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PubMed2006

Rabbit meat as a source of bacterial foodborne pathogens.

Even though worldwide production of rabbit meat is >1,000,000 tons, little information is available for rabbit meat microbiology. This study provides data on the prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria spp., motile Aeromonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus on rabbit meat. A total of 24 rabbit carcasses from two abattoirs and 27 rabbit meat packages from supermarket displays were examined. In addition to culturing methods, associated virulence genes were investigated by PCR in suspect isolates and samples. Neither Salmonella nor E. coli O157:H7 was detected. All samples were negative for virulence-associated invA, stx1, and stx2 genes. At one abattoir, two carcasses (3.9%) carried Y. enterocolitica yst-, and two were positive for the yst gene, although viable Y. enterocolitica cells were not recovered from these samples. Seven samples (13.7%) were contaminated with Listeria. Of them, three were positive for hly and iap genes (Listeria monocytogenes hly+ / iap+), two carried Listeria seeligeri, one carried Listeria ivanovii, and one carried Listeria innocua. For detectable motile Aeromonas spp. (average count, 1.77 +/- 0.62 log CFU/g), the contamination rate was 35.3%, although ca. 90% of the samples were positive for the aerA and/or hlyA genes. The majority of aeromonad isolates were Aeromonas hydrophila aerA+ / hlyA+. Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas schubertii, and the two biovars of Aeromonas veronii were also isolated. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination (average count, 1.37 +/- 0.79 log CFU/g) was 52.9%. Among 27 S. aureus isolates, two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb), and two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin C (sec). The remaining isolates were negative for sea, seb, sec, sed, and see.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

Q fever epidemic in Victorian general practice.

In 1979, 110 people associated with a local rural abattoir presented with an acute febrile illness thought to be Q fever. Of these, 70 were shown by serotesting to have had Q fever, and one was shown to have had leptospirosis alone. Four individuals had mixed infections of Q fever with another zoonotic infection, two with leptospirosis, and two with brucellosis. Only 44% of suspected cases of Q fever were shown to have complement-fixing antibodies to Q fever four weeks after the infection, but 74% had anti-bodies 12 weeks after infection. This epidemic of Q fever occurred soon after the abattoir began to slaughter feral goats for the first time; there is reason to believe that the epidemic may have been related to the introduction of this practice.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1975

Swine tuberculosis in South Dakota.

Mycobacteria were isolated from 195 of 200 lesions in lymph nodes identified as granulomatous by meat inspectors at 4 abattoirs in South Dakota. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1 and 2 accounted for 89% of the isolants. Mycobacteria were isolated more frequently from lesions than acid-fast bacilli were observed on microscopic examination (P less than 0.001). The frequency with which mycobacteria was isolated was similar to the occurrence of granulomatous lesions. The numbers of the various kinds of mycobacteria isolated at each of the 4 abattoirs and for the 3 meat inspection disposition classes were not significantly different.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Brain emboli in the lungs of cattle].

There is no information whether the BSE agent is introduced into the human food chain through contamination of the lungs of cattle with central nervous system tissue (CNS). Studies in the United Kingdom and in the USA showed that CNS tissue could contaminate the lungs after using pneumatic powered air injection stunners (e.g. "The Knocker") or after pithing. Thus, pithing was forbidden in the European Union since January 2001. In German abattoirs conventional cartridge-fired stunners (e.g. model by Schermer) are usually applied. Pithing was used up to December 2000 in approx. 75% of the German abattoirs. In the present study 323 lungs of cattle were analysed for CNS. The lungs were derived from cattle exclusive stunned by use of the knocker from Schermer. 60% of the lungs contained emboli which were tested with immuno chemistry as well as immuno histochemistry to detect CNS. Two of 108 pooled samples showed a faint immuno reaction in the anti-NSE and anti-GFAP immunoblot. Further two particles showed a faint reaction for NSE and GFAP in immuno histochemistry, thus suggesting the presence of CNS. Even though CNS tissue could not be shown in the histological investigation, we used our findings to estimate the worst case scenario for human BSE exposure risk (HER) by lung contaminated by CNS emboli. The content of CNS in the samples was estimated to be about 0.11% when the respective immuno reactions were calibrated against standards containing known brain concentrations. Under the assumption that only one lung in the pooled samples was contaminated with BSE-infected central nervous tissue, the HER was calculated to reach a maximum of 2.2 x 10(-5) CoID50/consumer after consumption of a sausage with a portion of 10% lung. The results of our study suggest that the contamination of the lung with CNS after using a conventional cartridge-fired stunner cannot be excluded, however, the incidence appears to be very low. In addition, presumed CNS emboli, if at all, are microscopically small. Furthermore the incidence of BSE in Germany is very low and lungs of cattle are usually not consumed. Thus we can judge the potential for human oral exposure after consumption of lungs of cattle which were stunned in Germany to be extremely low. A final assessment, however, is impossible as there is no knowledge about the minimum infectious dose for humans.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Effect of commercial transport in Spain on cattle welfare and meat quality.

The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of transport of cattle from the farm to the abattoir on the animal's welfare and post mortem meat quality (instrumental and sensorial). Thirty-nine commercial journeys were followed in Spain from July 2000 to July 2001 at varying distances from a local abattoir in the city of Zaragoza. Blood samples were taken at the farm and at sticking and meat pH24 was measured at 24 hours post-mortem. Samples from the M. longissimus dorsi thoracis were taken from 48 slaughter bulls and analysed in terms of instrumental and sensorial qualities. Cortisol, glucose, CPK, lactate and N:L ratio increased during transport compared to control values. Cortisol was higher after 1-2 h transport compared to journeys that were less than 1 h or more than 2 h long. In general the parameters indicated slightly more stressful conditions under winter conditions than in the summer. Meat tenderness measured by a Warner-Bratzler device demonstrated that there was no significant effect of either transport time or season. There was no significant change in pH24 or meat colour at 24 h with transport time. Transport time had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on overall liking and animals transported in summer had slightly more tender meat and higher overall liking.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Short report: endemic focus of cystic echinococcosis in a coastal city of Peru.

No evidence of Echinococcus granulosus infection has been described in the coastal region of Peru, with the exception of the capital city of Lima. Anecdotal evidence suggests the existence of a focus of echinococcosis in the coastal city of Chincha, located south of Lima. We conducted a preliminary epidemiologic study in Chincha, which included an ultrasound, chest radiography, and serologic survey of abattoir workers, a review of medical records from local hospitals, and examination of the intestines of stray dogs to determine the presence of canine echinococcosis. Among 25 abattoir workers examined for the presence of cystic echinococcosis, we found three (12%) subjects with echinococcal cysts. A review of medical records showed a surgical incidence of 32/100,000 for the period 1996-1998. Three of 48 dogs (6.25%) were found to be infected with E. granulosus tapeworms. This study demonstrates the existence of an undocumented endemic focus of E. granulosus previously unknown in the coastal region of Peru.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2005

Hydatidosis among man and animals in Assiut and Aswan Governorates.

A survey for hydatidosis among the slaughtered animals at Assiut and Aswan abattoirs, over one year showed that hydatid cyst camels was 107 (7.67%) out of 1395, but no infection in cattle and buffaloes. The lung was more involved than liver in camels. The fertile hydatid cysts in camels were 60.41% and 54.23% in Assiut and Aswan Governorates respectively. The hydatid cysts recorded in Assiut and Aswan Gs during Summer (15.78%, 6.34%) or Autumn (12.0%, 7.83%) was higher than during Winter (10.58%, 3.03%) or Spring (10.52%, 5.18%). Fresh fertile hydatid cysts protoscolices were recovered from lungs of infected camels, slaughtered at Bani-Adi (Assiut) abattoir were orally given to experimental dogs. All dogs developed Echinococcus worms mainly in the small intestine proximal third. The levels of echinococcosis by IHAT were estimated in 100 patients with acute & chronic hepatic diseases in Assiut and in Aswan Gs, showed 5 (10.0%) positive reactions.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution and genetic characterization of porcine Campylobacter coli isolates].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slaughter process on the Campylobacter (C.) coli prevalence on pig carcasses and finally pork. To detect C. spp., faecal samples, organ samples and surfaces of slaughter pigs were sampled. Additionally, various abattoir surfaces (n=208) and 227 pork and minced meat samples were included in our study. Whereas a high C. spp. prevalence (64.0%) was detectable in the faeces of slaughter pigs (all isolates were identified as C. coli), low detection rates were observed on pig carcasses after the slaughter process before the chilling period (21.1%). The impact of chilling reduced the detection rate of C spp. on pig carcasses even further to 0.8%. Only C. jejuni strains were isolated after the chilling process. Chilling and the associated drying of the skin are responsible for that massive reduction of C. spp prevalence. Significantly more C. spp. were isolated from livers compared to the corresponding carcasses. Only 5 out of 208 swab samples from different surfaces of the abattoir were C. coli positive. Bacteriological investigation could not detect any C. spp. strains from pork and minced pork meat. The low detection rates at the end of the slaughter and processing line indicate that pork may only play a minor role in the transmission of C. coli infections to humans. By genotyping C. coli-isolates from selected animals we were able to demonstrate three possible ways of contamination of the slaughter carcass surface. Genetically highly related strains were detectable on carcass surfaces of consecutively slaughtered animals. Faecal isolates and isolates from the carcass surface showed occasional high similarities. C. coli-genotypes from tonsils and genotypes from the corresponding slaughter carcasses formed a close cluster.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1992

The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera in Finland.

A total of 1847 swine sera obtained from the 10 largest abattoirs slaughtering swine in Finland were examined by ELISA for toxoplasma antibodies. The sample represented 0.64% of the total number of swine slaughtered in these abattoirs over a period of 2 months. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera was 2.5%.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Hydatidosis granulosus in Egyptian slaughtered animals in the years 2000-2005.

Hydatidosis was investigated among camels, sheep, goats, and pigs in Egyptian official abattoirs, from August 2000 to August 2005, and among cows and buffaloes were in Mansoura official abattoirs, in the year 2005. One hundred randomly chosen animals of each species were subjected to serologic and histopathologic examinations for infections. The overall five years hydatidosis prevalence was 2.53%, 0.3% & 0.68% in camels, sheep & goats, and pigs respectively. The 2005 year prevalence in cows and buffaloes was 6.4% in Mansoura. There was a significant difference between animals regarding liver infection, but the difference was highly significant for lung infection. A highly significant difference in hydatid cysts size was between pigs and other animals species (p< 0.000) and a significant difference between macroscopic findings in pigs and camels (p=0.018). A high significant difference was between histopathology in all animals species except pigs and sheep & goats (p=0.089). IHAT showed highly significant difference between camels and other animals species (p<0.000). A significant histopathologic positive correlation was between positive IHAT and fertility (Pearson correlation =0.148, p=0.003). The results were photographed and discussed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1991

Serological and cultural examination for human leptospirosis in Plateau State, Nigeria.

In a serological examination of 710 serum samples collected from human volunteers in Plateau State, Nigeria, 128 (18.0pc) had leptospiral antibody titres of 1:100 and above. The prevalence of antibodies to individual serovars were: hardjo 28 (21.9pc), pomona 18 (14.1pc), canicola 17 (13.3pc), grippotyphosa 15 (11.7pc), pyrogenes 13 (10.2pc), icterohaemorrhagiae 12 (0.4pc) and autumnalis 8 (6.3pc). There was no statistical difference in the prevalence rate of leptospirosis in the different local government areas (p greater than 0.05; X2). Among the occupational groups examined, the abattoir workers were particularly at risk with a prevalence rate of 29.5pc. A leptospiral variant of strain Hardjoprajitno was also isolated from the midstream urine of an abattoir worker who was apparently healthy. The isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in man is the first such report in Nigeria.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nonverocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario broiler chickens.

The prevalence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario broiler chickens was determined by culturing cloacal samples from 500 individual birds selected from 50 poultry farms. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined for each of the isolates. In addition, abattoir and farm-level management data were obtained to evaluate variables that may be considered risk factors for infection. The variables selected included: Percentage of birds condemned at slaughter, percentage of birds dead-on-arrival, bird weight, truck number, farm size, hatchery source, litter source and type, feed source, mortality levels, type of water drinker, water sanitization, down time, barn clean out and history of antibiotic treatment. None of the cloacal samples revealed the presence of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli, though 19/500 (3.8%) contained Salmonella organisms. Nine different Salmonella serotypes were isolated; the most common being S. hadar, S. heidelberg and S. mbandaka. Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was common among Salmonella (63%) and E. coli (25.2%) isolates. Resistance to two or more antimicrobials occurred in 420/500 (84%) of the E. coli isolates. No statistically significant associations between abattoir or farm-level management variables and the Salmonella-status of farms were demonstrated.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1989

[The surveillance of plant hygiene in the slaughtering process].

Basing on inspections of slaughterhouses it was tried to judge the effectiveness of the hygiene supervision implemented by the legislation. The organization of the control, the technological process including abattoir constructions and operations, the general hygienic aspects with special regard to cleaning and disinfection were registered. It is clearly demonstrated by grave examples (eg. wrong organization, insufficient employment of staff, incomplete knowledge, illegal practices) that nowadays in spite of a few exceptions, the supervision of hygiene in abattoirs is fragmentary. Paying attention to the conceptions of EEC committees dealing already with systematic controls, it would be well done to establish already known systems at once in the plants. According to the meat hygiene regulations exclusively official veterinarians are competent for this field of activities. These have to take the actual scientific knowledge into consideration.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1988

[Quantitative and qualitative studies of Campylobacter in the sewage of a large city].

In a one-year-study wastewater from the sewage system of a big town was examined for the occurrence and distribution of campylobacter spp. The sewage consisted mainly of domestic and industrial wastewater, but also to a small degree of agricultural wastewater and abattoir effluent. Preston broth and agar were used as culture media. The number of campylobacter was determined parallel at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C by the MPN-method. Three colonies of each agar plate were isolated and biotyped. The number of fecal and total coliforms, pH-value and water temperature were determined as auxiliary parameters. In addition to that meteorological data and data concerning the amount of wastewater flow were available. With exception of the abattoir effluent, which showed higher campylobacter counts, the number of campylobacter in the sewage system generally lay between 10(2) and 10(4) cfu/100 ml. Seasonal variations and influences by the auxiliary parameters could not be ascertained. The biotyping of 2391 campylobacter strains showed a prevalence of Campylobacter coli over Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter laridis, fetus and Cephalothin-susceptible Campylobacter coli could be isolated only occasionally. About 20% of the isolated campylobacters were coccoid and not biotypable.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

The use of a diffusion test for the detection of antibiotics in the tissues of slaughter stock.

The Brilliant Black Reduction Test Kit (BR Test), which is widely used to detect antimicrobial residues in milk, was adapted to detect residues in the meat and tissues of slaughter stock. The adaptation consisted of placing kidney and muscle tissue samples into 2.5ml diffusion cups containing 0.4ml media plus Bacillus stearothermophilus spores and brilliant black indicator. A preliminary trial undertaken to test the lower limits of sensitivity of the adapted BR Test to a number of the more common antibiotics used in food animals, was followed by a survey involving 943 pigs slaughtered at one abattoir. Samples were tested from 87 suppliers of which 11 regularly marketed pigs with detectable antimicrobial residues. Most of these pigs came from large pig producing units. Three suppliers marketed pigs with suspicious reactions. No residues could be detected in pigs from the remaining 73 suppliers. The BR Test was found to be a quick, inexpensive, practical screening test which could be utilized for the routine detection of antimicrobial residues in slaughter stock at all South African abattoirs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1984

An epidemiological survey of human sera for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in two states of Nigeria.

Sero-epidemiological survey of 34 blind people, 26 abattoir workers and 117 others to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was conducted. Only 15% of the blind people had positive levels of agglutinins in their sera. 42% of the abattoir workers and 25% of other donors were also serologically positive. While Toxoplasmosis is zoonotic, it does not seem that the disease was responsible for the blindness among the group that we have studied.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits in Canada.

In a survey for the somatic and capsular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida present in domestic rabbits in Canada, but mainly in Ontario, samples were obtained from research facilities, commercial rabbitries and from abattoir and necropsy specimens. Sources of isolates were upper respiratory tract infections, localized bronchopneumonias , acute fibrinous pneumonias, abscesses and otitis media. Of 59 isolates obtained, 47.0% were type 12:A, 30.5% 3:D and 12.0% were 3:A. Less common types were 12(4):A, 12:D, 4(12):A and 3:untypable. Somatic group 3 was most commonly isolated from acute pneumonic disease, while serogroup 12:A was most commonly found in upper respiratory tract infections and in localized chronic bronchopneumonia. Two serotypes of P. multocida were isolated from four pneumonic lungs collected from abattoir specimens. Most isolates were susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1981

[Hygienic aspects of bovine udders: collection, storage and processing (author's transl)].

The status of hygiene during collection, storage and processing of bovine udders at 73 locations (50 abattoirs, 14 freezing-storage factories and 9 processing plants) was assessed. We found unacceptable low levels of hygiene at the abattoirs. Udders were contaminated during slaughtering by contact with animal skin, unclean tools and the unwashed hands of the personnel. Storage and transport of udders in large containers prevented effective cooling. Bacteriological analysis of deep frozen udder tissue revealed a quality decline as compared to similar analysis directly after slaughtering. Approximately 80 per cent of the samples were found to have an aerobic count of 10(5)-10(7) and 30 per cent of the samples contained 10(3)-10(5) Enterobacteriaceae/g. Frozen samples collected directly before processing revealed practically no increase in bacterial count as compared to counts found in freezing-storage factories.

Abattoirs↗