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PubMed1996

A component-based, distributed object services architecture for a clinical workstation.

Attention to an architectural framework in the development of clinical applications can promote reusability of both legacy systems as well as newly designed software. We describe one approach to an architecture for a clinical workstation application which is based on a critical middle tier of distributed object-oriented services. This tier of network-based services provides flexibility in the creation of both the user interface and the database tiers. We developed a clinical workstation for ambulatory care using this architecture, defining a number of core services including those for vocabulary, patient index, documents, charting, security, and encounter management. These services can be implemented through proprietary or more standard distributed object interfaces such as CORBA and OLE. Services are accessed over the network by a collection of user interface components which can be mixed and matched to form a variety of interface styles. These services have also been reused with several applications based on World Wide Web browser interfaces.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

IAIMS architecture.

An information system architecture defines the components of a system and the interfaces among the components. A good architecture is essential for creating an Integrated Advanced Information Management System (IAIMS) that works as an integrated whole yet is flexible enough to accommodate many users and roles, multiple applications, changing vendors, evolving user needs, and advancing technology. Modularity and layering promote flexibility by reducing the complexity of a system and by restricting the ways in which components may interact. Enterprise-wide mediation promotes integration by providing message routing, support for standards, dictionary-based code translation, a centralized conceptual data schema, business rule implementation, and consistent access to databases. Several IAIMS sites have adopted a client-server architecture, and some have adopted a three-tiered approach, separating user interface functions, application logic, and repositories.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed1997

Anatomical architecture and electrical activity of the heart.

In most early studies of cardiac electrophysiology, the correlation between propagation of excitation and the architecture of cardiac fibers was not addressed. More recently, it has become apparent that the spread of excitation, the sequence of recovery, the associated time-varying potential distributions and the intra- and extracardiac electrocardiograms are strongly affected by the complex orientation of myocardial fibers. This article is a review of older and very recent, partly unpublished, mathematical simulations and experimental findings that document the relationships between cardiac electrophysiology and fiber structure. Important anatomical factors that affect propagation and recovery are: the elongated shape of myocardial fibers which is the basis for electrical anisotropy; the epi-endocardial rotation of fiber direction in the ventricular walls; the epi-endocardial obliqueness of the fibers ("imbrication angle"), and the conduction system. Due to the complex architecture of the fibers, many different pathways are available to an excitation wavefront as it spreads from a pacing site: the straight line; the multiple, bent pathways resulting from the epi-endocardial rotation of fiber direction; the coiling intramural pathways associated with the "imbrication" angles (Streeter) and the pathways involving the Purkinje network. Only in a few cases is the straight line the fastest pathway. The shape of an excitation wavefront at a given time instant results from the competition between all possible pathways. To compute the potential distributions and ECG waveforms generated by a spreading excitation wave we must know the successive shapes and positions of the wavefront, the architecture of the fibers through which it propagates and the spatial distribution of their anisotropic electrical properties.

Electrophysiology↗

PubMed1997

[Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on sleep architecture in patients with severe dilated cardiomyopathy and Cheyne-Stokes respiration].

Patients suffering from severe heart failure may develop breathing disorders during sleep. Results may be heavy disturbances in sleep architecture, worsening of haemodynamics and of the prognosis of these patients. Causes of breathing disorders are probably instability of breathing regulation caused by hypoxaemia, hypocapnia, and prolonged blood circulation time. This study examined the influence exercised by different concentrations of continuously applied oxygen during night time on breathing disorders, oxygen saturation and sleep architecture in patients with severe heart failure (NYHA III-IV). All patients showed an improvement in sleep architecture. Total sleeping time increased significantly. Fragmentations of sleep by arousal reactions decreased, time of REM-sleep and non-REM-sleep III and IV increased significantly.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Experimental study on the effects of FGF on the changes in vascular architecture of subdermal vascular plexus of the thin skin flap].

In this experimental study, eight rabbits were used to investigate the survival mechanism of subdermal vascular plexus thin skin flap. By histological, immunohistochemical and microcirculatory observation, we found that the vascular architecture of different parts of the flap had great dissimilarity: the vascular architecture of the proximal part was same as that of normal skin, the middle one showed extremely active angiogenesis, and the distal part also showed angiogenesis but in medium level. We conclude that the middle part of the flap works as an "intermediary pedicle", and is the basis of the early pedicle division and superior survival ratio of the flap. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) plays an important role in the changes in vascular architecture of the flap.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Integrative Genomic and Functional Investigation of the Multi-Layered Genetic Architecture Between Anorexia Nervosa and Bone Loss.

OBJECTIVE: Bone loss is a severe and often irreversible complication of anorexia nervosa (AN), yet the genetic mechanisms underlying this comorbidity remain underexplored. This study focuses on constructing a comprehensive genetic architecture between AN and estimated calcaneal bone mineral density (eBMD). METHOD: We applied an integrative framework incorporating genetic correlation, pleiotropic association, and causal inference across single-variant, multi-variant, and gene expression levels. Functional validation was conducted in vitro to investigate the biological role of the key candidate gene. RESULTS: Local genetic correlation analysis identified significant signals at 8p21.2 and 10q26.3, despite the lack of significant global correlation. Mendelian randomization analysis pointed to a suggestive negative causal effect of genetically predisposed AN on eBMD. Extensive pleiotropic signals were detected, particularly at 3p21.31 and 10q26.3, loci enriched with genes associated with both traits. Notably, we identified a novel pleiotropic signal near NCAM1 at 11q23.2, which was supported by multi-layered genetic evidence and confirmed through in vitro functional experiments. NCAM1, a well-established neural-associated gene, promoted osteoclastic differentiation and bone resorption when overexpressed in osteoclast precursor cells, indicating that NCAM1 possesses distinct functional roles in both neural and skeletal tissues. DISCUSSION: This study constructs a comprehensive genetic architecture underlying AN and eBMD and highlights NCAM1 as a key pleiotropic gene.

anorexia nervosa↗

PubMed2026

Revealing the Shared Genetic Architecture of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-Related Traits Through Genomic Structural Equation Modeling.

Although individual traits related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) have been investigated through large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs), the shared genetic susceptibility across these traits remains unclear. We therefore conducted a multivariate GWAS of key MASLD-related traits to elucidate their common genetic architecture. We applied genomic structural equation modeling to model a latent genetic factor (MASLD-F) underlying genetically correlated MASLD-related traits, leveraging their GWAS-derived genetic correlations. We then performed functional annotations, including fine-mapping, transcriptome-wide association study, and cell- and tissue-type-specific enrichment analyses, and conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to identify modifiable risk factors. Our multivariate MASLD-F GWAS identified 50 independent variants across 48 genomic loci. Transcriptomic imputation identified several MASLD-F-associated genes, including ARNTL, NPC1, BTBD10, VDAC2, TSKU, SFMBT1, and ABHD17C. We observed significant enrichment of MASLD-F-related genetic signals predominantly in brain tissues, pancreatic islets, and the adrenal gland. Additionally, six modifiable risk factors and four modifiable protective factors for MASLD-F were identified. These findings reveal a complex shared genetic architecture underlying MASLD components, thereby expanding our understanding of disease pathogenesis and providing novel insights for precision medicine and public health interventions.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Environmental designs for reading from imaging work stations: ergonomic and architectural features.

Despite the rapid progress made in the electronic design of imaging work stations for medicine, much less effort has gone into the design of environments in which such systems will be used. Based on studies of radiologist film reading sessions, considerable time will be spent working at such viewing systems. If the rooms in which the work stations are placed are not conducive to comfortable work, it will certainly not favor electronic viewing over film reading. In examining existing reading environments, it is also apparent that they are not optimal, even for film. Since some of the problems for film and electronic viewing overlap, such as heat generation (by the alternators, viewboxes, or work station electronics) and glare from light sources, it should be possible to develop solutions that are applicable to both environments, or to rooms that will feature both viewing systems. This paper will discuss some of the approaches to designing environments in which viewing of images is supported by the room architecture and engineering, rather than being degraded by it. To illustrate these points a design, based on the constraint of a real room size and available architectural materials, will be developed.

Architecture↗

PubMed2026

The Genetic Architecture of Chronic Cough: From Sensory Hypersensitivity to Treatable Trait.

Chronic cough is a prevalent global clinical disorder with substantial quality-of-life impairment, and refractory cases remain a major unmet medical need. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome is the core pathological mechanism of chronic cough, and growing genetic evidence has confirmed that inherited susceptibility shapes cough hypersensitivity, clinical heterogeneity and therapeutic responsiveness, redefining chronic cough as a biologically mediated sensory-neural disorder rather than a non-specific secondary symptom of airway diseases. This review summarises genetic evidence for chronic cough from family-based studies, pharmacogenomics and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), revealing distinct genetic architectures of chronic dry cough and sputum production, with enrichment of sensory-neural pathway variants and key genetic loci such as replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) functional genomic analyses link genetic variation to vagal afferent excitability, and rare genetic neurological disorders further illuminate the neurogenic basis of cough hypersensitivity. Moreover, genetic insights identify tractable treatable traits and rationalise antitussive drug development, supporting genotype-guided patient stratification. We conclude that integrating genetic architecture into clinical phenotyping and translational research provides a critical framework for precision management of chronic cough, and future progress relies on harmonised deep phenotyping and multi-ancestry genetic studies.

RFC1 gene↗

PubMed2004

Aesthetics of simulated soiling patterns on architecture.

Two desk-top exercises investigated public acceptability of idealized soiling patterns on buildings, using methodologies typical of the psychology of art. The exercises used a range of simulated soiling patterns around a simple architectural element, a pedimented window. In the first experiment respondents were asked to arrange the images from the "most acceptable" pattern to the "least acceptable". Results hinted at the importance of certain soiling features in driving the ranking. The second exercise explored the characteristics of soiling patterns that most affected their acceptability. In this experiment the images were organized in pairs. People were requested to choose the pattern they found more acceptable in each pair. Uniform patterns and those which created shadowing effects proved more acceptable. Patterns with non-integer fractal dimension that obscured architectural forms were less acceptable. There was usually a preference for images showing less soiling, whereas vertical features and lumpiness were not as acceptable. Results gave an insight into spatial factors that might influence the acceptability of soiling on real buildings. Thus suggesting it is necessary to consider both the level and the distribution of soiling when trying to gauge public reaction.

Architecture↗

PubMed1980

Reducing the stress of high-density living: an architectural intervention.

The present study assesses the effects of an architectural intervention on residential crowding stress and poststressor effects. Residents of long-corridor, short-corridor, and long-corridor-intervention dormitory floors were surveyed and social behavior and space use patterns were systematically observed over a 3-month period. As predicted, although students living in the three environments were initially comparable, residents of the long-corridor floor (40 residents sharing space) reported more crowding and residential social problems over time, whereas short-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) and modified long-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) reported fewer of these problems. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of crowding in which architectural features of interior spaces are associated with space use patterns that facilitate or inhibit informal group development and regulation of the frequency of interaction and the amount of privacy. These conditions, in turn, are related to stress and stresslike symptoms.

Architecture↗

PubMed2026

Exploring the shared genetic architecture of sarcopenia using genomic structural equation modeling.

Sarcopenia is a common age-associated condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical functionality. While large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have previously addressed isolated traits of sarcopenia, the multifactorial genetic architecture underlying this condition remains largely undefined. To characterize the common genetic basis of sarcopenia-related traits, genomic structural equation modeling (Genomic-SEM) was implemented. Multiple post-GWAS analytic approaches were integrated to pinpoint susceptibility loci. These analyses encompassed identifying enriched genetic pathways and relevant genomic elements, as well as cell-type-specific enrichment in skeletal muscle satellite stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and skeletal muscle satellite cells in limb muscle. Furthermore, based on the integrated GWAS data of sarcopenia-related traits, polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis was conducted to evaluate risk associations at the chromosomal level. A well-fitted Genomic-SEM successfully integrated the GWAS data, revealing the shared genetic architecture of sarcopenia-related traits. We identified 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reaching genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8), of which 9 represent novel discoveries. Subsequent fine-mapping procedures and gene-set analyses identified 15 causal variants alongside 77 candidate susceptibility genes. This study provides a comprehensive genetic characterization of sarcopenia via Genomic-SEM, offering new insights into the etiological pathways underlying sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the architectural environment in community health: an evidence-based initiative.

This discussion reports the status of a 12-year program administered by a statewide health agency to strategically assess, redevelop, and monitor the architectural and facility management performance of its network of community-based public health care facilities. A protocol, the Strategic Facility Improvement initiative, has directly resulted in significant improvements to the major share of a network of over 100 community clinic and clinical support facilities in the State of Louisiana. The SFI initiative provides oversight with respect to the allocation of public health capital improvement infrastructural resources and has guided completion of 55 facility replacement or renovation projects to date. Its administrative mission, organizational structure, and field methodology is presented as a vehicle to significantly improve the architectural condition of clinical and clinical support environments for underrepresented patient populations. The SFI process is discussed as an evidence-based means to foster greater systemic success in capital improvement efforts within public sector health agencies in the United States and in international contexts.

Architecture↗

PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identify Distinct Genetic Architectures for Extreme Early-Onset and Late-Onset T2D.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disorder with substantial variation in age at onset (AAO). This study aimed to characterize the distinct genetic architectures and biological mechanisms underlying extreme AAO-defined T2D subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using 74 795 European-ancestry participants from the UK Biobank, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of relatively early-onset T2D (eoT2D; AAO < 55 years) and late-onset T2D (loT2D; AAO ≥ 70 years). We investigated subtype-specific genetic loci, SNP-based heritability, genetic correlations, Mendelian randomization (MR)-based relationships, polygenic risk scores (PRS) and phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). Single-cell transcriptomic data from human pancreatic tissues were further used to evaluate cell-type-specific expression patterns of candidate genes. RESULTS: SNP-based heritability was substantially higher for eoT2D than loT2D (11.2% vs. 6.4%), with eoT2D displaying distinct genetic loci related to β-cell function and insulin regulation, including SLC30A8 and IRS1. By contrast, loT2D showed a comparatively lipid-related genetic profile, featuring APOE-associated signals and expression patterns in immune-related cell populations. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and MR analyses further underscored this divergence: eoT2D exhibited broader genetic overlap with cardiometabolic traits, whereas loT2D showed stronger relationships with traditional metabolic risk factors. Finally, subtype-specific PRSs improved risk discrimination beyond conventional covariates, although their clinical utility warrants further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme AAO-defined T2D subtypes exhibit partially distinct genetic architectures, highlighting AAO as an important dimension of T2D heterogeneity and providing a framework for future age-stratified genetic risk assessment.

Type 2 diabetes↗

PubMed1992

Improving psychiatric environments through minimal architectural change.

Minimal architectural changes in a treatment environment can lead to significant improvements in how the setting functions, with positive effects for staff, patients, and families. When a mental health center located in an antiquated hospital in Jerusalem added five additional entrances, the change improved accessibility, increased the sense of freedom, and helped define the identity of the units. Other therapeutic effects were obtained from minimal modifications in a day hospital unit, including brightening paint and changing lighting, reopening a separate stairway for use by patients not enrolled in the day unit, and defining separate living, dining, and personal-expression areas within the common room. The authors note that cooperation between the disciplines of architecture and psychiatry is essential and that the idea of change as a continuous process should be incorporated into an organization's culture.

Architecture↗

PubMed1989

A new method for teaching architectural studios: use of objective feedback to help design students refine their capacity for self-evaluation.

The literature suggests that there is concern about the traditional method of teaching architecture. This article describes an alternate method of teaching design studios in which scientific assessments are used instead of the traditional architectural injuries. Analysis suggests that the scientific method of teaching design leads to improvements in the students' abilities to predict how other students would respond to their projects.

Architecture↗

PubMed2005

Spatial- versus object-oriented architectural environments: preference and perception.

This study examined changes in perceptual response and preference a specific category of architectural environment by age groups. Understanding relationships among age, perception, and preference is important in creating more appropriate environments. The hypothesis was that individuals who score field-dependent on an Embedded Figures Test would prefer architectural environments which support spatial orientation, while individuals who are field-independent would prefer environments without information on spatial organization or an object-oriented space. It was also hypothesized that children and elderly persons would score more field-dependent and prefer spatially orienting spaces. 64 subjects ages 4 to 85 years were recruited from local schools, various organizations for seniors and adults, given the Embedded Figures Test to measure field dependence, and were compared. Their scores were compared by preference for one of the two environments. Hypotheses were not supported for the spaces overall, however, clear patterns regarding seating preference were identified. Children and seniors had significantly more field-dependent preferences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Architectural design of appropriate facilities for leisure activities of disabled people.

The study deals with architectural concept of specially designed facilities conceived for the needs of disabled people encouraging them to spontaneous participation in community-based rehabilitation programmes. The author made an attempt at the presentation of a model system of facilities connected with the utilization and organization of leisure time stimulating the integration of disabled people within the community. Proposed architectural environment and facilities for leisure activities take into consideration the recuperation of physical and psychic fitness and wellness.

Architectural Accessibility↗