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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Agonistic behaviour in domestic hens: the influence of housing method and group size.

The incidence of agonistic behaviour was recorded over 1 year in laying hens of two strains, housed either in battery cages or in deep-litter pens in groups of either three or six birds. Aggressive head-pecking was more frequent in pens than in cages and in groups of six than in groups of three. Threats were more frequent in pens and in groups of six light-hybrids. Other pecking at the plumage was more common in cages in groups of six and in the light-hybrid than in the medium-hybrid strain. Observations showed that hens occupy a considerable area when engaging in threat displays: this suggests that the physical restraint of crowding may play an important part in limiting this behaviour. Two reasons for the reduction of aggressive head pecking in caged birds were suggested: firstly, inhibition of the subordinate hens' behaviour because they were constantly in the sphere of influence of the dominant bird and secondly, because agonistic encounters may be triggered only by the entry of other birds into an individual's 'personal space' and not by continuous proximity.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Acute increase in plasma corticosterone level in female mice evoked by pheromones.

Exposure of a singly reared estrous female to grouped females or their bedding during 20 min resulted in an increase in the plasma corticosterone level during the first 10 min. The reaction of the adrenal glands was similar to the excitation evoked by stress connected with moving females from their own cage to a new, clean cage. The highest level of the adrenal hormone was present in estrous females after exposure to male bedding during 10 min. This was followed by a dramatic decrease during the next 90 min. It is suggested that male pheromones, through activation of the pituitary-adrenal system and acute release of corticosterone, participate in the stimulation of sexual behavior in receptive female mice.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2003

Power in stereotypically masculine domains: a Social Influence Strategy X Stereotype Match model.

This work examines the hypothesis that stereotypes of groups to which low-power people belong should influence the perceptions and behavior of powerful people only when those stereotypes are both contextually relevant (e.g., women in masculine domains) and provide information of relevance given powerful people's beliefs about the relation between subordinates and goal attainment. Findings across two studies supported predictions. In a masculine domain, when high-power men were attentive to subordinate weaknesses that may produce thwarts to goal attainment, stereotypes of women defined the contextually relevant shortcomings of women, and stereotype-consistent high-power behaviors ensued. In contrast, when powerful men were attentive to subordinate strengths that may enhance goal strivings, stereotypes of women were uninformative (i.e., did not contain information about relevant strengths); female and male employees were responded to and, in turn, performed and reacted similarly. The implications of these findings for theorizing on the relation between power and stereotyping are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Variation in black anti-white bias and target distancing cues: factors that influence perceptions of "ambiguously racist" behavior.

Experiment 1 indicated that when the White supervisor's negative treatment of a Black subordinate was unconstrained, participant race had no impact on attributions. Conversely, when the treatment was constrained, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Experiment 2 indicated that when the supervisor reported no response or a minimal negative response (i.e., indicating that he did not support his actions) after his negative treatment of the Black subordinate, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Conversely, when the supervisor's negative treatment was followed by a more extreme negative response, participant race had no impact on attributions. Experiment 3 indicated that Black participants were less likely than White participants to perceive a minimal negative response as reflecting a White supervisor's lack of support for his negative actions. Conversely, participant race had no impact on attributions of a Black supervisor's negative actions.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral and endocrinological correlates of social status in the male sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps Marsupialia: Petauridae).

Socially dominant male sugar gliders are heavier than socially subordinate males, have higher plasma testosterone and lower cortisol concentrations, win more social encounters, scan the arena more, scent-mark more, and are more active and move more quickly, even though they spend more time in the colony nesting box. When they are transferred into a foreign stable colony there is an impressive reversal of behavioral measures and a concomitant decrease in concentration of plasma testosterone and rise in cortisol that is apparent over the first 3 weeks of observation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The use of supervisory practices as leverage to improve safety behavior: a cross-level intervention model.

INTRODUCTION: The paper presents three intervention studies designed to modify supervisory monitoring and rewarding of subordinates' safety performance. METHOD: Line supervisors received weekly feedback concerning the frequency of their safety-oriented interactions with subordinates, and used this to self-monitor progress toward designated improvement goals. Managers higher up in the organizational hierarchy received the same information, coupled with synchronous data concerning the frequency of workers' safety behaviors, and highlighting co-variation of supervisory action and workers' behavior. RESULTS: In all the companies involved, supervisory safety-oriented interaction increased significantly, resulting in significant changes in workers' safety behavior and safety climate scores. Continued improvement during the post-intervention period suggests the inclusion of workers' safety behavior as in-role supervisory responsibility. Applied and theoretical implications are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1982

Hormonal responses accompanying fear and agitation in the squirrel monkey.

The adrenocortical and gonadal responses of 14 male monkeys were evaluated during four experimental conditions in order to evaluate the influence of social interactions on endocrine responsiveness. Plasma hormone levels were determined during the establishment of social relations, after 60-min exposures to a novel environment, after 60-min exposures to a snake, and 60 min after ACTH administration. Both adrenal and gonadal secretion changed significantly during the first day after social relations were established, although only dominant males showed increases in testosterone, whereas cortisol levels rose in all subjects. Increases in cortisol, but not testosterone, were also observed following exposure to novelty or a snake. The presence of a social partner reduced signs of behavioral disturbance during these test conditions, although the adrenal responses were equivalent or greater than when tested alone. This finding qualifies earlier research which indicated that social support was beneficial for reducing stress when squirrel monkeys were tested in larger groups in their home environment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2006

There's no place like home: cage odours and place preference in subordinate CD-1 male mice.

Prior studies using mice have shown that scent marks are an important source of information and can cause behavioural changes in other individuals. Studies have also shown that scent marks in the environment can affect the outcome of social interactions between mice. We used conditioned place preference tests to investigate whether CD-1 male mice (Mus musculus) are reinforced by olfactory cues from the home cage. Soiled bedding from the home cage was presented in the initially less preferred chamber of the apparatus to determine whether this association would reduce the unconditioned preference for one chamber over the other. We tested the effects of social rank and housing condition by comparing the performance of dyads that were polarised into dominant and subordinate relationships, both when paired and when separated, with mice that were isolated throughout. The development of conditioned place preference (CPP) supported by home cage odours was influenced by social rank but not by housing condition. Only subordinate mice showed CPP to home cage odours, and this effect was seen irrespective of whether they were housed with a dominant cage mate or alone. Neither dominant (paired or separated) nor isolated mice showed any change in their preference for the chamber associated with home cage odours. This suggests that the smell of home is a more powerful reinforcer for subordinate mice in that it can produce contextual conditioning to the environment in which it is experienced.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Group behavior of mice in population cages].

A model of a population cage has been proposed, intended for a quantitative and qualitative estimation of the group behaviour of mice, for determining the type of their interrelations and identifying the dominant in the group. In experiments on 120 mice the fundamental types of interaction between mice (peaceful or conflicting) have been singled out in the apparatus, as well as the behaviour phases of each type of interaction. It has been shown that the type and phases of interaction in mice depend on the presence of a dominant in the group, the sex and age composition of the group, the degree of adaptation to one another, and the previous experience (being kept in isolation or in a group). The final effect of group interaction is determined not by a simple sum of individual characteristics of the animals, but is subordinated to the rules of zoosocial behaviour, i. e. the formation of stage by stage dominant- subordinate relationships.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Behavioural changes in laboratory mice during cannabis feeding and withdrawal.

The effects of feeding cannabis at a level of 0.4% in the diet has been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between male mice. Administration of cannabis to dominant males resulted in a reduction of non-social activity and an increase in flight and in social and sexual investigation when compared with untreated controls, but the behaviour of subordinate males was not significantly altered by cannabis. One week after withdrawal of cannabis, the behaviour of diminant males showed a rebound effect with increase in aggression. Nevertheless, by a preference feeding test it was demonstrated that the treated mice were not dependent on the cannabis-containing diet but consumed the control diet in preference.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Conditioned defeat in the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

When singly housed under laboratory conditions, male Syrian golden hamsters routinely attack novel conspecific intruders introduced into their home cages. As we report here, after being repeatedly defeated by a larger, more aggressive intruder, such normal territorial aggression on the part of the resident hamsters is replaced by defensive behavior and flight. We have found that such conditioned defeat (CD) can be reliably induced by a series of 5-min trials with an aggressive intruder whether these trials are spread over 4 days or are all given on the same day. A useful behavioral criterion for the appearance of CD during acquisition is the first occurrence of anticipatory flight (AF), i.e., the first time the resident flees from the next aggressive intruder before being attacked. CD shows generalization: Animals trained to the AF criterion (AF Group) subsequently show defensive behavior toward, and even flee from, intruders which show absolutely no sign of aggressiveness. Animals in the AF Group persisted in such defense behavior for two test sessions; animals given three additional defeat trials beyond the appearance of AF (AF + 3 Group) showed a greater magnitude and persistence of defense and flight. A comparison of CD-trained animals which met a non-aggressive intruder (NAI) every day for 5 days to similarly trained animals which met the intruder only on the fifth day after acquisition suggests that CD diminishes passively as a function of time and not as the consequence of repeated encounters with a nonaggressive stimulus animal. We also found that near ideal NAIs could be prepared by treating nonaggressive hamsters with high doses of diazepam: animals so treated locomote more or less continuously around the cage virtually ignoring the subject. An unexpected observation was that subjects in the AF Group tended to closely follow these diazepam-treated, rapidly locomoting NAIs around the cage. Following may be an example of the "risk assessment" activities directed toward a potential threat. The development of a rapid and reliable technique for inducing CD in hamsters sets the stage for further physiological and pharmacological work on this interesting phenomenon.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

Agonistic and reproductive interactions in Betta splendens.

Reproductive and agonistic behaviors in Siamese fighting fish were investigated in eight experiments, and some consequences and determinants of these sequences were isolated. First, fights and the formation of dominance-subordinancy relations were studied. Second, it was determined that large body size as well as males' prior residency in a tank produced an agonistic advantage; the magnitude of this advantage was positively related to the duration of residency. Third, the prior-residency effect in Bettas was determined by males' familiarity with visual and/or tactile cues in their home tanks. Fourth, dominant males had greater access to living space and were more likely to display at a mirror, build nests, and approach females than were subordinates. Finally, it was discovered that chemical cues associated with presumedly inert plastic tank dividers influence Bettas' social behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

Dominance rank, copulatory behavior, and differential reproduction.

The view that high social rank is associated with high levels of both copulatory behavior and the production of offspring is widespread in the study of animal behavior. In order to demonstrate the validity of this hypothesis it is necessary first to resolve ambiguities in the concept of dominance and to assign ranks by means of valid procedures. Second, copulatory behavior must be properly sampled, measured, and related to rank. Finally, it must be demonstrated that rank and increased copulatory behavior actually lead to increased reproduction. Each step in this process entails conceptual and methodological difficulties. There have been many studies of rank and copulatory behavior, fewer of rank and differential reproduction, and very few of rank, copulatory behavior, and differential reproduction. The consistency of results obtained varies with taxon; results of particular consistency appear in studies of carnivores and ungulates. Both the concept of dominance and the validity of the hypothesis relating it to copulatory behavior and to differential reproduction appear viable for at least some species, although the body of data relating rank to both copulation and differential reproduction remains minimal.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Social aggressiveness of female and subordinate male crickets is released by opiate receptor antagonist.

1. In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, effects of opiate receptor antagonist naloxone, 9 or 30 microg per animal, on aggressive behavior were investigated. 2. Naloxone had no significant impact on aggression of isolated and dominant males. In contrast, the drug caused a dramatic release of social aggression in female and subordinate male crickets. 3. The results suggest that activity of the opioid system contributes to suppress aggression in subordinate males, as well as in females, during social contacts.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Comparative analysis of anxiety-like behavior in partition and plus-maze tests after agonistic interactions in mice.

The behavior of C57BL/6J male mice with experience of repeated victories (winners) or defeats (losers) in daily agonistic interactions, was examined in the plus-maze and partition tests. The latter procedure assesses the reactivity of mice to another conspecific in the neighboring compartment of a common cage, communicative behavior or level of sociability. The behavior of mice after 10 days (T10) and 20 days (T20) of agonistic confrontations, as well as in controls (5 days of individual housing) was analyzed. Significant differences were found between T10 and T20 losers and controls in both tests. In the partition test, a decrease in the number of approaches and total and average time spent near the partition was found in T10 and, more pronounced, in T20 losers. In the plus-maze, losers showed fewer open and total entries than controls. Moreover, rarely did they pass from one enclosed arm to another, and also showed a decreased number of 'peepings' from enclosed arms. Percentage of open time did not differ significantly in losers compared to controls. It is suggested that the level of losers' sociability, estimated as low by the partition test, can include anxiety as a component, which is confirmed, at least partly, by some parameters of the plus-maze test. There were no differences in the partition or plus-maze tests between T10 winners and controls. However, all parameters of partition behavior were significantly different between T20 winners and controls. In the plus-maze, similar to losers, T20 winners displayed fewer open arm entries, number of "peepings,' and passages than controls. It was concluded that parameters of the partition and plus-maze tests correlate in mice with the alternative experience of agonistic confrontations, positive or negative. A combination of these two tests may be used for estimation of developing anxiety in mice.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Fecal androgen levels in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) males living in captive family groups.

In captive common marmoset groups, the reproductive inhibition observed in subordinate female seems to be a result of olfactory, visual and behavioral cues from the dominant female. However, few studies have examined the relationship among adult males living in the same social group. These studies have shown that reproductive failure among peer males seems to be based on hormonal and behavioral mechanisms. New insights on sexual strategies in primates have been shown using fecal steroids, but so far no information is available for common marmoset males. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of light-dark cycle, age and reproductive condition on the profile of fecal androgens in males living in the same family group. Feces were collected from six fathers and six sons for androgen determination during the light phase of the 24-h cycle for eight days randomly distributed over a 4-week period. Androgen levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay technique. Adult sons showed higher androgen levels (166.97 +/- 22.95 ng/g) than fathers (80.69 +/- 44.38 ng/g) and juveniles (49.06 +/- 23.15 ng/g; P < 0.05). No diurnal variation (P > 0.05) in fecal androgen profile was observed in adults or juveniles. No indication of androgen-mediated social competition between fathers and adult sons was demonstrable. These results provide basic information on fecal androgen profile useful to investigate the socioendocrinology of free-ranging common marmoset males and verify that, in contrast to daughters, the reproductive suppression of sons is not based on physiological inhibition of their gonads.

Androgens↗