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PubMedDate not supplied

VOC exposures in a mixed-use university art building.

Despite a sizable educational art enterprise in the United States there is a dearth of rigorously performed studies of exposures to persons engaged in such activities. Exposures to 45 EPA-designated volatile organic compounds were examined in printmakers in a mixed-use university art school served by a 100% exhausted mechanical ventilation system. Personal exposures (n = 90) were compared with area concentrations (n = 36) in the studio area and at a second location at the same facility. For personal exposure assessments a cohort of 12 students wore passive dosimeters twice weekly over a 6-week period. Numerous compounds were found, the most prevalent being toluene at an average concentration of 64.6 microg/m3 (17.1 ppb; range < 1-319 ppb); 1,1,1, trichloroethane at 40.5 microg/m3 (7.5 ppb; range < 1-211 ppb); xylenes at 8.0 microg/m3 (1.8 ppb; range < 1-43 ppb); 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene at 6.2 microg/m3 (1.3 ppb; range < .3-32 ppb); propyl benzene at 5.0 microg/m3 (1.0 ppb; range < .5-27 ppb); methylene chloride at 4.9 microg/m3 (1.4 ppb; range < 1-10 ppb); and ethyl benzene at 4.5 microg/m3 (1.1 ppb; range < .4-23 ppb). Personal exposures were considerably higher than average area air concentrations, with the exception of methylene chloride concentrations, which were five times higher at the print cleaning operation. Floors where solvents were not used had no detectable exposures (typical lower limit of detection approximately 1 ppb) and were free of solvent odors. Despite frequent solvent contact with skin, personal protective equipment was seldom used. Results indicate that in mixed-use facilities such as this, nonrecirculating general ventilation systems can effectively eliminate indoor air quality issues between floors, despite perceptible odors on solvent use floors. For total exposure assessments in such processes, contact exposures from printmaking solvents during cleaning procedures are a potentially important consideration.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

The neurology of kinetic art.

All visual art must obey the laws of the visual system. The first law is that an image of the visual world is not impressed upon the retina, but assembled together in the visual cortex. Consequently, many of the visual phenomena traditionally attributed to the eye actually occur in the cortex. Among these is visual motion. The second law is that of the functional specialization of the visual cortex, by which we mean that separate attributes of the visual scene are processed in geographically separate parts of the visual cortex, before being combined to give a unified and coherent picture of the visual world. The third law is that the attributes that are separated, and separately processed, in the cerebral cortex are those which have primacy in vision. These are colour, form, motion and, possibly, depth. It follows that motion is an autonomous visual attribute, separately processed and therefore capable of being separately compromised after brain lesions. It is also one of the visual attributes that have primacy, just like form or colour or depth. We conclude that it is this separate visual attribute which those involved in kinetic art have tried to exploit, instinctively and physiologically, from which it follows that in their explorations artists are unknowingly exploring the organization of the visual brain though with techniques unique to them.

Art↗
PubMed2000

Seeing patients and life contexts: the visual arts in medical education.

In many ways, the practice of medicine has been a visual science from the time of the early Renaissance anatomists to the high-speed scanners of today. But images of patients and their anatomical parts do not necessarily lead to an understanding of their problems. Meaning must follow the sensory experience and be coupled with reflection. The visual arts, therefore, can be used to help physicians in training increase their observational and interpretive skills. Works by classic and contemporary artists can be used to increase awareness of the complex nature of human beings and their conditions, which lie beneath the appearances. In addition to painting, television, motion pictures, and printed media may also be used in classroom settings to educate. Medical schools that do not have accessible fine arts or humanities programs may form allegiances with local artists to increase communication and understanding between these disciplines.

Art↗
PubMed2004

Insights into brain function through the examination of art: the influence of neurodegenerative diseases.

There has been intense interest in determining how the visual brain processes the outside world, and in identifying the neuroanatomical correlates of the ability to create art. Comparing art production before and after illness onset permits some speculation on the function of selective brain regions affected by the neurodegenerative process. In this review of cases of neurodegenerative illness in visual artists, the evolution of abstraction may be argued to either reflect an enhancement of previous skills or, that the emergence of abstraction, when it was previously absent, is a manifestation of cognitive and visuo-spatial decline. We present examples of each, illustrating both perspectives and suggest that the two opposing views may not be mutually exclusive.

Art↗
PubMed1994

The arts and humanities: a creative approach to developing nurse leaders.

There are many ways by which leadership skills can be developed, but an effective approach that is rarely considered by educators, administrators, or individuals is the use of the arts and humanities. The article explores the nature of leadership and ways to develop leadership skills. It then examines how the humanities relate to leadership development and provides specific examples of arts and humanities that individuals can use in their quest to evolve as effective leaders.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical experience at the museum of art.

A one-day clinical experience at a museum of art was used to reinforce health assessment skills and nursing diagnoses of sophomore-level nursing students. The principal character in a work of art was assessed by students. The author discusses the students' assessments of the influence of the humanities on nursing.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Climacteric symptoms among indigenous Australian women and a model for the use of culturally relevant art in health promotion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate climacteric symptoms among rural and remote, indigenous Australian women and to develop culturally relevant women's health midlife educational material. DESIGN: A cross-sectional pilot survey based on structured interviews of women older than 18 years of age who were available for interview and willing to participate. The study was conducted in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and southwestern Victoria between February and June 1999. Health issues central to the local community were identified by the structured survey. Development of culturally relevant information involved collaboration between indigenous women and indigenous artists, health workers, educators, and ourselves. Traditional health themes in art form were then linked with specific health issues to be addressed. Health messages were translated by Aboriginal women and health workers into both traditional language and vernacular, to target all women. RESULTS: Fifty-five women completed the survey. Thirty-eight were premenopausal, 4 were perimenopausal, and 13 were postmenopausal. The 4 perimenopausal women and 9 of the 13 postmenopausal women had climacteric symptoms, but none had been prescribed systemic or local hormonal therapy. Rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were high. Midlife women's health booklets were produced in collaboration with Aboriginal elders and artists to communicate preventive health information in a visual context familiar to Aboriginal people of the Kimberley and surrounding communities. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the case in other non-Caucasian populations, climacteric symptoms seem to be common among Australian indigenous women and are apparently untreated. Aboriginal art and language has been employed in the development of culturally appropriate health promotion literature for Aboriginal communities in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. This process of collaboration provides a useful model for addressing women's health issues in other culturally diverse populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Art and artifice in the science of histology. 1933.

Introduction to the original article. Dr Pio del Rio-Hortega has been working 'temporarily' in a little laboratory in La Residencia for the past 15 years. With exemplary perseverance and goodwill, he has carried out, in this little corner, a labour that has been greatly appreciated by researchers throughout the world, but is perhaps not sufficiently recognized among ourselves. Through the use of original methods he has been able to make visible the most delicate details of the structure of cells. His research on the histology of the nervous system led him to discover a new species of cells, which the scientific world has baptized, in his honour, with the name of 'Hortega cells'. His uninterrupted line of investigation continues with research on tumours of the nervous system, on which he was confirmed as the leading authority at the last International Conference on Cancer. Dr Rio-Hortega is a devotee of the visual arts, and a fruit of the marriage between his enthusiasm for art and his scientific activities is the article that follows.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Culture and ageing: reflections on the arts and nursing.

UNLABELLED: AIM; In this paper, we focus on ageing as an area in which nursing, society and the humanities can be profitably conjoined. We illustrate our argument with three case studies of ageing: in painting, opera and ballet. BACKGROUND: There has been a recent spectacular increase in papers devoted to the relatively new field of the medical humanities. We argue for a similar renaissance in thinking about the connections between the arts and nursing. DISCUSSION: First, we consider the paintings of J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) as examples of loss, ageing and death. Second, we draw upon Leos Janácek's opera 'The Makropulos Case' (1926) as a focus for debate about human mortality. Third, we review some ethnographic research on the balletic body as an example of cultures of youthful ageing. CONCLUSION: A focus on the embodiment of vulnerability is a productive catalyst for research on the intimate connections between self and society, biology and culture, and reason and emotion. Such a research agenda would be the hallmark of a holistic approach to the arts and nursing.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Art, science and social science in nursing: occupational origins and disciplinary identity.

This paper forms part of a wider study examining the history and sociology of nursing education in England between 1860 and 1948. It argues that the question of whether nursing was an art, science and/or social science has been at the 'heart' of a wider debate on the occupational status and disciplinary identity of nursing. The view that nursing was essentially an art and a 'calling', was championed by Florence Nightingale. Ethel Bedford Fenwick and her allies insisted that nursing, like other professions, was a 'scientific' and technical enterprise. Social scientists later came to challenge nursing's claim to professionalism by analysing nursing work first within the context of industrial psychology. But they also advocated a rapprochement between nursing, health services and social science research, a challenge which we are in nursing, still striving to meet. This paper argues for a strong coalition of nursing with its former nineteenth century ally, social science, in the continuing struggle for change within nursing and health care policy. Rather than searching for some rarified and purified essence of nursing knowledge, it argues that nurses need to join forces with sociologists and economists in striving to shape the agenda for health services research and provide the evidential basis for health policy transformation more generally.

Art↗
PubMed1991

Primordial image and the archetypal design of art.

This paper extends Jung's work on the relationship of art to (postulated) archetypes of the collective unconscious. Archetypes of the collective unconscious, according to Jung, are revealed to ego consciousness only by way of images--images of a specific form. Jung suggests that archetypes, primordial images, combine two aspects in a single form and are therefore paradoxical. The wise old man and youth and hermaphrodites illustrate Jung's definition of a primordial image. My study of Jung's illustrations concludes that he is referring to what I term double-figures as the design form of primordial imagery. I elaborate upon the design form of double-figures, and illustrate my conception of archetypal imagery through comparative analysis of nine cases of double-figure imagery from selected prehistoric and contemporary societies. Double-figures, as archetypal primordial imagery of the collective unconscious, are spontaneously generated, autonomous, and known to a wide variety of societies. I distinguish between form and content in the study of primordial imagery, and conclude with a summary of the importance of Jung to the cross-cultural study of art.

Art↗
PubMed1983

The arts as healing.

The relationship between artistic involvement and individual mental health is considered, and the concept of "healing" is differentiated from that of "therapy." Seven properties of art experience are identified which, when developed, have contributed to patients' recovery from mental illness. Implications of these properties for clinical programs, and the related value of art experience for non-patients, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A non-contact complete knee dislocation with popliteal artery disruption, a rare martial arts injury.

Complete knee dislocation is a rare injury and an associated incidence of popliteal artery damage ranges from 16-60% of cases. It occurs commonly in road traffic accidents and in high velocity trauma where significant contact remains as the usual mode of injury. We describe a rare case of non-contact knee dislocation with popliteal artery injury sustained while practising Aikido, a type of martial art. This patient successfully underwent closed reduction of the knee with an emergency vein bypass graft. Similar injury in association with Aikido has not been described in the English literature previously. Various martial art injuries are briefly discussed and safety recommendations made.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Treatment of patients with chronic somatic symptoms by means of art psychotherapy: a process description.

BACKGROUND: Inability to express emotions is common in patients with long-lasting somatic symptoms associated with incapacitation and impaired quality of life. One method for treating this inability is art psychotherapy. In this study the typical course in such treatments is described. Patients were followed longitudinally before therapy and every 4th to 6th month during the treatment. METHODS: Patients with long-lasting psychosomatic conditions resulting in partial or total loss of working capacity for at least 1 year have been treated in the programme. All of them had chronic pain. The majority of the patients that were referred to us were offered treatment. Three-fourths of those who started treatment stayed in treatment as long as the therapist considered it optimal. Twenty-four patients (22 women and 2 men) in the present study had their treatment started on average 2 years (range 13-42 months) before the end of the treatment period. In addition these 24 patients were contacted 6-48 months after the end of the therapy (average 23 months) and a short post-evaluation was made by telephone. RESULTS: The first year of treatment was characterized by emotional turmoil paralleled by increased energy level reflected in temporary elevation of serum uric acid. Significant improvement was observed with regard to anxiety-depression after one year of treatment. A tendency towards decreased levels of psychosomatic symptoms in general was observed after two years of treatment. One-fourth of the 20 non-working or part-time working patients increased their working activity. CONCLUSIONS: A slow partial recovery was observed. Art psychotherapy may have contributed to this.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relation between depression and art.

The relationships between depression and art are many and varied. Examples of poets, novelists, and musicians spring to mind who have vividly portrayed depression, usually from personal experience of it. These portrayals often had a psychohygienic significance for the artists concerned--as in the case of Goethe, who, in writing 'The sorrows of young Werther', exorcised his own suicidal impulses and thoughts, thus probably saving his own life. Artists have also depicted the physiognomy of depressives, e.g. Hans Baldung Grien in his picture 'Saturn' showing the pronounced nasolabial folds described by Veraguth as indicative of melancholia. Relationships between depression and art also play a role in certain theories of creativity, such as that of Silverman, who postulates that in the depressive phase new impressions arise which then find their expression in a manic phase. Finally, there are the various creative therapies designed in cases of depression (e.g. by encouraging the patient to paint or draw) to reactivate the nondominant hemisphere of the brain. Particularly in chronic or recurrent depressions this reactivation also serves to open up to the patient new perspectives for the solution of the problems that drive him into depression.

Art↗
PubMed2004

Looking at Op Art from a computational viewpoint.

Arts history tells an exciting story about repeated attempts to represent features that are crucial for the understanding of our environment and which, at the same time, go beyond the inherently two-dimensional nature of a flat painting surface: depth and motion. In the twentieth century, Op artists such as Bridget Riley began to experiment with simple black and white patterns that do not represent motion in an artistic way but actually create vivid dynamic illusions in static pictures. The cause of motion illusions in such paintings is still a matter of debate. The role of involuntary eye movements in this phenomenon is studied here with a computational approach. The possible consequences of shifting the retinal image of synthetic wave gratings, dubbed as 'riloids', were analysed by a two-dimensional array of motion detectors (2DMD model), which generates response maps representing the spatial distribution of motion signals generated by such a stimulus. For a two-frame sequence reflecting a saccadic displacement, these motion signal maps contain extended patches in which local directions change only little. These directions, however, do not usually precisely correspond to the direction of pattern displacement that can be expected from the geometry of the curved gratings as an instance of the so-called 'aperture problem'. The patchy structure of the simulated motion detector response to the displacement of riloids resembles the motion illusion, which is not perceived as a coherent shift of the whole pattern but as a wobbling and jazzing of ill-defined regions. Although other explanations are not excluded, this might support the view that the puzzle of Op Art motion illusions could potentially have an almost trivial solution in terms of small involuntary eye movement leading to image shifts that are picked up by well-known motion detectors in the early visual system. This view can have further consequences for our understanding of how the human visual system usually compensates for eye movements, in order to let us perceive a stable world despite continuous image shifts generated by gaze instability.

Art↗
PubMed1994

Mind and mood in modern art, II: Depressive disorders, spirituality, and early deaths in the abstract expressionist artists of the New York School.

This article documents the high prevalence of mood disorders in a group of 15 of the mid-twentieth-century Abstract Expressionist artists of the New York School. These artists, using the technique of psychic automatism (based on free association) in order to reveal unconscious material, created a psychologically and spiritually significant art that addressed the mythic themes of creation, birth, life, and death. Over 50% of the 15 artists in this group had some form of psychopathology, predominantly mood disorders and preoccupation with death, often compounded by alcohol abuse. At least 40% sought treatment and 20% were hospitalized for psychiatric problems. Two committed suicide; two died in single-vehicle accidents while driving; and two others had fathers who killed themselves. Many of these artists died early deaths, and close to 50% of the group (seven of 15) were dead before the age of 60. The material presented in this article suggests the following formulation and hypothesis. Depression inevitably leads to a turning inward and to the painful reexamination of the purpose of living and the possibility of dying. Thus, by bringing the artist into direct and lonely confrontation with the ultimate existential question, whether to live or to die, depression may have put these artists in touch with the inexplicable mystery that lies at the heart of the "tragic and timeless" art that the Abstract Expressionists aspired to produce.

Adult↗