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PubMed2001

Measuring emotional intelligence.

The purposes of this study were (a) to develop a measure of emotional intelligence, the Emotional Intelligence Inventory and (b) to find the underlying dimensions of the inventory by testing 111 high school students at a bilingual college preparatory school. The inventory has 45 items. After excluding the four weakest items, the reliability coefficient alpha was .83. Subsequently, 319 junior and senior high school students at the same school were administered the 41 items. The reliability coefficient was .81. A maximum likelihood factor analysis with a varimax rotation yielded four factors of empathy, utilization of feelings, handling relationships, and self-control. Psychometric properties were sound, and the revised Emotional Intelligence Inventory can be recommended for use in the investigation of emotional intelligence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors in adolescents.

The relationship between emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors and sex differences in 134 adolescents involved in a 6-wk. training camp run by the military was investigated. They were asked to evaluate themselves on emotional intelligence and randomly chosen peers evaluated them on prosocial behaviors, indicated by organizational citizenship behaviors, a measure used in work organizations. Ratings of emotional intelligence significantly correlated with scores on two of the five organizational citizenship behavior factors: Altruism (r = .25, p < .01) and Civic virtue (r = .24, p < .01). The girls scored somewhat, but not significantly, higher than the boys on Emotional Intelligence, Altruism, Conscientiousness, and Civic virtue, an observation which might be explored further.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Testosterone and nonverbal intelligence in right-handed men and women.

The relationship between serum testosterone level and nonverbal intelligence was studied in right-handed young adults. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Serum testosterone level was determined using tritium-marked-radioimmunoassay. Only in men, nonverbal intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was found to be significantly and directly related to serum testosterone levels. It was concluded that the serum testosterone in young adults is associated with nonverbal intelligence exhibiting fundamental differences between men and women.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Extent of cognitive decline in traumatic brain injury based on estimates of premorbid intelligence.

Global cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common, with some abilities more significantly affected than others. However, due to difficulties in estimating premorbid intelligence, there has been no systematic evaluation of the extent of decline in different cognitive abilities following TBI. Recent studies indicate that the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) Reading subtest is an accurate estimate of premorbid intelligence, suggesting that post-TBI cognitive test scores can be compared to the WRAT-R to estimate the extent of decline that occurs in specific cognitive abilities. The current study estimated the extent of deficit in intelligence, memory, attention, speed of processing, and cognitive flexibility for 97 outpatients with TBI. Extent of decline was calculated by subtracting WRAT-R z-scores from cognitive test z-scores to determine a z-difference score (ZDiff) for each cognitive ability. The results suggest that intelligence is least declined following TBI (WAIS-R 3-4-point decline; VIQ ZDiff = -0.23: FIQ ZDiff = -0.27), followed by attention (WMS-R 5-point decline; ZDiff = -0.31), memory (WMS-R 6-9-point decline; Verbal Memory ZDiff = -0.41; General Memory ZDiff = -0.51; Delay Memory ZDiff = -0.57), speed of processing (Trails A 15-16 second decline; ZDiff = -1.90) and cognitive flexibility (Trails B 35-52 second decline; ZDiff = -2.65). Implications for provision of feedback to individuals with TBI and their families are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Evaluation of binaural hearing aids in children using localization and speech intelligibility tasks.

Because of an assumed relationship between localization and speech intelligibility in noise it has been suggested that a localization test provides a suitable measure for the evaluation of binaural aids in everyday situations. The present study shows a significant correlation (a) between binaural advantage in a localization task and the binaural advantage in speech intelligibility in noise task, and (b) between binaural advantage in judgement of separation of speech and noise and binaural advantage in a speech intelligibility in noise task. However, neither relationship was strong enough for accurate individual prediction of binaural advantages in speech intelligibility. Possible reasons for this are discussed, and the lines that further research might follow are suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Intelligibility of oesophageal and tracheo-oesophageal speech: preliminary observations.

The purpose of this study was to compare the intelligibility of two types of alaryngeal speech commonly used after total laryngectomy. Four male oesophageal speakers and four male tracheo-oesophageal speakers read a series of monosyllabic words, multisyllabic words and sentences. The monosyllabic word list consisted of several minimal pairs for each of eight phonetic contrasts; multisyllabic words and sentences were not selected on specific phonetic grounds. Audio recordings of all subjects' readings were presented to eight naïve adult listeners who completed both an item identification task and a scaling procedure. The item identification task revealed higher intelligibility fpr tracheo-oesophageal speakers than for oesophageal speakers during the monosyllabic word condition. Results from the scaling procedure indicated that listeners' subjective intelligibility ratings were also higher for the tracheo-oesophageal speakers than for the oesophageal speakers. Moreover, a high positive correlation was found between the speakers' intelligibility scores obtained from the word identification task and the scaling procedure.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Estimates of emotional and psychometric intelligence: evidence for gender-based stereotypes.

The authors examined participants' estimates of own and parental psychometric intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EI). The authors asked 224 participants (82 men, 138 women, 4 people who did not report their gender) to estimate their own and their parents' IQ and EI scores on a normal distribution ranging from 55 to 145 points. The authors hypothesized that men would give higher IQ but lower EI self-estimates than women and that participants, regardless of gender, would rate their fathers as higher on IQ but lower on EI than their mothers. The results confirmed the hypotheses, supporting the view that people perceive psychometric intelligence as a primarily masculine attribute in contrast with emotional intelligence, which they perceive as a primarily feminine attribute. The results also showed that the intensity of the stereotypical perception of EI as a feminine attribute diminished when the authors asked participants to estimate their scores on a range of specific EI facets instead of providing a direct overall self-estimate.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Spectral restoration of speech: intelligibility is increased by inserting noise in spectral gaps.

In order to function effectively as a means of communication, speech must be intelligible under the noisy conditions encountered in everyday life. Two types of perceptual synthesis have been reported that can reduce or cancel the effects of masking by extraneous sounds: Phonemic restoration can enhance intelligibility when segments are replaced or masked by noise, and contralateral induction can prevent mislateralization by effectively restoring speech masked at one ear when it is heard in the other. The present study reports a third type of perceptual synthesis induced by noise: enhancement of intelligibility produced by adding noise to spectral gaps. In most of the experiments, the speech stimuli consisted of two widely separated narrow bands of speech (center frequencies of 370 and 6,000 Hz, each band having high-pass and low-pass slopes of 115 dB/octave meeting at the center frequency). These very narrow bands effectively reduced the available information to frequency-limited patterns of amplitude fluctuation lacking information concerning formant structure and frequency transitions. When stochastic noise was introduced into the gap separating the two speech bands, intelligibility increased for "everyday" sentences, for sentences that varied in the transitional probability of keywords, and for monosyllabic word lists. Effects produced by systematically varying noise amplitude and noise bandwidth are reported, and the implications of some of the novel effects observed are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Near-field speech intelligibility in chemical-biological warfare masks.

It is common knowledge among field personnel that poor speech intelligibility can occur when chemical-biological warfare (CBW) masks are worn: indeed, many users resort to hand signals for person-to-person communicative purposes. This study was conducted in an effort to generate basic information about the problem; its focus was on the assessment of, and comparisons among, the communicative efficiency of seven different CBW units. Near-field word intelligibility was assessed by use of rhyming minimal contrast tests; user and acoustic restrictions were studied by means of diadochokinetic tests and system frequency response. The near-field word intelligibility of six American-designed masks varied somewhat, but overall it was reasonably good; however, a Russian unit did not perform well. Second, three of the U.S. masks were found to produce less physiological restraint than the others, and the Soviet mask produced the greatest physiological restraint. Finally, a few of the CBW masks also exhibited very low levels of acoustic distortion. Accordingly, it was concluded that two of the several configurations studied exhibited superior features. Other factors being equal, they can be recommended for field use and as a basis for the development of future generations of CBW masks. However, it also should be noted that although these devices provided reasonably good speech intelligibility when the listener was close to the talker, they do not appear to do so even at minimal distances.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Beyond IQ: broad-based measurement of individual success potential or "emotional intelligence".

Individual-difference correlates of life success were studied using 302 participants aged 17-46 years (107 men, 195 women) and 31 individual-difference measures. Factor 1 (Relaxed Temperament) included Trait Pleasure-Displeasure (+), Anxiety (-), Depression (-), Optimism (+), Self-Esteem (+), Covert Index of Employee Reliability (+), and Functional Flexibility (-). Positively loading scales on Factor 2 (Arousable Temperament) were Trait Arousability, Emotional Empathy, Emotional Thinking, and Affiliative Tendency. Factor 3 (Disciplined Goal Orientation) included Delay of Gratification (+), Impulsivity (-), Procrastination (-), Patience (+), Integrity (+), Adaptive Coping (+), and Intelligence (+). Positively loading scales on Factor 4 (Dominant Temperament) were Trait Dominance-Submissiveness, Social Competence, Achieving Tendency, and Self-Actualization. Factors 1, 3, 4, and intelligence exhibited positive relations with all peer-rated criterion measures of life success. Trait Arousability, representing Factor 2, correlated negatively with relationship, physical, work, and overall success. Physical attractiveness correlated positively with all success measures except emotional success. When success measures were regressed against intelligence and personality scales or factors, intelligence did not account for variance beyond that explained by personality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Annotation: conceptions of intelligence.

This paper argues for the scientific utility of the concept "intelligence". In the first section three common arguments against the validity of general intelligence are discussed and dismissed. The second section presents the evidence in favour of the proposition that individual differences in IQ may be based on differences in speed of information processing. However, the third section shows that executive functions, particularly inhibitory processes, represent a more likely basis for the development of intelligence. The theory of the minimal cognitive architecture underlying intelligence and development (Anderson, 1992a) shows how speed and executive functioning might represent two dimensions to g--one an individual differences (within age) dimension based on speed and the other a developmental dimension based on changing executive functioning. In the fourth section this theory is used to generate new insights on the nature of intellectual disability and specific cognitive deficits and to make practical suggestions for educational intervention for low-IQ children.

Cognition↗

PubMed2001

What is the common thread of creativity? Its dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom.

Creativity refers to the potential to produce novel ideas that are task-appropriate and high in quality. Creativity in a societal context is best understood in terms of a dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom. In particular, intelligence forms the thesis of such a dialectic. Intelligence largely is used to advance existing societal agendas. Creativity forms the antithesis of the dialectic, questioning and often opposing societal agendas, as well as proposing new ones. Wisdom forms the synthesis of the dialectic, balancing the old with the new. Wise people recognize the need to balance intelligence with creativity to achieve both stability and change within a societal context.

Creativity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their mothers: the effects of speech intelligibility.

Children with cerebral palsy and severe speech disorders have been described as passive communicators, whose conversation partners control and dominate interaction. This paper studies the effects of speech intelligibility on interaction between mothers and their children with cerebral palsy to examine if similar patterns of child passivity and adult domination are also observed in dyads in which children are physically dependent but naturally intelligible to their parents. Two groups, each of 20 children who had four-limb cerebral palsy and who differed in their speech intelligibility, participated in the study. Children in Group 1 (whose interaction has been previously reported) were unintelligible to their parents out of context. Children in Group 2 had speech that was understood without situational cues. Children and their mothers were videotaped playing with a set of toys that had been shown to elicit from non-disabled children a full range of the conversational moves and speech acts targeted in the study. Videotaped interaction was transcribed and coded at three levels to show conversation structure, the pragmatic functions expressed and the method of communication used. Percentage distribution of coding categories was compared across groups using coda. Results showed that verbally intelligible children initiated more conversations and used their communication for a wider range of functions than did non-speaking children, for whom more restricted patterns of conversation were noted. Unexpectedly, few differences were observed between the two groups of mothers, who initiated and closed most exchanges. Implications for intervention are discussed.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Alexithymia and verbal intelligence: a psychometric study].

INTRODUCTION: Alexithymia is a concept that describes the unability to put emotions into words ant that has been associated with somatization and psychosomatic disorders. METHODS: A sample of 124 outpatients attending the Psychosomatic Unit of a General Hospital was studied in order to test the hypothesis that alexithymic patients have a significantly lower verbal intelligence than nonalexithymics. Alexithymia was assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and verbal, nonverbal and general intelligence were measured by the WAIS. RESULTS: TAS scores were not related to medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and alexithymic patients (n: 53) showed not only significantly lower scores in verbal intelligence than undifferentiated subjects (n: 37) and nonalexithymics (n: 34) but also significantly lower scores in nonverbal and general intelligence. CONCLUSION: The results do not confirm our hypothesis and are discussed in relation to theories that consider alexithymia as a consequence of cerebral asymmetry and interhemispheric dysfunctions.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Diagnosis of dysarthria with the "Munich Intelligibility Profile"--construction of the procedure and its use].

No German-based methods for reliable assessment of the intelligibility of dysarthric speech have yet been described. The techniques usually applied in clinical diagnostics take no account of the various factors influencing the understanding of spoken language. They also fail to differentiate between individual patterns of impaired intelligibility. The intelligibility profile presented here controls for the most relevant influencing factors and allows us to discern therapeutically relevant patterns of disturbed intelligibility. The principles of its construction and some applications are presented.

Cerebellar Diseases↗

PubMed2003

Human figure drawing test: validity in assessing intelligence in children aged 3-10 years.

BACKGROUND: Human-figure-drawing abilities are related with cognitive development in children. As cognitive skills progress, drawing abilities also improve in details and sex differentiation. The Goodenough-Harris (G-H) drawing test was developed to score human figure drawing with separate norms for males and females. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the Goodenough-Harris human drawing test is valid to classify intelligence in children aged 3-10 years. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Record files of 528 children aged between 3-10 years who had attended the Child and Adolescent Unit at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (Children's Hospital), Bangkok, Thailand from January 1999 to December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria included: 1) performing the human figure drawing test and standard intelligence tests on the same day and 2) diagnoses were addressed. RESULTS: The ages of the children ranged from 3 10/12 years to 10 11/12 years with a mean age of 7 9/12 years, 49.5 per cent were males and 50.5 per cent were female. The study group was diagnosed as pervasive development disorder 17 per cent, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 13 per cent, and mental retardation 11.3 per cent. Overall correlation of full scale intellectual quotient (FSIQ) from the standard intelligence test and standard scores on the Goodenough-Harris system was 0.813 (p < 0.01). The overall validity of the human figure drawing test in classified correct intellectual level was 60.8 per cent but in children with an intellectual quotient (IQ) less than 70, the correct classification was 69.2 per cent. After stratification by age, it was found that the human figure drawing test had validity in predicting IQ below 70 in 88.7 per cent and 68.8 per cent of children aged < 6 years and aged > 6 years respectively. CONCLUSION: The human figure drawing test can be used as an additional measure of assessing intelligence in young children but it should not be substituted for standard tests. The test is not complicated, therefore, trained personnel can use it in combination with other screening tests for cognitive development in children.

Art↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Uncertainty on the measurement of intelligence].

In recent years, there has been considerable evidence on the phenomenon of intelligence quotient (IQ) gains over time with a gain rate of approximately three IQ points per decade. This phenomenon has been called the Flynn effect. This review article presents the evidence that supports this effect and discusses its implications for the measurement of intelligence. The above mentioned IQ gains over time obviously present serious methodological and theoretical problems in the use of intelligence tests. We review the methodological consequences which the Flynn effect presents in the reliability of the measurement of IQ as well as the methodological consequences which this effect has for epidemiological studies, especially those which focus on the study of the prevalence of mental retardation. Mention is made of the hypothesis that tries to explain these IQ gains, analyzing those which tend to explain these IQ gains as real gains in intelligence, as well as those that propose that these gains are due to other causes rather to real population IQ gains.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Performance evaluation of artificial intelligence classifiers for the medical domain.

The application of artificial intelligence systems is still not widespread in the medical field, however there is an increasing necessity for these to handle the surfeit of information available. One drawback to their implementation is the lack of criteria or guidelines for the evaluation of these systems. This is the primary issue in their acceptability to clinicians, who require them for decision support and therefore need evidence that these systems meet the special safety-critical requirements of the domain. This paper shows evidence that the most prevalent form of intelligent system, neural networks, is generally not being evaluated rigorously regarding classification precision. A taxonomy of the types of evaluation tests that can be carried out, to gauge inherent performance of the outputs of intelligent systems has been assembled, and the results of this presented in a clear and concise form, which should be applicable to all intelligent classifiers for medicine.

Artificial Intelligence↗