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PubMed1989

Anatomy of the abdomen, back, and pelvis as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: Part Two.

In April 1986, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thorax and shoulder girdle was presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists. These images were the authors' first attempt to correlate the magnetic resonance display of the muscles and soft tissues of the chest in the coronal plane with surface gross anatomy. The original purpose of this study was to introduce the role of magnetic resonance imaging to anatomists, medical students, and the specialty of radiology. However, this approach has been expanded by imaging other sections of the body and applying the display of surface anatomy to augment the teaching of anatomy to surgical oncology, pathology, and kinesiology. This three-part article will display magnetic resonance images and will explain how magnetic imaging of the soft tissues can visually augment the teaching of gross anatomy without dissecting surface tissues.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1989

Anatomy of the abdomen, back, and pelvis as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: part three.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1985

XVIII century anatomical models at La Specola, Florence.

At 17 via Romana in the Oltrarno section of Florence are housed, in the Natural History Museum (La Specola), some of the most interesting anatomical models ever made. In the 2 centuries since these wax models were made they have not been surpassed in their true-to-life appearance in spite of modern technology. Unfortunately the models are little known to health scientists, including anatomists, especially in the English-speaking countries. This study presents pertinent historical and descriptive facts about the models--each piece a perfect blend of science and art--and about copies of them or satellite collections in other European countries. The anatomical source for these models is the work of the Dutch Anatomist, Bernard Siegfried Albinus (1697 to 1770) and Jan Wanderlaer (1690-1759), his artist and engraver. It also discusses the little known fact that copies of some of these models were purchased in 1850 for the then Medical Department of the University of Louisiana in New Orleans.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1984

[Johann Friedrich Meckel, Jr. as founder of scientific teratology].

n the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death, the scientific work of the famous German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel (1781 to 1833) in Halle is appreciated. The Younger Meckel is counted to the most outstanding figures in the history of anatomy and medicine in the first third of 19th century. According to his founded knowledges in the normal, comparative, and pathologic anatomy and embryology he was able to give a scientific argument of malformations first of all in the history of medicine and biology. The edition of Meckel's Handbook of Pathologic Anatomy (in German language; 1st vol. 1812) is the birth of scientific teratology. Through his contributions to teratology Meckel directly participated in the raising of general pathology and pathologic anatomy to scientific disciplines. Meckel's interceding for C. F. Wolff's theory of epigenesis, not at last by translation of Wolff's paper "De formatione intestinorum" (1768 to 1769) into the German language, accelerated the development of the general and special embryology during the 19th century. In the contemporary medicine the succeeding eponyms are reminding of the imposing German physician and anatomist: the Meckel's diverticulum of ileum (1809), the Meckel's cartilage of the mandibular arch (1820) and the so-called Meckel syndrome (1822).

Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid↗

PubMed1982

[The intermaxillary bone and Goethe's Mephistopheles].

The greatest anatomist of the second half of the 18th century was considered to be Petrus Camper from Holland. His theory - widespread as a dogma - stated that the anatomical difference between man and animal was the missing intermaxillary bone in man, this being the distinguishing feature between man and monkey. Against this theory Goethe set hs own reflections and observations, and on March 27th 1784 he found, by "reflection and coincidence", the intermaxillary bone in the human skull. In order to present his exciting discovery to the famous anatomist, he wanted to use as an intermediary his good friend Johann Heinrich Merck from Darmstadt who was in contact with Petrus Camper. But Merck delayed the requested forwarding of the manuscript, belittled Goethe and the significance of his treatise considerably in an accompanying letter, did not forward Camper's replies, and in the meantime even took advantage of Goethe's treatise for his own publications. It as only late that Goethe became aware of the scheming and mean behaviour of his "good friend", and he felt disappointed and betrayed by Merck. In Goethe's dramatic poem "Faust", Dr. Faust is confronted with the figure of Mephistopheles--the spirit who always plans evil and always denies. There is enough evidence to believe that the person of J. H. Merck can be recognized in this figure, and that Goethe's discovery of the human intermaxillary bone had its part in creating the figure of Mephistopheles as we know it today.

Germany↗

PubMed1981

[Egas Moniz, Wilhelm Löhr and cerebral angiography. An expedition into the discovery of the cerebral vessels].

25 years ago the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz (1874-1955), the founder of the cerebral angiography and Nobel Prize laureate of the year 1949, died in Lisbon. Narrow 15 years before his German partner and competitor Wilhelm Löhr (1889-1941), surgeon in Mageburg, died. Löhr was the first physician, who applied and extended the carotis angiography in Germany, to begin together with the neurologist Walter Jacobi (1889-1937). For many important reasons and informations in cerebral angioarchitectonics it is indebted to the achievement of Moniz and Löhr. On this occasion a ramble set out through the history of discovery of the brain vessels. Beginning in the antiquity (Herophilos, Galen) via the considerable anatomists in the 16th and 17th century. (Berengario, Vesal, Wepfer, Willis, Sylvius and others) to the discoveries and the specifications in the late 19th and 20th century it is shown, that in the research of cerebral vessels a change of guidance is performed in the first half of our century, from the classic morphologists of the "anatomists" at the operating table and at the X-ray screen, i.e. to the neurosurgeons, neurologists and radiologists. In this connection the present paper is not only an essay about the history of brain research but also a contribution to the history of neuroradio-diagnostics. Such excellent textbooks and atlases as Becher, Braus/Elze, Ferner/Kautzky, Krayenbühl/Yaşargil, Wolf-Heidegger and especially Ferner (1979) reflect the high level of evolution of the theoretical and applied neuroanatomy.

Brain↗

PubMed1995

The superficial femoral vein. A potentially lethal misnomer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential for error in interpretation of venous duplex reports that use the term "superficial femoral vein." DESIGN: Three surveys conducted by mail. SETTING: Three multispecialty medical groups, anatomy departments of all US medical schools, and vascular laboratories. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 46 family practitioners and general internists, 95 chairpersons of departments of anatomy, and 85 laboratory directors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proposed treatment of a patient with leg pain and an acute thrombosis of the superficial femoral vein; what nomenclature(s) for the deep thigh veins is (are) felt to be correct, what are acceptable alternatives, what is taught to students and which is preferred; and what terminology is being used in lower limb venous duplex reports. RESULTS: Only 24% (11/46) of the respondents would have administered anticoagulants to the patient as described. Only 3% (3/95) of anatomists felt the term "superficial femoral vein" was correct, 22% (21/95) felt it was an acceptable alternative (though only 9% [9/95] taught it to medical students), and only 7% (7/95) of anatomists felt the term was preferred for everyday use. The term "superficial femoral vein" is used by 93% (79/85) of vascular laboratories in lower limb venous duplex reports. CONCLUSION: Although the overwhelming majority of vascular laboratories use the term "superficial femoral vein" in venous duplex reports, the use of this term is potentially hazardous to patients. Most primary care physicians have not been taught and are not aware that the superficial femoral vein is a deep vein and that acute thrombosis of this vessel is potentially life threatening.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1993

[Vesalius and the anatomy of the female genital tract].

Some of Vesalius' books allow us to clarify his knowledge of the anatomy of the female genital tract. We distinguish chronologically his Tabulae anatomicae sex (1538), the Fabrica (1543), the Letter on Chynaroot (1546), the Fabrica II (1555) and his letter to Falloppio (1564). The whole of these writings gives us an overview of the evolution of the insight concerning this important chapter of human anatomy. Anno 1538, Vesalius is in several matters Galen's pupil. Let us consider his pictures of the tractus genitalis of man and woman, which unmistakably follow the galenic theory of sexual isomorphism, a delusion to which our Brussels anatomist adhered during all his life. On other points he outdid the "Master" from the very beginning, e.g. as to the structure of the uterus. In this matter he followed da Carpi (1470-1550), his immediate predecessor and the man who pictured a woman's womb as "Uterus simplex". But even in this matter, Vesalius could not separate himself completely from the antique scheme: near the fundus uteri he draws two "ears" or cornua wherein he lets the oviducts discharge themselves, mythical structures that will disappear from his pictures, from 1543 on. The epididymis-like structure of the oviducts will nevertheless be maintained. The chapters 15 to 17 of the fifth book of the Fabrica stand centrally because herein it is the first time that these parts are systematically and thoroughly described; moreover, the pictoral aspect means a great renovation. Before Vesalius, no anatomist had ever published such detailed and artistic pictures of the female organs. But knowing that text and illustration were made at the dissection table, we should consider the author's mistakes as more conspicuous. Thus for instance, the oviduct as vas semen efferens, the structure of which he "saw" in line with Galen's propagation theory. For Vesalius the uterine tube has remained the homologue of the complex canals through which the male seed leaves the body. Another example of an erroneous "observation", inspired by the functional theories of his predecessors, is the imagined connection of blood-vessels between the female internal organs and the breasts. The needlessly complicated terminology and Vesalius' describing and paraphrasing anatomical nomenclature are not very favourable to an easy reading of this works. His classification of the parts of the genital tract is confusing, the more as it is not consistent. We already said that Vesalius attributes but one cavity to woman's uterus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anatomy↗

PubMed1996

The life of "8K", a vagrant microscope objective.

The aim of this article is to suggest that some scientific instruments may be considered worthy of their own biographies and that such a genre may have its own merits and charms. The instrument chosen to exemplify this point is a Hartnack microscope objective lens of about 1860 which served, in turn, the histologist and anatomist Albert von Kölliker, the comparative anatomist Robert Wiedersheim, the surgeon Frederic Kammerer, and the embryologist Edmund Beecher Wilson, and which travelled from Paris to New York by way of Würzburg, Genoa, and Freiburg. Despite a fairly discouraging archival situation, the search for the circumstances surrounding the various employers of "8K" allows us to view the role of microscopes in nineteenth-century biology from a new angle. In addition, the fate of "8K" itself endows this objective with a symbolical significance which transcends its specific functions.

Europe↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Articles published in the Archives d'Anatomie, d'Histologie et d'Embryologie from volume 1 (1922) to volume 74 (1991-92)].

Three anatomists followed one another as Chief Editor of the Archives: Professor A. Forster (Strasbourg) from volume 1 (1922) to volume 29 (1940), Professor G. Winckler (Lausanne) from volume 40 (1957) to volume 53 (1970), and Professor J. G. Koritké (Strasbourg) from volume 54 (1971) to volume 74 (1991-92). From the outset, the Archives received papers from distinguished French and foreign anatomists. The Archives also constitute, since their origin, one of the preferential organs of expression for the Strasbourgian morphological works. All fields of morphology are represented. All zoological groups are concerned, some Invertebrates, but principally Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals amongst which the human species occupies a priviliged place. A total of 938 papers has been published in the Archives. Most papers are in French (833 i.e. 89.0%). Papers in English (89 i.e. 9.5%) are more numerous in the most recent volumes; other papers are in Italian (11 i.e. 1.0%) and in German (5 i.e. 0.5%).

Anatomy↗

PubMed1997

Hilton's Rest and Pain, Guy's Hospital personalities and Guy's South African rugby connection.

Guy's Hospital occupies a unique position in medical history. John Hilton (1805-1879), as anatomist, physiologist, morbid anatomist and surgeon in his classic Rest and Pain, published in 1863 (reissued in 1950), formulated principles for the diagnostic significance of pain and the value of rest in healing. An array of personalities graced Guy's Medical School in that era. The triumvirate of Richard Bright (1789-1858). Thomas Addison (1793-1860) and Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) contemporaneously discovered the diseases that bear their names. Sir Astley Cooper, a leading surgeon of his day (1768-1841), performed the first amputation of the hip joint before the era of anaesthesia. John Keats (1795-1821) qualified as a surgeon at Guy's but, realising his unsuitability of temperament, became a leading English poet. This change of direction caused him anguish and suffering, mainly because of the rejection of his poetry; tuberculosis led to his death in Rome, where he is buried. Guy's Medical School also allowed South Africans to enter as rugby players before the 1920s, when they were required to qualify overseas.

Football↗

PubMed2001

Clinical anatomy and the physical examination part I: thorax, abdomen, perineum, and pelvis.

This paper by the Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA) is a sequel to one published earlier, "A Clinical Anatomy Curriculum for the Medical Student of the 21st Century: Gross Anatomy" (AACA. 1996, Clin Anat. 9:71-99). In that curricular document a number of clinical procedures that apply gross anatomy to current medical practice are cited, including procedures related to the physical examination. This paper describes numerous anatomically based procedures that are performed during a physical examination to demonstrate that (1) gross anatomy forms a fundamental basis for physical diagnosis and (2) such an anatomic basis is delineated in our previously published curricular document. The AACA Educational Affairs Committee also hopes that the examples presented here will serve as a starting point for incorporating elements of the physical examination within a clinical anatomy curriculum in gross anatomy at the medical school level. This paper focuses on the physical examination of the thorax, abdomen, perineum, and pelvis; a subsequent paper will treat the physical examination of the limbs, back, head, and neck.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1999

Müller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis: hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacualr retinoschisis.

Poorly recognized by anatomists and pathologists is the cone-shaped zone of Müller cells that composes the central and inner part of the fovea centralis. The importance of these cells in the structural integrity of the macula, as a repository for xanthophyll, and in the pathogenesis of macular diseases, particularly regarding idiopathic macular hole and foveomacular schisis, is hypothesized.

Female↗

PubMed2003

Pieter Pauw's tumor oculorum: reappraisal of the presumed first description of retinoblastoma in 1597.

Cancer in a young child is unusual and has always aroused curiosity. Proptosis and an enormous, rapidly growing unilateral tumor in a 3-year-old boy prompted Pieter Pauw (1564-1617), a 16th-century anatomist, to perform an autopsy. His published notes from the autopsy were rediscovered in the 19th century, first by the German ophthalmologist and historian Julius Hirschberg and then by Edwin B. Dunphy, from Boston, Mass, who suggested that the child suffered from retinoblastoma, an interpretation that has held sway. Critical translation of the original Latin text suggests that an orbital tumor, such as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, would equally well explain Pauw's observations. His description also gives insight into the concept of a mole as a congenital as well as an intrauterine tumor in Renaissance medicine.

History, 16th Century↗

PubMed1975

Is the vidian nerve cholinergic?

Electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve (vidian) to nasal mucosa induces a nasal secretion and a nasal vasodilation. We have provided additional evidence that, in the dog and cat, the secretory mechanism can be blocked with low doses of atropine sulfate (0.01 mg/kg), but the dilation mechanism is not blocked by high doses (1 mg/kg) of atropine sulfate. By some definitions therefore, the vasodilation is not a cholinergic effect. There appears to be a basic difference in the composition of the vidian nerve in the dog and cat. In the cat, the vidian appears to have a strong sympathetic component. In the dog it does not. The human vidian nerve, according to anatomists, is more like the dog's.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1976

Joseph Leidy: his contributions to otology.

Few men of science have contributed more to our understanding of the workings of nature than Joseph Leidy. Philosopher, anatomist, paleontologist, botanist, educator, and natural scientist in the purest sense of the work, Leidy's interest in the humanities and in all aspects of nature lent itself to his exact descriptions of new species and unchartered anatomic realms. His insistence on man's acquaintance with nature fostered a humanistic and sensitive approach to life, something that needs more emphasis today. This communication deals with Leidy's life, his philosophy, and his unique dedication to the study of nature. An appreciation and understanding of his anatomic expertise, particularly of the temporal bone, hopefully will sensitize the modern otologist to the heart and mind of one that preceded him.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed2005

Anastomosis of Riolan revisited: the meandering mesenteric artery.

The eponym anastomosis of Riolan suggests that Jean Riolan (1580-1657), a famous 17th century French anatomist, was the first to describe this mesenteric arterial connection between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Riolan was a strong defender of traditional Galenic doctrine in medicine and proved a vigorous opponent of the new concept of the circulation of blood as exposed by William Harvey (1578-1657). As confirmed by examining his anatomy book published in 1649, it is unlikely that Riolan would have conceived an arterial collateral pathway in the mesocolon. He probably had observed vascular arcades running along the inner border of the colon. It was not until 1743 that Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) gave a detailed description of the anatomy of the mesenteric arteries, referring to the arterial collateral connection between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries as the Arcus Riolani in honor of an old master of anatomy.

Collateral Circulation↗

PubMed2006

The monarch and the master: Peter the Great and Frederik Ruysch.

The extraordinary European journey of Tsar Peter the Great and his passage to Amsterdam, The Netherlands, allowed him to meet a great figure of medical history who offered insight into the mysteries surrounding the structure of the human body. The famous Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch, preeminent in dissection and anatomical preservation, impressed the emperor and inspired his love for anatomy and surgery. Peter the Great was fascinated by the study of the structure of the human body and spent many hours in the anatomical cabinet of Ruysch. This impressive collection of cadavers and anatomical specimens, described as "a perfect necropolis," was both a laboratory for teaching anatomy and a bizarre and unique form of art. The profound and enduring impression that the West made on the emperor also led him to modernize the medical services in his homeland, Russia.

Anatomy↗