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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Mutagenicity of used crankcase oils from diesel and spark ignition automobiles.

The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was used to compare the mutagenic activity of used crankcase oil (UCO) from diesel and spark-ignition (gasoline) engine passenger cars. UCO samples were obtained during periodic oil changes from 9 spark-ignition and 10 diesel-powered vehicles. Five samples of unused motor oil were also tested. Direct tests of UCO did not detect mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA-98. Therefore, an extraction procedure was used to concentrate the mutagens and remove interfering chemicals. Extracts were tested both with and without Aroclor-1254-induced rat liver homogenate fraction (S-9). Dose-dependent mutagenicity with and without S-9 was observed in both diesel and spark-ignition engine UCO extracts. Mutagenic activity was also found in unused oil extracts, but it was lower than that in UCO extracts and generally required addition of S-9. The mutagenic potency of diesel UCO extracts was similar to that of gasoline UCO extracts, both with and without addition of S-9. This indicated that potential health risks associated with disposal, handling, and recycling of diesel UCO may not be significantly different from those of UCO from gasoline engines.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Heat-related illness and the automobile.

To evaluate the heat burden in parked cars, a study was done to measure inside car temperatures in different situations. A large car and a small car were parked in direct sunlight and in shade. In direct sun, the highest temperatures recorded in the small and large cars were 78 C and 65 C, respectively. The highest temperature in shade for the small car was only 44 C. There was a tremendous buildup of heat inside the car parked in direct sun as opposed to shade (p less than 0.001), and the small car heated more quickly than the large car under similar conditions (P less tan 0.001). Leaving the windows partially or fully open is not protective. With partial ventilation the highest recorded temperature in the small car was 70 C. These findings suggest that the heat burden of poorly ventilated, parked cars exposed to direct sun can be enormous. The common practice of leaving infants, toddlers, elderly people, and pets in cars under these conditions could cause them tremendous heat stress. The potential hazards of this practice should be recognized and special precautions should be taken.

Automobiles↗
PubMed2005

[Automobile driving among patients with dementia. Survey in the Poitou-Charentes region].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics of drivers with dementia and analyze their driving habits. METHODS: The study was conducted among neurologists and geriatricians in the Poitou-Charentes region. We asked 75 physicians to question (according to a structured questionnaire) the patients they saw in January 2004 who were known to suffer from dementia, defined by a Folstein Mini-Mental State (MMS) score pound 25. We compared the epidemiologic characteristics of drivers and nondrivers and described their driving habits. RESULTS: Of the 75 practitioners asked to participate, 27 (36%) accepted and interviewed 146 patients, 74 women and 72 men. Their mean MMS score was 17.6 +/- 5.6 [0-25]. In all, 52 were still driving at the time of the interview, and 48 had stopped, 9 because of motor vehicle accidents. Logistic regression analysis revealed 3 significant variables that differed between the drivers and the nondrivers: drivers were mainly male (p=0.0002), younger (p=0.001) and more recently diagnosed (p=0.003). Half those still driving drove only occasionally (< or =3 times a week), usually during daylight and for short distances. One driver was involved in an accident the year before. DISCUSSION: Patients appeared to be aware of the dangers of driving and avoided taking risks. The MMS score predicted driving status. It is essential to develop simple tests to assess driving ability as objectively as possible.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

On-board generation of a highly volatile starting fuel to reduce automobile cold-start emissions.

The on-board distillation system (OBDS) was developed to extract, from gasoline, a high-volatility fuel for exclusive use during the starting and warm-up periods. The use of OBDS distillate fuel results in much improved mixture preparation, allowing combinations of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing that are not possible with gasoline, even with a fully warm engine. The volatility of the distillate is a function of the parent fuel volatility; however, the variability in distillate quality can be diminished via manipulation of the OBDS operating conditions. Thus, it is possible to develop aggressive starting calibrations that are relatively immune to variations in pump gasoline volatility. The key benefits provided bythe OBDS fuel relative to standard gasoline were found to be (1) improved mixture preparation allowing a 70% reduction of cranking fuel requirements, elimination of air-fuel mixture enrichment during the warm-up period, and significant extension of warm-up ignition timing retard; (2) a 57% decrease in catalyst light-off time, (3) emissions reductions over the FTP drive cycle of 81% for regulated hydrocarbons (NMOG); (4) emissions index (NMOG) approaching that of SULEV/PZEV vehicles; and (5) an apparent 1% increase in fuel economy over the FTP drive cycle.

Automobiles↗
PubMed2003

[Medicinal drugs and automobile driving ability].

When prescribing drugs, the physician is responsible to warn his patient about potential impairment of driving capability. To do this, he needs to be aware of the duration and profile of actions, notably sedative and other effects affecting vigilance, cognitive and psychomotor functions. It is advisable to keep written records about such information. Impairment of driving capability may be more pronounced when ethanol is used during the action of drugs affecting central nervous function. The majority of published studies, particularly from epidemiological work with drivers, indicate an increased risk of accidents associated with the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines or cyclic antidepressants. Epidemiological data for other drugs available so far do not allow definite conclusions. Among antihistamines for drivers, loratadine or fexofenadine are probably preferable to ceritizine or older antihistamines. Patients with diabetes who drive should be informed about the risks and self-management of hypoglycaemia.

Accidents, Traffic↗