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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Statistic-mapping modeling of rheumatic diseases prevalence among population of different regions of Russia].

AIM: To assess feasibility of the method of mapping modeling for spacial featuring of rheumatic diseases (RD) morbidity statistics for population of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population morbidity statistics for 78 administrative units of the Russian Federation (1993-2000) were processed. Statistic-mapping modeling employed weighted mean interpolation i.e. mathematic prediction of the sign value depending on its magnitude in basic points. RESULTS: Mapped images of RD prevalence, prevalence/primary morbidity values and number of documented cases/number of rheumatologists demonstrate special distribution of the signs studied about the RF territory. The estimation of mean, minimal, maximal values and dispersion of each sign established dynamic trends in the markers for the period under study(increased area with RD prevalence above 95/1000 from 15.9 to 44.5%; increased mean ratio prevalence/morbidity from 2.8 to 3.2 and decreased ratio of patients/rheumatologists from 10882 to 9031). Regions with minimal and maximal values are shown. CONCLUSION: Statistic-mapping modeling demonstrates spacial distribution of the markers, reveals the relations between them.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Rapid array mapping of circadian clock and developmental mutations in Arabidopsis.

Classical forward genetics, the identification of genes responsible for mutant phenotypes, remains an important part of functional characterization of the genome. With the advent of extensive genome sequence, phenotyping and genotyping remain the critical limiting variables in the process of map-based cloning. Here, we reduce the genotyping problem by hybridizing labeled genomic DNA to the Affymetrix Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATH1 GeneChip. Genotyping was carried out on the scale of detecting greater than 8,000 single feature polymorphisms from over 200,000 loci in a single assay. By combining this technique with bulk segregant analysis, several high heritability development and circadian clock traits were mapped. The mapping accuracy using bulk pools of 26 to 100 F(2) individuals ranged from 0.22 to 1.96 Mb of the mutations revealing mutant alleles of EARLY FLOWERING 3, EARLY FLOWERING 4, TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1, and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1. While direct detection of small mutations, such as an ethyl-methane sulfonate derived single base substitutions, is limited by array coverage and sensitivity, large deletions such as those that can be caused by fast neutrons are easily detected. We demonstrate this by resolving two deletions, the 77-kb flavin-binding, kelch repeat, f-box 1 and the 7-kb cryptochrome2-1 deletions, via direct hybridization of mutant DNA to ATH1 expression arrays.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1990

The human genome contains a single processed pseudogene for alpha enolase located on chromosome 1.

We have isolated and characterized human genomic clones containing an alpha enolase pseudogene which lacks introns and has the hallmarks of having been generated by reverse transcription. Two in-frame termination codons renders its coding region incapable of producing a functional protein. An Alu-like sequence is present in the region homologous to the 3' untranslated of the alpha enolase mRNA. Comparison of the two sequences shows that the pseudogene diverged from its functional counterpart about 14 million years ago and interestingly it is the only alpha enolase pseudogene present in the human genome. Chromosomal mapping locates the processed pseudogene to human chromosome 1, the same chromosome where the functional gene has been mapped.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A dynamical model of fast cortical reorganization.

In this work we study the connection between some dynamic effects at the synaptic level and fast reorganization of cortical sensory maps. By using a biologically plausible computational model of the primary somatosensory system we obtained simulation results that can be used to relate the dynamics of the interactions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to the process of somatotopic map reorganization immediately after peripheral lesion. The model consists of three regions integrated into a single structure: tactile receptors representing the glabrous surface of the hand, ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus and area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex, reproducing the main aspects of the connectivity of these regions. By applying informational measures to the simulation results of the dynamic behavior of AMPA, NMDA and GABA synaptic conductances we draw some conjectures about how the several neuronal synaptic elements are related to the initial stage of the digit-induced reorganization of the hand map in the somatosensory cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Realistic irrigation visualization in a surgical wound debridement simulator.

Wound debridement refers to the removal of necrotic, devitalized, or contaminated tissue and/or foreign material to promote wound healing. Surgical debridement uses sharp instruments to cut dead tissue from a wound and it is the quickest and most efficient method of debridement. A wound debridement simulator can ensure that a medical trainee is competent prior to performing a procedure on a genuine patient. Irrigation is performed at different stages of debridement in order to remove debris and reduce the bacteria count through rinsing the wound. This paper presents a novel approach for realistic irrigation visualization based on texture representations of debris. This approach applies image processing techniques to a series of images, which model the cleanliness of the wound. The active texture is generated and updated dynamically based on the irrigation state, location, and range. Presented results demonstrate that texture mapping and image processing techniques can provide effective and efficient solutions for irrigation visualization in the wound debridement simulator.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

The major histocompatibility complex-encoded proteasome component LMP7: alternative first exons and post-translational processing.

The LMP7 gene maps to the major histocompatibility complex class II region. The derived protein sequence shares homology with N-terminal amino acid sequence from proteasome subunits (Glynne, R., Powis, S. H., Beck, S., Kelly, A., Kerr, L.-A. and Trowsdale, J., Nature 1991. 353: 357) and it has been suggested that LMP7 is involved in the degradation of endogenous antigens prior to their presentation through class I (Robertson, M., Nature 1991. 353: 300). We have isolated a second LMP7 transcript which has a different first exon to the published sequence. Both transcripts were expressed in cell lines from a number of tissues and both responded to interferon-gamma. An anti-LMP7 antiserum precipitated proteins similar in their migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to those precipitated by an anti-proteasome serum. Western blot analysis of anti-proteasome precipitates demonstrated that the LMP7 protein is incorporated into the proteasome but has a molecular mass of 23 kDa, 7 kDa smaller than expected fro the derived protein sequence of either of the cDNA. A pulse-chase experiment indicated that post-translational cleavage of the LMP7 N terminus precedes the formation of the 23-kDa proteasome subunit. To our knowledge, LMP7 provides the first biochemical evidence for such processing of proteasome components.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1989

Post-translational processing of p21ras is two-step and involves carboxyl-methylation and carboxy-terminal proteolysis.

We have studied the post-translational processing of p21ras proteins. The primary translation product pro-p21 is cytosolic and is rapidly converted to a cytosolic form (c-p21) of higher mobility on SDS-PAGE. c-p21 is converted in turn to the membrane-bound mature palmitoylated form (m-p21) of slightly higher mobility. These processing steps are accompanied by increases in isoelectric point and in hydrophobicity as judged by Triton X-114 partitioning. Although the increases in electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity precede acylation we show that mutation of Cys186, which has been shown to block acylation, also abolishes the pro-p21 to c-p21 conversion. Thus the Cys186 residue is involved in the processing steps prior to acylation. We have identified two processing events which contribute to the pro-p21 conversion. Site-directed mutagenesis to insert tryptophan, which is not present in the wild type, followed by metabolic labelling with [3H]tryptophan has allowed us to map a proteolytic processing event which removes the three C-terminal residues. In addition, both the c-p21 and m-p21 forms are carboxyl-methylated. Approximately one methyl group is incorporated per molecule of p21 at steady state, which can partially account for the increase in isoelectric point. Unlike palmitate, methyl group turnover is not observed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Identification of N-acetylmethionine as the product released during the NH2-terminal processing of a pseudo-class I actin.

Genes for the various isoactins define two classes of actin. Class I actin genes code for Met-Asp(Glu)-actin, and class II actin genes code for Met-X-Asp(Glu)-actin where X is usually cysteine. Amino termini of both are removed in an acetylation-dependent processing reaction yielding acetyl-Asp(Glu)-actin. Both classes are processed at approximately equal rate (t1/2 = 15 min) in vivo. In vitro, class II actins are 90% processed by endogenous enzymes after 60 min in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, whereas class I actins are only minimally processed during this period. Using site-directed mutagenesis of a human skeletal muscle isoactin coupled with in vitro transcription and translation methods, we have synthesized a pseudo-class I actin in which the penultimate cysteine has been changed to an aspartic acid, thus placing a class I amino terminus on an otherwise class II actin molecule. The pseudo-class I actin was less than 20% processed during the translation period as determined by peptide mapping. It was further processed by exogenous processing enzyme at a rate compatible with a class I actin. These results indicate that the major actin determinant controlling differential actin-processing rates is the amino-terminal residue being cleaved, not the remaining structure of the actin molecule. We have also demonstrated for the first time that N-acetylmethionine is the immediately released product from the amino terminus of a pseudo-class I actin during processing.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1992

Liver-specific RNA processing of the ubiquitously transcribed rat fibrinogen gamma-chain gene.

Fibrinogen gamma-chains differ in amino acid sequence at the carboxyterminus due to alternative 3' RNA processing. Previous studies reported differences between humans and rats in the mechanism of gamma-chain RNA processing and that it was a nonregulated event. To test the hypothesis that rat gamma-chain RNA processing involves both alternative splicing and poly(A) site selection and that it is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, we determined the tissue distribution of gamma-chain mRNA expression and the pattern of gamma-chain pre-mRNA processing. The results of in situ hybridization demonstrated that gamma A and gamma B transcripts were localized to and codistributed in liver hepatocytes, indicating that no subset of cells process gamma B mRNA. The ubiquitous expression of the fibrinogen gamma-chain promoter was demonstrated in marrow, lung, brain, and liver by RNase protection using a 5'-specific gamma-chain probe. RNase protection studies to map 3' RNA processing sites suggested that, in addition to the distal poly(A) signal previously identified, two alternative poly(A) signals within the last intron (ATTAAA and AATAAA) were used only in liver to produce gamma B transcripts. Approximately equal usage of the three poly(A) signals (27%, 37%, and 36%, respectively) to form the 3' end of mature gamma B transcripts suggested that poly(A) site selection is random. These results indicate that splicing of the last intron to produce gamma A mRNA is the ubiquitous and constitutive pattern of gamma-chain RNA processing, while retention of the last intron to produce gamma B mRNAs is the tissue-specific and regulated pattern of gamma-chain RNA processing. The pattern of rat gamma-chain RNA processing is similar to human, implying that the mechanism is conserved. These data support a mechanism of tissue-specific splice site selection predominating over poly(A) site selection in gamma-chain pre-mRNA processing. The expression of both fibrinogen gamma-chain transcripts in liver, rather than mutually exclusive expression in liver and other tissues, provides a new model for studying tissue-specific alternative 3' end formation regulatory mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Spatial-fringe-modulation-based quality map for phase unwrapping.

The quality-guided algorithm is a method widely used in phase unwrapping. The algorithm uses a quality map to guide its unwrapping process, and its validity depends on whether the quality map can truly reflect phase quality. In fringe projection surface profilometry, discontinuous surface structure, low surface reflectivity, and saturation of the image-recording system are sources of unreliable phase data. To facilitate the unwrapping process, we demonstrate an accurate quality map based on spatial fringe modulation, which is extracted from a single fringe pattern. Compared with temporal fringe modulation, the new criterion is more sensitive to spatial structure changes and less dependent on illumination conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Functional anatomy of syntactic and semantic processing in language comprehension.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to map syntactic and semantic processes onto the brain. Chinese-English bilingual subjects performed two experimental tasks: a syntactic plausibility judgment task in which they decided whether a viewed verb phrase was syntactically legal, and a semantic plausibility judgment task in which they decided whether a viewed phrase was semantically acceptable. A font size judgment task was used as baseline. It is found that a large-scale distributed neural network covering the left mid-inferior frontal and mid-superior temporal cortices was responsible for the processing of Chinese phrases. The right homologue areas of these left cortical sites were also active, although the brain activity was obviously left-lateralized. Unlike previous research with monolingual English speakers that showed that distinct brain regions mediate syntactic and semantic processing of English, the cortical sites contributing to syntactic analysis of Chinese phrases coincided with the cortical sites relevant to semantic analysis. Stronger brain activity, however, was seen in the left middle frontal cortex for syntactic processing (relative to semantic processing), whereas for semantic processing stronger cortical activations were shown in the left inferior prefrontal cortex and the left mid-superior temporal gyri. The overall pattern of results indicates that syntactic processing is less independent in reading Chinese. This is attributable to the linguistic nature of the Chinese language that semantics and syntax are not always clearly demarcated. Equally interesting, we discovered that when our bilingual subjects performed syntactic and semantic acceptability judgments of English phrases, they applied the cerebral systems underlying Chinese reading to the processing of English.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular genetics of the K end of the murine MHC.

A systematic search of cloned DNA from the region between the Pb (A beta 3) and Ob (A beta 2) genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has revealed the presence of at least seven new genes. Three of these genes show significant similarity to MHC class II antigens. Two of the other genes are members of a superfamily of transport protein genes and are believed to function in the transport of antigenic peptides during antigen processing. Genes encoding at least two subunits of a large intracellular protein complex (the LMP complex) that is believed to be involved in antigen processing were previously mapped to the same genetic region. This data suggests that this region of the MHC contains, in addition to MHC class I and class II genes whose products provide the scaffolding for antigen presentation, a cluster of genes required for antigen processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Challenging the 'view from nowhere': citizen reflections on specialist expertise in a deliberative process.

This paper presents analysis of citizen encounters with specialists in a deliberative process, called Deliberative Mapping, which explored options for addressing the shortage of organs for transplantation in the UK. There is a rich theoretical literature about the extent to which citizens are competent to question the knowledge claims of specialists in complex decision-making processes, suggesting the trustworthiness of scientific expertise will depend on the qualities of social interaction in face-to-face dialogue, but little empirical analysis of specific encounters. This paper presents evidence of how citizens located specialist expertise in making judgements about the legitimacy and credibility of specialist knowledge claims, in ways that reflect differences in epistemic procedures valued by the panels of men and women in this process.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Selective influence of test anxiety on reading processes.

The aim of this research is to explore whether comprehension is impaired by test anxiety, whether the anxious person spends compensatory reading time, and which cognitive processes are affected. High- and low-anxiety students read texts word by word with the moving-window technique under test conditions. Multiple regression analyses on word-reading times were computed with a number of psycholinguistic variables--assumed to map onto specific processes--serving as predictors. Results indicated that anxiety did not impair comprehension, but increased word-reading times, which were affected interactively by anxiety and specific psycholinguistic variables (end of clause, serial position within the text, narrativity, and summary). These data reveal that anxious readers need to employ a greater amount of processing resources than their non-anxious counterparts to obtain a similar comprehension level. Furthermore, the interactive effects suggest that anxiety is selectively detrimental to the efficiency of text-level processes, such as those involved in integrating information across sentences. In contrast, anxiety does not impair low-level processes, such as encoding and lexical access.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The osmium-ethyl gallate procedure is superior to silver impregnations for mapping neuronal pathways.

Ganglia processed through the osmium-ethyl gallate procedure (OEG)19 retain more structural integrity than those processed through various silver impregnation methods. However, the OEG method continues to be neglected by most neuroanatomists. Both types of procedures have been used to trace large neuronal tracts, but during silver impregnation the neuropils lose many of their identifying characteristics. We demonstrate here the advantages of the OEG procedure by comparing it with two silver techniques, Rowell's and Holmes's. The OEG method yields consistent and reliable results and is easier to carry out than silver protocols. Most importantly, the better preservation of the neuropils has led to the discovery and study of regional specializations that were previously undetected from silver preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mapping of epicardial deformation using a video processing technique.

A method has been developed to measure deformation of the canine epicardium during the cardiac cycle simultaneously in a number (eight) of small regions (1 X 1 cm2). Approximately 50 white markers (diameter 1.5 mm) are attached to the epicardium and their motion is recorded on tape by a video camera. Marker positions are detected by computer processing of the digitized images. In each region the three deformation parameters are calculated from the displacements of all markers in that region by means of a least-squares criterium. In the experimental situation in the center of the area of the epicardium analyzed the accuracy of measuring circumferential strain, base-to-apex strain and shear is +/- 0.005, +/- 0.005 and +/- 0.002 rad, respectively. The method has been applied in an experiment in which local ischemia of the left ventricular wall was induced by occluding the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Healthy and ischemic regions could clearly be distinguished by the differences in deformation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Stability maps for PID control of multiple lag processes.

PID controller parameter stability limits are determined for processes with multiple lags. The limits are graphed in the gain-integral plane. Approximations to the PI limits are developed. This permits rapid estimation of the stable region. It is an approximate function of the maximum gain and the square root of the sum of the lags.

Journal Article↗