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PubMed2003

The interaction between phonological processing, syntactic awareness, and naming speed in the reading and spelling performance of first-grade children.

The performance of 267 first-grade children was examined on tasks assessing phonological processing, syntactic awareness, and naming speed. The children were also given several measures of word and pseudoword reading, reading comprehension, and pseudoword and dictation spelling. A series of hierarchical analyses indicated that three variables (phonological awareness, syntactic awareness, and naming speed) were still predictors of reading and spelling performance after variance in the others had been controlled for. The results, which confirm that syntactic awareness can account for variance in written language after phonological ability had been controlled for, support the hypothesis concerning the relationships between naming-speed processes and written language, and challenge the unitary phonological theory of reading difficulty.

Awareness↗
PubMed2002

Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy.

The degree to which perceptual awareness of threat stimuli and bodily states of arousal modulates neural activity associated with fear conditioning is unknown. We used functional magnetic neuroimaging (fMRI) to study healthy subjects and patients with peripheral autonomic denervation to examine how the expression of conditioning-related activity is modulated by stimulus awareness and autonomic arousal. In controls, enhanced amygdala activity was evident during conditioning to both "seen" (unmasked) and "unseen" (backward masked) stimuli, whereas insula activity was modulated by perceptual awareness of a threat stimulus. Absent peripheral autonomic arousal, in patients with autonomic denervation, was associated with decreased conditioning-related activity in insula and amygdala. The findings indicate that the expression of conditioning-related neural activity is modulated by both awareness and representations of bodily states of autonomic arousal.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The top down and bottom up mechanisms involved in the sudden awareness of low level sensorimotor behavior.

Motor control can be achieved in the absence of awareness, even when performed intentionally. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms of the sudden awareness of our own movement. This was studied in locomotion because it is an automatic behavior which can be intentionally modulated. Subjects walked continuously with the instruction to maintain either a constant walking speed (compensation condition) or constant propulsive forces (no-intervention condition); they were sometimes faced with slow variations in resistance that they had to detect. The results show that: (1) the subject remains unaware of his force increase (in compensation) or his walking velocity decrease (in no-intervention) for a long time, although these modifications go largely beyond the variability range in which he is able to intentionally control his force (in no-intervention) or his velocity (in compensation) and (2) the detection of the resistance increase occurs at the same time in both conditions. We conclude that the sudden awareness of a movement pattern produced at a low level was found to emerge from the interaction between a top down mechanism where the intentional control of goal feedback delays the aware perception of the other sensory sources and a bottom up mechanism where high level mechanisms of sensorimotor integration come into play beyond a discrepancy threshold between different sensory information.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Towards the neuronal correlate of visual awareness.

Several encouraging developments towards identifying the neuronal correlate of visual awareness have emerged recently. Increasingly sophisticated behavioral paradigms permit the study of visual awareness in humans as well as in non-human primates. In patients with anatomically restricted lesions in striate and extrastriate cortex, highly informative deficits of visual awareness are observed. Similar deficits can be obtained in normal observers with a novel class of psychophysical displays. Taken together, these results suggest that the contents of visual awareness reflect neuronal activity in certain extrastriate, but not in striate, visual cortical areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Self-awareness in counselling.

Accident and Emergency (A & E) is a high-powered and diverse specialism (Casteldine 1993). Patients attend A & E for varied and complex reasons (Crouch & Dale 1994). The focus of this paper is to analyse the concept of self-awareness, how nurses learn to become self-aware and how self-awareness facilitates effective treatment interventions with specific reference to the role of the A & E nurse. The concept of the nurse's self and self-awareness is considered. A few aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication are used as examples to explore how effective helping can be achieved in the assessment of clients' needs in A & E through understanding the impact of the nurse's self in counselling in the A & E environment.

Awareness↗
PubMed1996

Awareness of providers' use of new medical technology among private health care plans in the United States.

In a national survey of medical directors at 231 U.S. private health care plans that cover over two thirds of the privately insured population, we studied whether medical directors are aware when a new technology, such as laser therapy, is being used in procedures for which claims are submitted, the factors alerting them to such use, and the factors prompting them to make a specific coverage decision for the technology. We also examined possible associations between health plans' characteristics (HMO versus indemnity, size, profit status, and time in operation) and their medical directors' awareness of the use of technologies, factors alerting medical directors to their use, and factors prompting specific coverage decisions. The majority of plans were generally not aware that laser technology was being used when it was billed under a general billing code, raising the possibility that less effective or less safe technologies could be introduced rapidly into the treatment of insured populations. Nonprofit and older plans were less likely to be aware that lasers were used in some procedures than for-profit and younger plans.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Syntactic awareness of Cantonese-speaking children.

The development of metalinguistic awareness, and specifically syntactic awareness, (here measured by age-related changes in the ability to judge and revise unacceptable sentences), reflects developmental changes in focus from semantic to syntactic properties of sentences. Previous research reported that children find judgements of word-order changes easier than morphological violations (Hakes, 1980). We hypothesized that this difference in ease of judgement is linked to the language under investigation. That is, there may be a relationship between the functional load of grammatical morphemes and ability to detect syntactic violations. This study investigated the development of syntactic awareness in Cantonese-speaking children. Fifty-six subjects from four age groups (three, five, seven and 20 years old) were asked to judge the grammaticality of 40 sentences (18 with word-order changes and 22 with morphological violations) and correct the grammatically deviant sentences. There was a significant age effect on subjects' performance in both judgement and revision tasks. Children scored significantly higher in judging sentences with word order changes than those with morphological violations. They also scored higher on word order revisions than morphological revisions, an unexpected finding. The success of correcting morphological violations varied by morphological marker, apparently according to each marker's degree of obligatory use in the language. It would seem then that syntactic awareness is very much affected by language-specific characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: a comparison of measures and their relationship to executive functions.

Poor awareness of deficit is common after brain injury. Recent literature has examined various tools for measurement of this phenomenon; the most widely used being self-other rating scales. Although self-other scale measures have face validity, their criterion-related validity has not been adequately demonstrated, and there is little information as to whether and how they relate to other neuropsychological measures. The present study compared measurement of awareness by the Dysexecutive (DEX) Questionnaire self-other rating scale with the Self-Awareness of Deficits Interview (SADI), a semistructured interview measure. Evaluation of awareness by these measures was compared to tests of executive functioning and IQ. Results indicated significant, albeit marginal relationships between the two measures, and better correlation of the SADI with measures of frontal lobe functioning. The SADI also predicted injury severity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Awareness of activity limitations and prediction of performance in patients with brain injuries and orthopedic disorders.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of performance predictions in experimental tasks with patients' awareness of activity limitations. Participants were 24 patients with brain injuries (i.e., traumatic brain injury and cerebrovascular disorders) and 22 patients with orthopedic disorders. Prediction of performance was examined in a memory task (word list learning) and a motor task (finger tapping). Awareness of activity limitations was measured by comparing patients' self-ratings and staff ratings in the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS). Results for the PCRS showed that patients with orthopedic disorders underestimated and patients with brain injuries (i.e., patients with TBI) overestimated their level of functioning in the total scale and the social/emotional subscale in comparison to staff ratings. Both patient groups agreed with staff ratings in physical/basic self-care items. In the predicted performance tasks a similar pattern could be observed: None of the groups showed an overestimation of performance in the motor task, whereas patients with brain injuries overestimated their competency in the memory task. However, the agreement between both awareness measures (PCRS, predicted performance) was only low, which indicates that they might measure different aspects or levels of self-awareness.

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, sexuality and communication issues that constitute barriers to the use of natural family planning and other fertility awareness-based methods.

Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning are rarely offered through reproductive health services in Latin America, despite evidence that many women use them. Providers state that clients do not want these methods, but provider-bias is evident. Providers overestimate the difficulty of learning and using fertility awareness-based methods, and they underestimate their efficacy. Both providers and clients have difficulty dealing with sexuality (which is central to fertility awareness-based methods). Many providers lack gender sensitivity, 'worsening' the unequal relationship between providers and clients. Experience has shown that when fertility awareness-based methods are well provided, they can have a positive effect on sexuality, self-understanding, and equality in the couple's relationship.

Awareness↗
PubMed2000

Auditory evoked responses and learning and awareness during general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: There is a major distinction between conscious and unconscious learning. Monitoring the mid-latency auditory evoked responses (AER) has been proposed as a measure to ascertain the adequacy of the hypnotic state during surgery. In the present study, we investigated the presence of explicit and implicit memories after anesthesia and examined the relationships of such memories to the AER. METHODS: We studied 180 patients scheduled for elective surgical procedures. After a thiopental induction, one of four anesthetics were studied: Opioid bolus: 7.5 microg x kg(-1) fentanyl, 70% N2O, with 2.5 microg x kg(-1) supplements as needed (n=100); Opioid infusion: Alfentanil 50 microg x kg(-1) bolus, 1-1.5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) infusion, 70% N2O (n=40); Isoflurane 0.3%: Fentanyl 1 microg x kg(-1), 70% N2O, isoflurane 0.3% expired (n=16); Isoflurane 0.7%: Fentanyl 1 microg x kg(-1), 70% N2O, isoflurane 0.7% expired (n=23). AER were recorded before anesthesia, 5 min after surgical incision and then every 30 min until the end of surgery. A tape of either the story of the "Three Little Pigs" or the "Wizard of Oz" was played continuously between the recordings. Explicit memory was assessed postoperatively by tests of recall and recognition, and implicit memory was assessed by the frequency of story-related free associations to target words from the stories, which were solicited twice during a structured interview. RESULTS: Six patients showed explicit recall of intraoperative events: All received the opioid bolus regimen. About 7% of patients reported dreaming during anesthesia. The incidence of picking the correct story that had been presented during anesthesia averaged 49%, i.e., very close to chance level. Overall, priming occurred only at the second association tests for the opioid bolus regimen, for which the frequency of an association to the presented story among those not giving an association to the control story was 26%, which was double the frequency (13%) of an association to the control story among those not giving an association to the presented story. This was significant by McNemar's test, P=0.02. There were significant associations between awareness, priming and AER, e.g., recall was associated with higher Nb amplitudes during anesthesia and priming was associated with shorter wave latencies. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of awareness in patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide and bolus supplementation was 6%. Thus, this anesthetic technique did not reduce the risk of awareness compared with the use of nitrous oxide alone. Implicit memory occurred during nitrous oxide and bolus supplementation. Recording AER during anesthesia may help to predict awareness and implicit memory, particularly the former. The short contents of most of the dreams which were recalled could hamper future studies in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Arousal-induced self-awareness: an artifactual relationship?

The present research was designed to test an alternative explanation for the arousal-self-awareness link found by Wegner and Giuliano (1980). Specifically, it was suggested that the running-in-place manipulation used by Wegner and Giuliano may have increased self-awareness, not because of the increased arousal it engendered, but because of its "unusual" nature. To test this hypothesis, subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) fast running (both arousing and unusual), (b) slow running (unusual but not arousing), (c) control (neither arousing nor unusual). Results supported the unusual-behavior hypothesis; subjects in both running groups, regardless of speed (and arousal), showed more self-awareness on a sentence completion form than did those subjects in the control condition. The implications of these results for self-awareness theory are considered.

Arousal↗
PubMed1998

Prosocial self-schemas, self-awareness, and children's prosocial behavior.

Three studies examined the hypothesis that a child's prosocial self-schema predicts prosocial behavior. In Study 1, only self-aware boys showed a self-schema-behavior relation. Study 2 altered both salience of donating opportunity and relationship of recipient to donor. The hypothesized Self-Awareness x Self-Schema interaction was significant, and there were no gender differences. Study 3 systematically manipulated the salience of the donating opportunity. All participants were self-aware. For boys in high and low salience conditions, prosocial self-schema predicted donating behavior. For girls, prosocial self-schema predicted behavior only in the high salience condition. The findings demonstrate that self-schemas can regulate behavior when participants are self-aware. Girls, however, may require higher salience of the donating opportunity for the self-schema to affect their behavior.

Awareness↗
PubMed1991

Daily moods and symptoms: effects of awareness of study focus, gender, menstrual-cycle phase, and day of the week.

Evaluated changes in daily ratings of moods and symptoms in 30 normally cycling women and 23 men. Women were randomly assigned to two groups for manipulating awareness of the study focus (aware vs. unaware). Principal-components analysis revealed six factors (Dysphoric Moods, Well-being, Physical Symptoms, Personal Space, Food Cravings, Depression) that accounted for 70% of the variance in daily ratings. Repeated-measures analyses revealed cyclic variation on each factor and no significant differences between aware and unaware women during premenstrual or menstrual phases on any measure. Unaware women reported less well-being than men during the premenstrual phase but did not differ on any other measure. Aware women did not differ from men in premenstrual or menstrual ratings on any measure. The way these findings relate to retrospective symptom reports, menstrual attitudes, and changes in moods and symptoms across the week was examined.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Awareness in classical differential eyeblink conditioning in young and aging humans.

The role of awareness and its impact on learning the conditioned eyeblink response was investigated in both trace and delay discrimination eyeblink conditioning in young and aging participants, in 4 paradigms: delay 750, delay 1,250, trace 500, and trace 1,000. Participants concurrently watched a silent movie about which they were questioned afterward. Acquisition in both the trace and delay discrimination task was correlated with awareness of conditioning stimulus contingencies, regardless of age. Age-dependent deficits were observed in trace discrimination but not in delay discrimination, with more severe deficits appearing at the longer trace interval. The percentage of aware participants was also found to be greater in the young population than in the aging population. These results indicate that awareness or knowledge of stimulus contingencies may be an important contributor to successful acquisition in higher order discrimination tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The interactive effects of recruitment practices and product awareness on job seekers' employer knowledge and application behaviors.

In this article, the author draws on research from the literature on marketing and recruitment to identify how recruitment practices and company product awareness are related to job seekers' application behaviors through 3 aspects of job seekers' employer knowledge. Based on results from a within-subject design with data from 123 recruiting companies and 456 student job seekers, the author's findings suggest that the relationships between recruitment strategies and application intentions and decisions are moderated by product awareness. Specifically, low-information recruitment practices are significantly and positively related to application behaviors through employer familiarity and employer reputation when product awareness is low. In contrast, high-information recruitment practices are related to job seekers' application behaviors through employer reputation and job information when product awareness is high.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Effects of age and awareness on eyeblink conditional discrimination learning.

The present study aimed to assess the effects of aging and awareness on conditional discrimination learning within an eyeblink conditioning procedure by using a consecutive age-groups design (20-35 years, 36-50 years, 51-65 years, 66-80 years). Increasing age was associated with a decline in overall eyeblink conditioned response (CR) frequency and a deficit in conditional discrimination learning in the 2 older groups. Awareness of stimulus contingencies affected discrimination performance but not overall CR rates in younger subjects. Older subjects did not achieve eyeblink conditional discrimination learning, regardless of awareness. Discrimination performance correlated with measures of declarative memory. The pattern of results is discussed with respect to the involvement of hippocampal-cerebellar interactions and awareness in the mediation of age-related conditioning changes.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

Fear-potentiated startle is defined as an increase in the magnitude of the startle reflex in the presence of a stimulus that was previously paired with an aversive event. It has been proposed that a subject's awareness of the contingencies in the experiment may affect fear-potentiated startle. The authors adapted a conditional discrimination procedure (AX+/BX-), previously validated in animals, to a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm in 50 healthy volunteers. This paradigm allows for an assessment of fear-potentiated startle during threat conditions as well as inhibition of fear-potentiated startle during safety conditions. A response keypad was used to assess contingency awareness on a trial-by-trial basis. Both aware and unaware subjects showed fear-potentiated startle. However, awareness was related to stimulus discrimination and fear inhibition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗