Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Alveolar Process”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Verruciform xanthoma].

BACKGROUND: Verruciform xanthoma (VX), a rare, benign lesion of the skin and mucosa, is slow-growing, asymptomatic and characterized by a granular (verruciform) surface. It is yellowish-red or grey in color and up to 2 cm in diameter. Histologically, a papillary and/or verrucous proliferation of the squamous epithelium with hyperparakeratosis and numerous foam cells is present. These cells are predominantly located within the papillae of the lamina propria. For differential diagnosis, other papillomatous and verrucous lesions such as verrucous carcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas need to be ruled out. CASE REPORT: A 46-year-old patient with VX located on the alveolar process regio 26-28 is presented. Clinically, a 2 x 2 cm granular, oral mucosa surface lesion extending onto the palate occurred in regio 26-28. Biopsy was characterized light microscopically by the presence of swollen, elongated cells in the submucosa, an indication of VX alterations. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated foam cells in the subepithelium containing numerous membrane-bound vesicles similar in diameter and showing a wide variation in electron density. Morphologically, these cells resembled macrophage-related cells. The lesion was excised in total with no evidence of recurrence after 9 months. DISCUSSION: The pathogenesis of VX is still unclear. The characteristic xanthoma cells may play a major role in VX. Microscopic analysis of the morphology of the foam cells indicated that they may represent a differentiated form of macrophages. Lipid vesicles inside these cells differed in their electron density indicating a heterogeneous biochemistry or different states of maturation.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1987

Bone grafting at the stage of mixed dentition in cleft lip and palate patients.

Our results of bone grafting to the alveolar process during the mixed dentition were investigated in 55 consecutively treated patients (66 clefts). The amount of remaining bone and gingival retraction at the tooth mesial to the cleft after 3 and 12 months was measured and correlated with the following anatomical conditions present during surgery: width of the cleft, rotation of the adjacent incisor, stage of eruption of the tooth distal to the cleft. It was also considered if any deciduous lateral incisor or canine was extracted during surgery and if any flap dehiscence took place postoperatively. It was found that flap dehiscence resulted in significantly less bone at 3 months and at 1 year after surgery. Furthermore, extraction of a deciduous tooth was found to be significantly correlated to less bone 1 year after surgery, in which cases there were also persisting gingival retractions. The other factors had no significant influence on the outcome of surgery.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2002

A new device for measuring density of jaw bones.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this project was to develop a lightweight, simple device to evaluate alveolar process bone density using normal intraoral and extraoral imaging procedures. METHODS: A simple lightweight device was constructed using barium sulfate as the major radiopaque component. The 5 x 32 x 12 mm(3) resin block has eight segments with known densities ranging from 1.304 (g/cm(3)) to 1.982 (g/cm(3)). The device was integrated into an XCP unit for standard intraoral radiographs and placed between the jaws for computer aided tomographic imaging. The relationship between the device segment densities and the optical densities of the exposed film was plotted. RESULTS: A linear inverse relationship was found between the device segment densities and optical densities when segment densities were between 1.304 (g/cm(3)) to 1.882 (g/cm(3)). However, the relationship was non-linear for segment densities above 1.882 (g/cm(3)). CONCLUSIONS: Normal human bone density is 1.85 (g/cm(3)), and this densitometer is useful for determination of material densities from 1.304 (g/cm(3)) to 1.882 (g/cm(3)). The device may be useful for precise bone density assessment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Advanced imaging methods.

Recent developments in imaging sciences have enabled dental researchers to visualize structural and biophysical changes effectively. New approaches for intra-oral radiography allow investigators to conduct densitometric assessments of dento-alveolar structures. Longitudinal changes in alveolar bone can be studied by computer-assisted image analysis programs. These techniques have been applied to dimensional analysis of the alveolar crest, detection of gain or loss of alveolar bone density, peri-implant bone healing, and caries detection. Dental applications of computed tomography (CT) include the detailed radiologic anatomy of alveolar processes, orofacial soft tissues and air spaces, and developmental defects. Image analysis software permits bone mass mineralization to be quantified by means of CT data. CT has also been used to study salivary gland disease, injuries of the facial skeleton, and dental implant treatment planning. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used extensively in retrospective and prospective studies of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. Assessments based on MRI imaging of the salivary glands, paranasal sinuses, and cerebrovascular disease have also been reported. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been applied to the study of skeletal muscle, tumors, and to monitor the healing of grafts. Nuclear imaging provides a sensitive technique for early detection of physiological changes in soft tissue and bone. It has been used in studies of periodontitis, osteomyelitis, oral and maxillofacial tumors, stress fractures, bone healing, temporomandibular joint, and blood flow. This article includes brief descriptions of the technical principles of each imaging modality, reviews their previous uses in oral biology research, and discusses potential future applications in research protocols.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of labio-lingual bony support of lower incisors in orthodontically untreated adults with the help of computed tomography.

The aim of the present study was to assess bone volume and bone density in orthodontically untreated adults using a CT analyzing method, with reference data in the clinically essential area of the lower incisors being obtained. For quantitative and qualitative assessment of the labial and lingual bony support of the lower incisors, existing CT-images of 20 adult men with a near-to-normal occlusion and a clinically healthy periodontal situation were evaluated. With the help of a special program (SIM/Plant) and on the basis of axial scans, sagittal scans were constructed, permitting the individual imaging of the lower incisors and their alveolar process. The bony support of each tooth was registered labially and lingually perpendicular to the tooth axis at intervals corresponding to 10% of the root length. At the various root levels, especially at the upper parts of the roots, only small amounts of bony support, if any, were frequently observed. Labially, bony fenestrations and dehiscences were frequently seen, but lingually mostly dehiscences. No clinically relevant association was found between labial bony support and cephalometrically registered inclination of the lower incisors. Bone density, which was registered in Hounsfield units at the gingival, middle and apical thirds of the root levels, increased from the gingival to the apical thirds of the roots, generally with lower lingual than labial values. Before initiating orthodontic treatment a thorough clinical assessment of the anatomical situation in the lower incisor segment should be carried out. At present bone volume in this area can be reliably assessed only with computed tomography; however, this has to be weighed up against increased radiation risks. Therefore, the form of the symphysis should initially be roughly assessed by means of conventional cephalometry, with additional CT-based analysis of individual teeth being confined to special indications.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Geometric and densitometric standardization of intraoral radiography through use of a modified XCP system.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to examine the density correction afforded by curve-fitting algorithms and to investigate whether the device we developed significantly improves the reliability of longitudinal alveolar process bone radiographic density measurements. STUDY DESIGN: Stepwedges were radiographed over a range of impulse settings, and curve-fitting algorithms were fitted to sets of step images on each digitized film. Differences between the actual thicknesses of an alternate set of steps and their corresponding thickness estimates were calculated. Next, clinicians made periapical radiographs from interproximal bony sites on a dry skull using our imaging device. Differences in bone densities between corresponding regions of interest taken 1 week apart were calculated. RESULTS: Analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range test demonstrated that piecewise linear, third-degree polynomial, and fourth-degree polynomial curves provided significantly better estimates of stepwedge thickness than did sigmoid or first degree polynomial-curves (P < .05) and that the differences between repeat bone density measurements made with density correction were significantly less than those made without density correction (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Piecewise linear, third-degree polynomial, and fourth-degree polynomial curve-fitting algorithms provided the best densitometric correction. The use of our imaging device increased the reliability of longitudinal bone density measurements.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dentofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition.

Mandibular anterior crowding is identified as the discrepancy between mesiodistal tooth widths of four permanent incisors and available space in the alveolar process. However, incisor crowding is not merely a tooth-arch size discrepancy. Many variables such as direction of mandibular growth, early loss of deciduous molars, the oral and perioral musculature and incisor and molar inclination can be associated with crowding. Only few studies evaluated the relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and cephalometric measurements in the early mixed dentition. It was the aim of this study to search for dentofacial factors that might be associated with mandibular crowding in the early mixed dentition. Lateral cephalograms and dental casts of 60 children (33 girls, 27 boys) were evaluated. It was determined that patients with crowding had smaller lower incisor to NB angles, maxillary skeletal lengths, mandibular skeletal length, and mandibular dental measurements. They also had greater interincisal angles, overjet, overbite, and Wits appraisal measurements. Significant inverse correlations were found between crowding and SNB, lower incisor to NB angle, anterior cranial length, mandibular length, maxillary length, mandibular dental measurement and direct correlations between crowding and interincisal angle, overjet, overbite, and FMIA. According to these results, we conclude that crowding of the mandibular incisors is not only a tooth-arch size discrepancy. Dentofacial characteristics also contribute to this misalignment.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1995

Anatomic site evaluation of edentulous maxillae for dental implant placement.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated 17 edentulous cadavers for bone quantity and quality of the alveolar process of the maxilla for the purpose of dental implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The maxillary arch was divided into four anatomically defined regions for measurements of bone quantity. Bone quality was assessed histologically and described by trabecular bone patterns and tissue composition. RESULTS: Average bone height with a minimum thickness of 4 mm was as follows: region 1, 12.1 +/- 4.9 mm; region 2, 14.1 +/- 7.2 mm; region 3, 6.1 +/- 2.8 mm; and region 4, 8.5 +/- 2.2 mm. Histological evaluation showed increased trabeculation and thicker cortex in the maxillary anterior area, regions 1 and 2. Region 3, the floor of the maxillary sinus area, had the least amount of bone; however, the quality of bone was superior to that of region 4, the maxillary tuberosity area. Trabecular distance or marrow spaces ranged from 40 microns to 2 mm with larger spaces associated with the posterior maxilla. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary tuberosity is the least desirable site for the placement of implants in the maxilla. The area corresponding to the first and second molars had the least bone thickness. All measures of bone preservation need to be considered, especially in this area.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of bone resorption after secondary alveolar cleft bone grafts before and after canine eruption in connection with orthodontic gap closure or prosthodontic treatment.

PURPOSE: We sought to analyze the success rate of secondary alveolar cleft bone grafts before and after canine eruption in connection with orthodontic gap closure or gap opening. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight secondary alveolar cleft bone grafts with iliac crest spongiosa were carried out in 57 patients (mean age, 9 years; age range, 8 to 11 years) with 11 bilateral and 46 unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, or palate. Gap closures were carried out after 53 bone grafts (78%), and gap openings with subsequent dental implants were carried out with 15 bone grafts (22%). The parameters acquired radiologically (orthopantomograms) at the time of the surgery and the follow-up examination (mean age, 3 years; age range, 7 months to 9 years) were 1) bone resorption in relation to the interdental height of the alveolar process in the vicinity of the cleft and 2) root growth of the teeth in the vicinity of the cleft. The statistically significant differences (P <.05) were monitored with a software program. Resorption grades I and II (>50% of the interalveolar bone height) were considered to be a success. RESULTS: Resorption was grade I in 69%, grade II in 19%, grade III in 10%, and grade IV in 1% of cases. Thus, the overall success rate was 88%. At the time of the osteoplasty, the root growth of the tooth in the immediate vicinity of the cleft was fully completed in 27 teeth (39%), three-quarters completed in 23 teeth (26.5%), and semicompleted in 18 teeth (33.8%). Twelve teeth (18%) in the vicinity of the cleft (lateral incisors/canine) remained unerupted and displaced after the surgery. It was necessary to expose unerupted teeth surgically to reposition them orthodontically. The resorption losses were significantly lower with gap closures than with gap openings (P <.001). However, bone grafts performed before canine eruption were largely carried out with the objective of orthodontic gap closure, in contrast to the bone grafts that were carried out after canine eruption (P <.02). CONCLUSION: Gap closures provide more favorable results than do gap openings in regard to resorption. Controlled dental eruptions or orthodontic gap closures reduce the graft resorption. The exact timing of surgery proved to be only a secondary consideration.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1995

The effect of cobalt-60 irradiation on bone marrow cellularity and alveolar osteoclasts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of bone resorption in the rat dentoalveolar complex occurring as a result of orthodontic appliance therapy. Utilizing whole body radioactive cobalt 60 (Co60) irradiation in combination with orthodontic tooth movement, the activation, recruitment, and life span of osteoclasts was studied. Thirty-four adult Fischer 344 rats were irradiated with 10 and 20 Gray of Co60. Twelve days after irradiation, each rat was fitted with an orthodontic appliance; the rats were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 days after appliance placement. To serve as controls, another group of 12 rats was subjected to orthodontic treatment only. Histologic sections were prepared from decalcified maxillary alveolar process, and osteoclasts were counted. In the control group, osteoclasts were presence in the periodontal membrane for four weeks after appliance placement, and the largest number of osteoclasts was observed in the second week. The smaller total irradiation dose (10 Gray, administered in 5 daily fractions) induced a transient reduction in the bone marrow cell count of more than 90%, followed by a complete rebound. The peak osteoclst number also was increased 110%. In contrast, the higher total dose (20 Gray, administered in 10 daily fractions) resulted in a reduction of 60% in bone marrow cellularity and a decrease in the peak osteoclast number by 40%. Fluctuations in bone marrow cellularity generally corresponded to similar variations in the osteoclast number, but there was an apparent lack of correspondence between bone marrow cell and white blood cell values. The total period of osteoclastic presence in the periodontal membrane following orthodontic activation, normally four weeks in duration, was reduced by one week in the irradiated animals. These findings lead us to speculate that the mechanisms of osteoclast activation and recruitment following orthodontic appliance therapy may involve three consecutive waves of osteoclast maturation. The total duration of osteoclastic bone resorption lasts 4 weeks, but the osteoclast lie span is calculated to be 9 to 10 days (9 days x 3 waves = 27 days). If the results of this study are proved to be reproducible, a scientific basis may have been provided to support the common practice in orthodontics wherein the duration between orthodontic appointments is 4-5 weeks.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1987

Effect of timing on long-term clinical success of alveolar cleft bone grafts.

Despite the almost universal agreement on the desirability of bone grafting in the cleft alveolar process, there are little long-term data to support preference for grafting at one time versus another. Investigation was undertaken to compare the clinical success of grafts placed at three distinct developmental stages: the "primary" group consisting of 20 rib grafts placed at less than 1 year of age; the "secondary" group consisting of 19 iliac crest grafts placed when the permanent canine was one fourth to one half formed; and the "delayed" group consisting of 18 iliac crest grafts placed after eruption of the permanent canines. Patients were a minimum of 15 years of age at time of final evaluation. Records were made a minimum of 5 years postsurgery. Biometric data and periapical x-ray films were evaluated. There was a trend for the delayed group to have a decreased incidence of successful bony bridging of the graft site compared with the other treatment groups. The primary group exhibited significantly (P less than 0.001) greater ridge height and increased bone attachment than the secondary and delayed groups. There were significantly fewer teeth lost adjacent to the cleft for the primary group compared with the secondary and delayed groups. Before orthodontic treatment, there were no significant differences among groups in incidence of anterior crossbite; posterior crossbites were seen more frequently in the secondary and delayed graft groups than in the primary group (P less than 0.001). At final evaluation, there were significantly fewer anterior and posterior crossbites in the primary group than in the secondary and delayed groups (P less than 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Oral adenoid squemous carcinoma. Tumor markers and prognosis].

CASE REPORT: A 58-year-old female patient presented with an exophytic adenoid squamous cell carcinoma on the right alveolar process of the lower jaw. Histological and immunohistochemical differential diagnosis and cellular background of the unfavorable prognosis are described. The patient was treated with curative intent by radical tumor resection including partial mandibulectomy, extensive conservative/radical neck dissection, and postoperative radiation. The adenoid squamous cell carcinoma was classified as pT4, pN0, cM0, R0. During radiation, regional lymph node metastases and distant metastases developed. The patient died of distant metastases 7 months after the initial diagnosis. HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS: Tumor cells of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma express epithelial intermediate filament cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and epithelial basal membrane protein laminin-5 (Ln-5). Glandular differentiation can be excluded by the absence of epithelial mucins (Alcian blue, mucicarmine). Differentiation from angiosarcoma can be performed using endothelial differential markers CD31, CD34, and factor VIII-associated antigen (FVIII-ass. AG). Both entities are characterized by high proliferation and Ki-67 index of 20%. beta-catenin (cell-cell adhesive protein) loses its primary membrane-bound localization and can explain the histologic pattern of acantholysis. Ln-5 (guide rail of invasion) is massively expressed in adenoid squamous cell carcinoma cells and may be responsible for rapid progression. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudopapillary proliferation, cellular atypia, vascular-like cavities, expression of cytokeratin, EMA, and Ln-5 are common features of oral adenoid squamous cell carcinoma and angiosarcoma. Diagnosis is determined by the absence of endothelial differential markers CD31, CD34, and FVIII-ass. AG. Modulation of the beta-catenin pattern (transcription factor of Ln-5) and massive expression of invasion factor Ln-5 are suggested as cell biological reasons for rapid progression of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relations between the maxillary sinus and upper maxillary process. Anatomotopographic study].

The anatomic proximity of the antral floor and superior alveolar processes favors the propagation of infections from teeth to neighboring structures, as was pointed out first by John Hunter. A radiologic and anatomic study was made of these anatomic relations and the bony substance between the alveolar ridge and maxillary sinus was measured. No firm criteria for normality could be established because of the variability of the maxillary sinus. Variations in environmental and developmental conditions easily modify its morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Craniofacial growth in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo)--a cephalometric study.

OBJECTIVE: When suggesting the ferret as a valid laboratory model in craniofacial research, it is essential to know about its normal craniofacial growth. DESIGN: Sixteen ferret kits (eight male and eight female) were selected for the present investigation. Serial lateral and dorsoventral cephalograms were taken on each animal at a mean age of 25, 35, 55, 80 and 300 days. The cephalograms were then digitised and the coordinates of 33 landmarks were derived on each set of cephalograms. Thirty-four variables were then calculated on each set of cephalograms by computer image programs with the coordinate data. Results were analysed statistically, and the craniofacial growth pattern and related sexual dimorphism were described in three perspectives: lateral and dorsoventral viscero- and neurocranium, and lateral mandible. FINDINGS: In both sexes, the viscero- and neurocranium follow an orderly pattern of expansive growth in three dimensions. The growth of the mandible is mainly characterised by an anteroposterior elongation of the mandibular body, an enlargement of the coronoid process, and an increase in height of the alveolar process. The growth rate varies with site. Craniofacial growth in ferrets starts to slow down and finally ceases earlier in female than in male animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Morphogenesis of early stages of periodontal inflammations].

Morphological signs of dissemination of active inflammatory process beyond the gingiva into the depth of the alveolar process bone tissue, paralleled by numerous destructive changes (bone resorption and lysis of collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament, plunged into the bone) in the periodontium are observed during clinically manifest chronic gingivitis. Hence, in contrast to the concept universally acknowledged in periodontology, despite the seeming clinical "heterogeneity" of gingivitis and periodontitis, these conditions should be regarded as a periodontal inflammation, because, judging by the detected morphological picture, each of the nosological entities acknowledged today (chronic gingivitis, periodontitis) represents just a successive stage of the same chronic inflammatory process differing only quantitatively but not qualitatively.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathologic abrasion].

By "pathologic abrasion" is defined the excessive loss of the hard dental substance, which may lead to a total removal of the anatomic crown. This is one of most severe affections of ADM but also one of the best tolerated for a certain length of time. Four aspects of abrasion are frequently noted:--helicoidal abrasion--ad palatum abrasion;--horizontal abrasion;--keylock type abrasion. Excessive abrasion is due to bruxisme in most of the cases, and also to diet, but to a lesser extent. In most of the patients DVO is not modified because, as abrasion persists the continuous process of dental eruption, as well as of the alveolar processes develops. This is the reason for which it has been concluded that DVO should not be removed by prosthetic therapy in patients with extreme abrasion. The most simple solutions should be selected, avoiding complicated therapies because "the ideal treatment" is not always successful for a long time.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

[Calibrated autologous bone grafts--their use in oral implantology. Widening--crest augmentation. Personal technic].

Using special trephines moved by a rotary motor, corticospongy graded-cylindrical grafts can be obtained from the iliac crest. These grafts are used to maintain widened and raised maxillary or mandibular crests. Inserted between type Brane-mark implants is useful to increase the height of the alveolar process when it is impossible to implant. Surgical trauma is limited compared with other Lefort 1 type operations advocated for the same indication. Operative effects resolve quickly and patients are hospitalized less than two days. The entire process is quite economical.

Alveolar Ridge Augmentation↗