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PubMedDate not supplied

[A review of the pharmacologic treatment of migraine in children].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the efficacy and tolerability of the different medications used to treat migraine in children and adolescents. DEVELOPMENT: A literature review of the drug studies involving children and adolescents for the treatment of migraine was conducted. The treatment of migraine is divided into abortive and prophylactic. The different classes of drugs are described in respect to its efficacy and side effects. Few placebo-controlled, double-blind studies are available in children as compared to adults for the treatment of migraine headaches. Only ibuprofen and nasal sumatriptan have been studied and shown to be effective in more than one double blind placebo-controlled study for the abortive treatment of migraine in children. Unlike the adult studies, the oral triptans tested in children have not been effective when compared to placebo. Only flunarizine has shown efficacy in more than one placebo controlled trial for the prophylactic treatment. CONCLUSION: Most of the medications used to treat migraine in children and adolescents are well tolerated. The treatment response of migraine in children and adolescents may differ from that of adults. There seems to be a high placebo response rate in the pediatric population. Therefore, further prospective placebo-controlled studies are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Multiple epiphyseal fractures in an athlete.

Avulsion fractures occur in the adolescent population at apophyseal locations in the lower extremities. Well-developed adolescents seem to be more prone to these than leaner counterparts. Physicians and coaches should be aware of this factor and the possibility of multiple avulsion fracture in the same individual.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

More normal than not: a qualitative assessment of the developmental experiences of gay male youth.

PURPOSE: To examine gay youth experiences within the context of normal adolescent development. METHODS: Thematic analyses of interviews with 13 self-identified gay male youth, aged 16-22 years, each reporting minimal sexual identity distress, were completed. Interviews focused on: (a) descriptions of developmental changes perceived to occur for all adolescents, (b) descriptions of the participants' developmental experience, and (c) participants' direct comparisons of their perceptions of gay and nongay developmental experience. Data were analyzed by two investigators who, after initial review of the interview transcripts, developed a unified coding template to permit systematic analysis of the transcripts for recurrent themes. RESULTS: (a) Few (2 of 13) participants reported overall developmental experience markedly different from nongay peers. (b) Peer interaction was seen as the domain most different from that of nongay peers. (c) Open gay self-identification altered, generally positively, all peer interaction. (d) Increased peer interaction enhanced maturity in other domains. (e) Family dynamics were not substantively altered by open gay self-identification. (f) Middle and high school were identified as relatively hostile environments in which to openly identify as gay, affecting the timing and the extent of self-disclosure. (g) Developmental progress showed asynchrony across developmental domains. CONCLUSION: General developmental dysfunction is not inevitable for gay adolescents, nor is identifiable personal or family pathology directly related to sexual identity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The management of sexual issues in adolescent treatment programs.

Disturbed adolescents confined to inpatient treatment settings present special problems for the management of sexual behaviors. Ego impaired, delinquent, and autonomy-seeking adolescents provoke unique conflicts among their peers and staff. Staff's sexual anxiety caused by societal stereotypes of adolescents, inexperience with the techniques of unbiased observation and limit-setting, ignorance of normal adolescent development, and countertransference may lead to inadequate or inappropriate interventions. The authors describe the goals of a training program to reduce staff sexual anxiety: to develop a body of knowledge about the interaction between normal sexual development and psychopathology; to promote awareness about the staff's own feelings and the ways they influence observation and interaction; to lessen anxiety about self-exposure in the group setting; and to gain mutual support. Specific guidelines regarding effective staff interventions at an individual and group level are described. Alertness to the broad implications of sexuality in staff and patients and the necessity for careful monitoring of ward anxiety is emphasized.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Health and development of gay and lesbian youths: implications for HIV/AIDS.

Health and behavioral issues of gay and lesbian adolescents have recently become a focus of research and interest. A well conceived framework within which to consider thoughtfully the uniqueness of problems faced by homosexual youths and the role of health-care providers is needed. The prevalence, sociocultural history, and theories of origin of the homosexual orientation (biologic, psychoanalytic, and social processes) as well as general issues in adolescent development (biologic, cognitive, and emotional) all contribute to the development of a comprehensive perspective through which better health care and education can be provided. Responsible sexual behavior, depression, and suicide are health-care issues that physicians must be sensitive to and address openly. Up to 50% of gay youths have "seriously contemplated," suicide and 25% are estimated to have attempted suicide, according to the literature. In one study, up to 38% of pediatricians were uncomfortable in caring for homosexual adolescents within their practice. Practical suggestions include reviewing the language in office information forms and brochures providing appropriate literature that demonstrates acceptance of homosexual and bisexual orientations, and avoiding heterosexist bias in questions inquiring about sexuality. Physicians have an opportunity to modify the health and psychosocial risks faced by gay and lesbian youths by restructuring professional settings and accepting broader responsibilities for raising community awareness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Changes in adolescents' and mothers' autonomy and connectedness in conflict discussions: an observation study.

Behaviour in conflicts in 76 dyads of mothers and their 11-16-year-old adolescents was observed twice in a 2-year interval. In concordance with individuation theory (Youniss and Smollar, 1985, Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers and friends. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press), we found an increase across assessments in adolescents' autonomy. In accordance with Steinberg's (1990, At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent, Feldman, S. and Elliott, G. (Eds). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 255-276) developmental theory, we observed a decrease of connectedness with their mothers in younger adolescents and an increase of connectedness in older adolescents. Changes in mothers' connectedness with their children paralleled the changes in adolescents, but only the increase of connectedness of mothers of older adolescents was statistically significant. Higher levels of connectedness were observed in mother-daughter than in mother-son dyads. In addition, female adolescents were more successful in changing their mothers' position than their male age-peers. As decreases in connectedness were moderate, it is still true that some connectedness between adolescents and parents is maintained across adolescence, as suggested by individuation theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Life stressors, social resources, and coping skills in youth: applications to adolescents with chronic disorders.

OVERVIEW: After setting out a conceptual framework that focuses on how personal and social resources aid adolescents in managing acute and chronic stressors, I describe methods by which to assess adolescents' family environments and specific life stressors and social resources, and the approach and avoidance coping responses adolescents use to manage life stressors. I then review some research that employs these concepts and methods to focus on the families and life contexts, and coping skills, of youth with chronic medical disorders, including juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD). I close by drawing implications for assessment and intervention and describing some fruitful areas for future research, such as examining the reciprocal linkages between parental and youth behavior, how adolescents' personal characteristics shape their life context, and how life crises and transitions enhance adolescents' development and maturation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation adolescence.

In this study, we examined the construct of the imaginary audience (Elkind & Bowen, 1979), presumably a precipitant of adolescent egocentrism, as it relates to public individuation and self-consciousness. We hypothesized that the imaginary audience inhibits public individuation and represents a critical form of public self-consciousness. We also argued that the imaginary audience is a normal aspect of early adolescent development that diminishes in the context of secure parental relationships by late adolescence but remains salient if these relationships are insecure. These hypotheses were examined in a cross-sectional study of 850 adolescents in the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 12th grades. Support was generally found for the hypothesized relations. The validity and limitations of the imaginary audience and public individuation constructs are discussed, along with more general theoretical issues concerning adolescent self-consciousness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Coping in adolescents with cancer: a review of the literature.

The dual challenge of normal adolescent development combined with a diagnosis places high demands on the coping of adolescents with cancer (AWC). A review was conducted to synthesize and critique studies of coping in AWC. Findings from this review indicated inconsistent results for developmental and gender differences as well as associations of coping with distress. A number of limitations were associated with these studies, including the use of small samples, lack of consistency in the conceptualization of coping and instruments, and limited knowledge helpful to inform intervention research to improve effective coping in AWC. Future studies are needed to address these limitations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A development perspective on adolescent drug abuse.

Adolescent drug use is placed in an historical and developmental perspective. Existing evidence concerning causes and consequences of adolescent drug use is inconclusive. In the absence of conclusive empirical evidence and cogent theories, we present a prima facie case against early adolescent drug use by defending six propositions which posit specific cognitive, conative, and affective negative consequences including impairment of attention and memory; developmental lag imposing categorical limitations on the level of maximum functioning available to the user in cognitive, moral and psychosocial domains; amotivational syndrome; consolidation of diffuse or negative identity; and social alienation and estrangement. We call for a program of research which could provide credible evidence to support or rebut these propositions, and thus address the factual claims underlying the sociomoral concerns of social policy planners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Simultaneous abuse of different psychoactive substances among adolescents.

Although the drug abuse has been evidenced in every age of the human life, it seems that its occurrence is crucial during adolescence period with its well-known consequences on the further personality development. Adolescents like to experiment with risky lifestyles without adequate knowledge about their possible harmful effects and consequences. International experiences have represented that early onset of the risky behaviour predisposes young persons for serious problems in social, psychological and physical future lives. It has been noticed that adolescents like to combine different psychoactive substances. Therefore the aim of this study was to present the most important and the most actual substances abused by young adolescents together with the substance characteristics. This research included 600 adolescents with the same prevalence regarding age, sex and living zone (rural-urban). Our research showed that simultaneous abuse of various harmful psychoactive substances (polydrug abuse) is the most common (tobacco smoking and cannabis consumption in 75% of cases, alcohol consumption and cannabis consumption in 80% of cases).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Extended nights, sleep loss, and recovery sleep in adolescents.

In summary, this study of sleep in adolescents on an atypical schedule of 18-hour nights showed marked but not unanticipated differences in sleep as function of prior sleep deprivation. Unanticipated was the evidence of "recovery" sleep in adolescents who not only were not sleep deprived, but who had been on a sleep "optimizing" schedule and had been awake for only 10 hours. Extended sleep beginning about 4 hours in advance of entrained sleep onset phase was not associated with a return of SWS, a finding coinciding with predictions from studies in adults. Finally, this study provides an indication that the homeostatic sleep/wake process becomes less robust or sleep responsive during adolescent development, a phenomenon that may influence the delay of sleep common in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Variations in parenting practices: gender- and age-related differences in African adolescents.

This study examines gender and age differences in parenting practices among African adolescents in South Africa. The Perceived Parent Behavior Inventory (PPBI) was administered to 274 students (14 through 18 years of age) in Standards 6 through 10 who attended one public coeducational high school in Cape Town. The results indicate that for the three scales of the PPBI, girls score higher than boys, and that on the total score and two of the PPBI scales, the level of perceived parental behaviors decreases with age. These findings support the hypotheses that competence in social interaction is a more significant factor for girls than for boys and that younger adolescents have a closer association with their parents than do their older counterparts. The findings have important implications for the study of adolescent development in an African context.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eating disorders and adolescent diabetes: is there a link?

Issues commonly associated with normal adolescent development can affect the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and similarities between psychosocial issues relating to diabetes and eating disorders have been suggested. This article discusses the issues and the problematic coexistence of eating disorders and diabetes in adolescence. The aetiology of eating disorders is multifactorial, and this article explores whether the existence of diabetes in adolescence potentially increases susceptibility to the development of eating disorders. Finally, the authors suggest ways in which paediatric nurses can approach the care of adolescents with coexisting diabetes and eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Adolescent health education programmes: theoretical principles in design and delivery.

The patterns of health need in youth have changed over the last three decades with increasing rates of psychosocial problems compromising adolescent development and affecting the patterns of morbidity and mortality in adult years. This has increased the public health interest in health promotion, early detection and preventive health care for adolescents. Yet, young people report significant barriers to accessing the health care system, and health professionals report a self-perceived lack of competency and prior training in adolescent health, especially in these areas of youth health need. There is an imperative to provide quality professional development for existing health professionals and undergraduates in adolescent health care. This paper will discuss a model of professional knowledge in adolescent health and the evidence-based principles in design and delivery of effective education programmes. It will also review the published evaluations of adolescent education programmes and outcomes that still require evaluation in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

The experiences of adolescents with thalassemia in West Bengal, India.

In disadvantaged settings, where medical and socioeconomic support structures are inadequately developed, adolescent thalassemic patient respondents (ATPRs) live a dismal existence. In this article, the authors explore the experiences of ATPRs in West Bengal, India, with a view to addressing the question of whether thalassemia can be considered a disability, using a qualitative research design involving a purposive sampling method. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 36 patients. The findings show that culture and education play a major role in illness experiences. The consequence of thalassemia is extremely stressful, and patients face a variety of physical, psychological, and social problems. Considering these experiences, the study concludes that thalassemia might be officially considered as a disability in India, requiring a multiple theoretical as well as a multipronged intervention method to tackle it adequately.

Adolescent↗