of the products to induce irritation was determined using conventional patch test techniques. Detection of potentially irritant residues was done by occlusion of the treated and rinsed skin area, followed by evaluation of the biological response. Instrumental measurements of transepidermal water loss and superficial skin blood flow served as indicators of the injurious effects of the products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results showed large differences between the products in irritant potential. Some did not irritate skin more than water, whereas others demonstrated considerably damaging effects. Moreover, the study proved the presence of barrier-impairing residues on the skin after rinsing with water. Thus, instead of protecting the skin, some formulations may induce subclinical injuries and delay skin barrier function recovery with prolonged risk for patients with eczema.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sporotrichoid dermatosis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus from a public bath.

Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are usually associated with immunocompromised states. More recently, however, NTM infections are being diagnosed with greater frequency in patients lacking traditional risk factors. However, cutaneous infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria is uncommon, and diagnosis may be difficult. Herein we present a case of sporotrichoid dermatosis on both forearms caused by Mycobacterium abscessus in a 34-year-old female (case 1). Mycobacterium abscesus was identified by culture as a colorless colony with rapid growth and by comparative sequence analysis of the rpoB gene. The patient was suspected to have been infected in a public bath in which she worked, it was located in a famous hot spring area in Korea. The condition was first noticed after she had been working in the bath for two years and after another employee (case 2) suffered similar lesions which had responded to treatment. The patient's skin lesions were successfully treated with anti-tuberculous drugs for six months.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A comparative study of the frictional properties of emollient bath additives using porcine skin.

The coefficient of friction of 14 prescribable bath emollients was determined using porcine skin attached to a loaded plunger placed through a bearing in a friction-measuring carriage, held above a reciprocating table powered by a DC motor. The carriage was mounted in low-friction rollers, and restrained by a piezo-electric force transducer connected to an amplifier and recorder. Friction was measured at room temperature, and at 45 degrees C. Emulsifying ointment and Bath E45 had the highest coefficients of friction, at room temperature and 45 degrees C, respectively, and Emmolate and Hydromol had the lowest. Nine of the 14 emollients had a lower coefficient of friction at 45 degrees C, one had a coefficient of friction which was the same at both temperatures, and four had a coefficient of friction which was higher at 45 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen after bath-PUVA for psoriasis: relationship to disease severity.

Plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in 19 patients with psoriasis who were receiving bath-PUVA treatment, at different time points after the psoralen bath. The levels of 8-MOP varied between < 5 ng/ml (lower limit of detection) and 34 ng/ml, and we found a relationship between the plasma psoralen levels and the severity of the disease.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Successful treatment of lichen amyloidosis with combined bath PUVA photochemotherapy and oral acitretin.

Lichen amyloidosis (LA) is a chronic, pruritic skin disorder characterized by brownish-grey papules on extensor surfaces of legs and rarely on the trunk. Thioflavin T-positive amyloid deposits are found in the papillary dermis of affected skin, which is the only organ involved. A variety of therapeutic regimens for lichen amyloidosis have been described; however, in many cases with only limited effect. We report on two patients with lichen amyloidosis with typical clinical symptoms not responding to local treatment. A combined regimen with bath psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) and oral acitretin was initiated, resulting in nearly complete resolution of the papules and impressive relief from the severe pruritus. The beneficial response has persisted for 8 months. The suggested combined therapy with bath PUVA photochemotherapy and oral acitretin represents an efficacious and practical treatment modality for lichen amyloidosis with long-lasting effects.

Acitretin↗
PubMed2004

Severe contact dermatitis as a result of an antiseptic bath oil.

Siblings aged 7 and 5 years developed extensive truncal and flexural inflammation and desquamation unresponsive to standard eczema therapy. After delays in diagnosis, subsequent history revealed prior use of an antiseptic bath oil in a much stronger concentration than recommended. The case illustrates the severe irritant contact dermatitis that can arise following inadequate dilution of antiseptic bath oils, presumably as a result of skin contact with benzalkonium chloride and triclosan. Features that may direct attention to such irritant dermatitis are flexural predominance with superficial desquamation and rapid improvement after avoidance of exposure to the antiseptic solution.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Bath-related headache.

Bath-related headache (BRH) is a rare primary headache syndrome. We present our experience over seven years and review all reported cases of BRH. Thirteen patients, including six from our group, are described. BRH occurred exclusively in middle-aged or elderly Oriental women (mean age 51 years, range 32-67. Hong Kong 6 cases, Taiwan 4 cases, Japan 3 cases). The typical presentation was a uniphasic cluster of severe headache recurrently triggered by bathing or other activities involving contact with water. Each attack lasted 30 min to 30 h. Onset was hyperacute, consistent with that of thunderclap headache. Reversible multisegmental cerebral vasoconstriction was found in two patients. No underlying secondary causes were identified. Response to acute treatment was generally unsatisfactory, but headache could be prevented by avoiding the specific trigger(s). BRH runs a self-limiting course; all patients remitted within three months after onset. Nimodipine may shorten the duration of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic assessment of tetrachloroethylene in groundwater for a bathing and showering determination.

A two-step methodology is described to make a health-based determination for the bathing and showering use of the water from a private well contaminated with volatile organic chemicals. The chemical perchloroethylene (PERC) is utilized to illustrate the approach. First, a chemical-specific exposure model is used to predict the concentration of PERC in the shower air, shower water, and in the air above the bathtub. Second, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is used to predict the concentration of PERC delivered to the target tissue, the brain, since the focus is on neurological endpoints. The simulation exercise includes concurrent dermal and inhalation routes of exposure. A reference target tissue level (RTTL) in the brain is estimated using the PBPK model. A hazard index based on this benchmark guideline is used to make a regulatory determination for bathing and showering use of the contaminated water.

Baths↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postepisiotomy pain: warm versus cold sitz bath.

A repeated measure experimental design (N = 20) was used to assess the effectiveness of a warm versus cold sitz bath in relieving postepisiotomy pain. Sensation, distress, edema, and hematoma ratings were obtained pre- and posttreatments. Both therapies were found comparable, with the exception that the cold bath was significantly more effective in reducing edema. Recommendations for further clinical research are presented. The recommendation for practice is that patients be offered a choice of therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Changes in newborn bathing practices may increase the risk for omphalitis.

Aseptic cord care, in conjunction with antibacterial skin care, has reduced the incidence of omphalitis specifically caused by Staphylococcus aureus. However, this practice has resulted in the emergence of resistant organisms that may pose a greater risk for newborn infections. Subsequently, many institutions have changed to dry cord care and nonantiseptic whole-body baths, a practice that has not been adequately studied to determine potential infectious risks. Three cases of omphalitis occurring after an institutional change to nonantiseptic whole-body baths are presented. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of omphalitis are reviewed. Recommendations for surveillance of omphalitis are offered.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗