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PubMedDate not supplied

[Species distribution and antibiotic resistance of enterococci isolated from cattle farmers and cattles].

The aim of this study was to detect the species distribution and antibiotic resistance of enterococci with a special view for vancomycin resistance, isolated from stool and rectal swab samples of cattle farmers and cattles in Denizli region, Turkey. All the specimens were inoculated onto Enterococcosel agar plate and into Enterococcosel broth supplemented with and without vancomycin (6 microg/ml). The agar plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, while broth cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 96 (86.4%) of 111 farmers' and 65 (90.2%) of 72 cattles' specimens. The most commonly isolated species from both humans and animals were E. faecalis (39.6% and %32.3%, respectively), E. faecium (28.1% and 24.6%, respectively) and E. raffinosus (8.3% and 13.8%, respectively). None of the isolates were found to be resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. One high-level streptomycin (300 microg) resistant E. faecium, and six (2 E. faecalis, 2 E. durans, 2 E. hirae) high-level gentamicin (120 microg) resistant strains have been isolated from the specimens of cattle farmers and cattles, respectively. There was no significant difference between the rectal swabs and stool specimens for the isolation of Enterococcus spp. (p>0.05). Enterococcosel broth was found to be more sensitive than Enterococcosel agar for the isolation of Enterococcus spp. (p=0.001). It was concluded that the lack of vancomycin resistant enterococci may be related to the prohibition of avoparcin use in our country.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in the Czech Republic.

Between July 1, 2002 and December 31, 2003, rectal swabs from both hospitalized patients and community subjects in the Czech Republic were taken to ascertain the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The swabs were used for isolating and identifying enterococci and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Vancomycin resistance phenotypes were verified by PCR detection of vanA, vanB, vanC1 and vanC2 genes. A molecular biology analysis was performed in Enterococcus faecium VanA strains. During the observed period, 2691 rectal swabs from the hospitalized patients and 6529 rectal swabs from the subjects in community setting were examined. In total, 31 VRE of hospital origin and 13 community-population strains were isolated. The prevalence of VRE in the gastrointestinal tract was 1.9% in the hospitalized patients and 0.4% in the community subjects. The prevailing strains were Enterococcus faecium VanA (61.3%) in the VRE of hospital origin and Enterococcus gallinarum VanC (46.2%) in the community VRE. Mutual comparison between the hospital and community Enterococcus faecium VanA strains showed no similarity.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1991

Enterococci highly resistant to penicillin: characterizing isolates from Singapore hospitals.

Enterococci are increasing in importance as nosocomial pathogens and causes of severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients. From September to November 1989, a survey of 898 enterococcal isolates showed that 52 had acquired high-level resistance to penicillin and ampicillin (MIC greater than 100 mg/l). These were all Enterococcus faecium, did not produce beta-lactamase and showed high-level resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin as well. The majority were urinary isolates, but a few caused bacteraemia in severely ill patients. The potential spread of these highly-resistant enterococci would limit the therapeutic options for systemic infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of glucose concentration, agar, and amount of inoculum on the 6.5% sodium chloride tolerance test for presumptive identification of enterococci.

The 6.5% NaCl tolerance test is simple and commonly used for presumptive identification of enterococci; however, it is not strictly standardized. The effect of glucose concentration, types of media and the size of inocula on the growth of enterococci have been evaluated. The results showed that broth was superior to agar media for enterococcal growth at any amount of inoculum. The media containing 1.0% glucose also showed superiority to media containing 0.1% glucose. It is suggested that broth containing 1.0% glucose be the medium of choice for 6.5% NaCl tolerance test.

Agar↗
PubMed1990

High-level resistance to aminoglycosides in enterococci; incidence and alternative active antibiotic combinations in vitro.

Enterococci with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides have been frequently isolated from clinical specimens in the last few years. It is well known that this resistance is linked to a lack of synergism of the beta-lactam/aminoglycoside combination used in the treatment of severe infections. Many authors have reported an increasing incidence of isolation of enterococci highly resistant to gentamicin. In order to overcome the failure of the currently used antimicrobial combinations, in this work the degree of activity of ciprofloxacin plus, respectively, the glycopeptides vancomycin and teicoplanin, and also the combination teicoplanin/netilmicin, was evaluated. The results obtained with ciprofloxacin/teicoplanin and teicoplanin/netilmicin combinations show a good percentage of synergy (about 70-80%) with respect to the combination of ciprofloxacin plus vancomycin. The results are encouraging also in the highly resistant strains.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1989

[Enterococci: high level of resistance to aminoglycosides].

According to different authors, the emergence of enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside-resistance reaches values of 4.5-55%. The objective of this work is to determine the frequency of these strains in our hospital. We have studied 274 strains of enterococci isolated in our centre, of which 235 were E. faecalis and 39 E. faecium. Strains were obtained from haemocultures (75), urine cultures (100) and other samples (99). The detection of high-level resistance was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar, containing concentrations of 2,000 mg/l of streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin. MICs and MBCs were determined for several antibiotics by microdilution. We detected the presence of high-level resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin in 29.1%, 52.9%, 31.0%, 26.6%, and 1.8% respectively. The more active antibiotics against the strains with high-level resistance to gentamicin were: mezlocillin (MIC90 = 1.0 mg/l), piperacillin and vancomycin (MIC90 = 2.0 mg/l), and ampicillin and imipenem (MIC90 = 4.0 mg/l).

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1985

Colonization of hospitalized patients by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococci.

Patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (29), a surgical intensive care unit (29) and a general medical ward (34) were studied to determine the frequency of colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and enterococci. Cultures of anterior nares, pharynx, axilla, periurethral tissues, and rectum were done within 24 h of admission and every 48-72 h thereafter for the duration of hospitalization. We found Staph. aureus colonization of pharynx, axilla, periurethral tissues and rectum to be equally frequent in patients with and without nasal colonization. Staphylococcus epidermidis was commonly recovered from all sites except the pharynx. The 49 strains of this organism acquired in the hospital were significantly more often resistant to nafcillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin than were 199 isolates recovered from patients at the time of admission. Enterococci were commonly isolated from rectal swabs and, less often, from other sites. Acquisition of enterococcal colonization during hospitalization was correlated significantly with antibiotic administration.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iron-deficient medium for selective isolation and presumptive identification of enterococci.

An Enterococcus Selective Agar (ESA; basal medium plus 0.01% NaN3, pH 9.6, Fe ion-restricted) was applied to a direct, single-step, isolation and presumptive identification of enterococci from clinical urine. The ESA was examined as to rate of colony formation and selectivity together with two conventional culture media, Pfizer Selective Enterococcus Agar (PSE) and Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA). Significant differences were observed in the rate of colony formation after 14, 17, and 20 hr of incubation at 35 degrees. The size of colonies on ESA was consistently larger than on the other two media. Biochemical testing showed that isolates from ESA conformed more closely to the definition of enterococci than isolates from either PSE or PEA. The improved selectivity of ESA was in large part due to the reduced presence of Fe ions. The medium offers advantages for an expeditious and accurate isolation of enterococcal pathogens.

Agar↗
PubMed1988

Enterococci in post-cesarean endometritis.

Three hundred eleven patients with post-cesarean endometritis were treated with clindamycin and gentamicin. Isolation of enterococci in the endometrium was associated with use of cephalosporin prophylaxis (P less than .001). Other risk factors for enterococcus-associated endometritis included increased numbers of vaginal examinations (P = .018) and increased length of internal monitoring (P = .006). Patients with enterococcus-associated endometritis were less likely to respond to therapy with clindamycin and gentamicin than were patients without enterococci (82.4 versus 92.7%, respectively; P = .015). Patients with enterococcus-associated endometritis also were significantly more likely to have wound infection (15.7 versus 3.2%, respectively; P = .001). In a retrospective survey of 14 patients with postpartum enterococcal bacteremias, four (29%) had a poor response to initial therapy.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of nosocomial infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci in a general hospital.

Hospital acquired infections caused by enterococci are increasing in incidence. This increase has been attributed, in part, to widespread use of cephalosporin antibiotics which lack activity against enterococci. To test this hypothesis, we compared patients having nosocomial enterococcal pulmonary and wound infections with those patients having nosocomial staphylococcal infections for antecedant cephalosporin use. In a six month period, we found 14 instances of nosocomial enterococcal wound and respiratory infections; 13 were superinfections (occurring during or up to one week after administration of antimicrobials). Seven had coexisting pathogens noted. In the same six month period, 30 instances of Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial respiratory tract and wound infections were found and only 13 were superinfections (p less than 0.002 compared with enterococcal superinfections). Nine had coexisting pathogens noted. The mean age, gender distribution and underlying illnesses in the Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcal superinfection groups were comparable. Of the 14 instances of enterococcal nosocomial infections, 11 were associated with administration of a cephalosporin compared with seven of 30 for staphylococcal infections (p less than 0.002). Nosocomial enterococcal infections are commonly associated with antimicrobial therapy and the use of cephalosporins may selectively predispose patients to increased risk of enterococcal superinfections.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Isolation and cold resistance of enterococci in ice cream].

Studies were a total of 85 samples of ice-cream assortments. It was found that the presence of enterococci was reduced--up to 21 per cent of the samples only had from 101 to 2000 microbial cells per cu. cm of the ice-cream mass. Enterococci of the fecal group predominated--81 per cent. The regime of thermal treatment applied to the ice-cream melange produced bactericidal effect on the Enterococcus microflora. After pasteurization, however, the product became contaminated with a secondary Enterococcus infection due to the improperly cleaned glassware and equipment. In freezing the ice-cream melange the amount of Enterococcus microflora dropped from 3.2 to 3.3 times. No changes in the microbial count were established after the deep-freezing storage of ice-cream for 24 months at -18 to -25 degrees C. The Enterococcus titer is suggested as an index in the hygiene evaluation of ice-cream.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1984

Activity of cefotaxime against enterococci.

The third-generation cephalosporins as a group are characterized by spectra of activity that are the broadest of the currently available antibiotics (Farber and Moellering, 1982). These agents provide excellent coverage of infections due to Enterobacteriaceae. They also exhibit good (but variable) activity against a number of "nonfermentors" such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and many of them are likewise active against anaerobes, including Bacteroides fragilis (Farber and Moellering, 1982). As a class, the third generation cephalosporins are less active against gram-positive organisms, but in spite of this they have been clinically effective against infections due to S. aureus and many other gram-positive cocci (Saito, 1982). Enterococci, however, have proven to be a difficult organism for the third-generation cephalosporins. None of the presently available compounds exhibits very good activity against these organisms in vitro (Fass, 1983). Given this fact and the broad spectrum of activity of these compounds against other organisms, there is a significant potential for enterococcal superinfection in patients treated with the third-generation cephalosporins. Indeed, serious enterococcal infection has clearly been documented in patients treated with some third-generation cephalosporins (Moellering, 1982; Yu, 1981). Although none of the presently available third-generation cephalosporins exhibits therapeutically useful activity against enterococci, currently available data suggest that there may be differences among these compounds in their ability to cause (or prevent) this complication. For instance, there are more published reports of enterococcal superinfection in patients treated with moxalactam than in patients receiving the other third-generation cephalosporins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood↗
PubMed1984

[Methods of preserving strains of enterococci and evaluation of the technological properties as a function of storage time].

The preservation possibilities of eight enterococci strains were studied following different techniques. The strains were selected considering their technological properties, specially their diacetyl and acetaldehyde producing capacities which favour their use in the cheese industry. The conservation methods tried out were: modified Sordelli, adsorption on anhydrous silica gel, periodical transfers and preservation in distilled water, salt solution and phosphate buffer solutions. The conservation capacity was evaluated during six months; the bacteria were reactivated monthly and viability, acid power and diacetyl and acetaldehyde production capacity were tested. The microorganisms preserved either by periodical transfers, or in distilled water, salt solution and phosphate buffer solutions, lost their viability and suffered deep changes into their technological properties before thirty days. On the other hand, those bacteria preserved following the modified Sordelli's method and by adsorption on anhydrous silica gel kept ther viability (Table 1), acid power (Table 2) and flavor compounds production capacity (Tables 3 and 4) until six months later. These results show that modified Sordelli's method and the anhydrous silica gel are equally efficient to preserve the enterococci properties being simplicity and lower cost of the latter an additional advantage.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1983

[Combination between fosfomycin and oxacillin or cefotaxime against methicillin-resistant Staphylococci and Enterococci].

The resistance of Gram positive cocci to oxacillin and cephalosporins do not appear to be in relation with the synthesis of a beta-lactamase, thus fosfomycin (FOS) could enhance the action of beta-lactam antibiotics by blocking another stage of the peptidoglycan synthesis. When FOS is combined with oxacillin (OXA) or cefotaxime (CTX) against fosfomycin sensitive strains (25 S. aureus 4-16 mg/l, 20 S. epidermidis 2-32 mg/l and 20 Enterococci 16-64 mg/l) one can see a dramatic synergistic effect of these two combinations. Respectively with S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococci, FIC indices are 0.17-0.39 and 0.43 for FOS-OXA and 0.29-0.47 and 0.29 for FOS-CTX. If one considers the CSF concentrations of these three antibiotics, the combination of fosfomycin with oxacillin or cefotaxime may be used in the treatment of meningitis due to methicillin resistant Staphylococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Antibacterial activity of lamoxactam in combination with penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin against clinical strains of Enterococci, group B Streptococci and Listeria].

The antibacterial activity of moxalactam-penicillin combinations was studied against clinical isolates of Enterococci (20 strains), group B Streptococci (10), Listeria (3) and Enterobacteriaceae (10), using a microtiter checkerboard (FIC index, FBC index). Combinations of moxalactam (MX) with penicillin G, ampicillin or amoxicillin were usually synergistic against Enterococci and Listeria but with high MX concentrations. Against group B Streptococci, penicillin-MX combinations were synergistic (40%) or additive (60%) with MX concentrations easily achievable in the CSF.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1983

[Numerical classification of enterococci].

The taxonomic analysis of enterococci by a mathematical method has revealed that these organisms are subdivided, according to their properties, into three taxons; of these, two taxons correspond to the species known as Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium, while the third taxon, sharply different from the rest, comprises mobile enterococci which can be probably regarded as a separate species and differentiated from the other two species by a number of characteristics.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

[Comparative in vitro activity of 5 semi-synthetic penicillins against aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and enterococci (author's transl)].

The MICs and MBCs of mezlocillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin were determined by microdilution in liquid medium against 700 strains of Gram-negative bacilli and enterococci isolated from pathological materials and classified according to their sensitivity of ampicillin and carbenicillin. Strains sensitive to ampicillin and carbenicillin were usually sensitive to the other penicillins with weight for weight differences in activity. The MIC pf mezlocillin against 40% of ampicillin - and carbenicillin-resistant TEM-producing strains of E. coli ranged fron 32 to 64 micrograms/ml. In 50% of Klebsiella strains producing a broad-spectrum penicillinase which inhibited ampicillin and carbenicillin, the MIC of mezlocillin was equal or inferior to 8 micrograms/ml. Carbenicillin-resistant Enterobacter and Citrobacter strains were also resistant to the other penicillins under study. Mezlocillin and piperacillin showed some activity on a few strains of carbenicillin-resistant Serratia, Proteus and Acinetobacter spp. Piperacillin and, to a lesser degree, mezlocillin were active against those strains of Pseudomonas spp for which the MIC of carbenicillin was around 512 micrograms/ml. Mezlocillin and ampicillin were the most active of the antibiotics tested against Enterococci. The MBCs of all antibiotics in this study were strongly influenced by the size of the inoculum.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1981

Mixed culture studies of Streptococcus mitis and oral enterococci.

Strains of Streptococcus mitis and oral enterococci were grown in mixed culture in 0.5% peptone, 1.0% peptone and 1.0% peptone supplemented with 0.5% glucose. In all three media the enterococci inhibited the S. mitis strains. The inhibition was strongest in the glucose supplemented broths, probably due to pH toxicity. Inhibition in the unsupplemented broths was not similarly caused, but no other inhibitory factors could be isolated from these culture.

Culture Media↗