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PubMed2005

Television health promotion in four countries.

OBJECTIVE: The research plan was to conduct a comparative, longitudinal field experiment in Russia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland to evaluate the effect of a nutritional and general health promotion television series. The series addressed four health topics: a healthy diet, avoidance of tobacco use and alcohol abuse, and enhanced physical activity. METHODS: Because of different infrastructure and contingency conditions in the four countries, data collection ranged from group-administered surveys at a central location to individual personal interviews using a quasi-experiment comparing viewers and non-viewers 18 y and older. It occurred between 1996 and 1998. RESULTS: Overall, the television programs were found to provide new, useful, and practical information to viewers. Most (53.4% to 64.0%) learned useful information. Nearly 33% or more (29.5% to 37.9%) intended to change their lifestyle, with about 25% or more (24.0% to 60.2%) of this group indicating that they would eat more fruits and vegetables. Subsequently, 16.7% to 45.0% reported actual dietary changes consistent with health promotion. CONCLUSIONS: The study addressed diet and nutritional patterns in this region and the underlying social and behavioral factors, topics on which there is very limited information. Methodologic equivalence was sought through consistent measures despite the differential research infrastructure in the four countries. Results indicated that viewers rated the nutritional and general health promotion television programs favorably and that media messages can be used to motivate and educate viewers. More sustained television programs focused on health promotion will benefit audiences in Central and Eastern Europe.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: potential risk of nutritional deficiencies.

The plasma amino acid profiles of 36 children with autism spectrum disorders were reviewed to determine the impact of diet on amino acid patterns. Ten of the children were on gluten and casein restricted diets administered by parents, while the other 26 consumed unrestricted diets. No amino acid profile specific to autism was identified. However, children with autism had more essential amino acid deficiencies consistent with poor protein nutrition than an age/gender matched control group. There was a trend for children with autism who were on restricted diets to have an increased prevalence of essential amino acid deficiencies and lower plasma levels of essential acids including the neurotransmitter precursors tyrosine and tryptophan than both controls and children with autism on unrestricted diets. These data indicate that larger, more focused studies of protein nutrition in children with autism are needed in order to determine the extent to which restricted diets might place the developing brains of children with autism at risk from protein malnutrition. The high rate of tryptophan and tyrosine deficiency in this group is also of concern given their role as neurotransmitter precursors.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Diet and antibody response to vaccinations in healthy infants.

Antibody responses to poliovirus, diphtheria, pertussis, or tetanus vaccine were compared in five groups of infants. The 62 infants had been brought up on breast milk or on one of four types of artificial feed in the first five months of life. The types of artificial feed varied in quality and quantity of protein; they were high or low protein cow's milk, an adapted formula (with a casein/albumin ratio of 40/60), and a formula based on soy flour. After the age of 5 months, all infants were put on the same diet. The general pattern of antibody responses as determined by antibody levels when the infants were 5 and 8 months old was that those fed on breast milk or high-protein cow's milk had adequate and sustained antibody responses; those fed on the adapted formula had a high but temporary response; and those fed on low-protein cow's milk or the soy-based formula had poor responses.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the endogenous ileal and faecal amino acid excretion in the dog (Canis familiaris) and the rat (Rattus rattus) determined under protein-free feeding and peptide alimentation.

The aim of the study was to determine and compare the endogenous ileal excretions of nitrogen and amino acids under protein-free and peptide alimentation by the dog and rat. Two diets were prepared, one that was devoid of protein and the other containing 23% enzyme hydrolysed casein. Chromic oxide was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. A total of 10 mixed breed dogs were fed hourly either a protein-free or enzymatically hydrolysed casein diet for a total of 10 days. A faecal sample was obtained from each dog on day 9 while digesta was obtained from the terminal 20 cm of the ileum directly after euthanasia on day 10. A total of 12 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats received the same diets as the dogs. A faecal sample from each rat was obtained on day 7 while ileal digesta samples were obtained on day 8. The endogenous ileal excretions of most amino acids were greater in the dogs and rats that received the enzymatically hydrolysed casein diet compared with those receiving the protein free diet. Whereas the pattern of endogenous amino acid excretion was similar in the rats and dogs, the dogs excreted a significantly greater amount of nitrogen (1.91 vs. 2.27 and 1.63 vs. 4.12 g/kg dry matter intake for the protein-free and peptide alimentation method, respectively) and all amino acids except for glycine, isoleucine and leucine. Endogenous ileal amino acid excretions are higher in dogs compared to omnivorous animals such as rats and pigs but similar to the carnivorous cat.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

A multi-echelon menu item forecasting system for hospitals.

A multi-echelon system was designed to generate statistical forecasts of menu-item demand in hospitals from one- through twenty-eight-day intervals prior to patient meal service. The three interdependent echelons were: (1) Forecasting patient census, (2) estimating diet category census, and (3) calculating menu-item demand. Eighteen weeks of supper data were utilized to analyze diet category distribution patterns and menu-item preferences, to test forecasting models, and to evaluate the performance of the forecasting system. A cost function was used to evaluate the efficiency of the mathematical forecasting system and manual technique over a nine-week period. The cost of menu-item forecast errors resulting from the use of adaptive exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins formulations was approximately 40 per cent less than costs associated with the manual system.

Computers↗
PubMed1997

Regulation by diet of the pancreas enzyme content of suckling goats.

To study pancreas enzyme content regulation when the diet was modified in suckling goats, a comparison was made between kids fed a milk replacer and ones fed maternal milk. A total of 25 preruminant Granadina breed goats were bottle-fed a milk replacer ad libitum from postnatal days 3 to 28 (until the age of 3 days kids had been fed colostrum). Body weight, pancreas weight, total protein concentration, and enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue were determined at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, and the results were compared to those previously obtained in kids fed maternal milk for the same period. Lipase activity was significantly lower in the group fed milk replacer, which was poorer in fat. Amylase activity was higher in this group, perhaps due to the starch products present in the milk substitute. However, the postnatal evolution of chymotrypsin activity followed a similar pattern regardless of diet. Our results seem to confirm that in preruminant kids there is a nutritional regulation of pancreatic amylase and lipase activities, depending on the amounts of their respective substrates in the diet, similar to that described in nonruminants.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Weighted vest exercise improves indices of fall risk in older women.

BACKGROUND: Bone mass and fall propensity are two major risk factors for hip fracture. Our intent was to determine if weight-bearing exercises with added resistance from weighted vests would improve dynamic balance, muscle strength and power, and bone mass in postmenopausal women, thereby reducing risk for falls and hip fracture. METHODS: Forty-four nonsmoking, community-dwelling, Caucasian women aged 50-75 years participated in the study. All participants were at least 5 years past menopause and most were estrogen-deplete (n = 36). Bone mass and body composition were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, muscular strength by isokinetic dynamometry, muscular power by modified Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, and indices of postural stability by dynamic posturography. Half of the subjects participated in a 9-month regimen of weight-bearing exercises performed three times a week that emphasized lower-body muscle strength and power development. Resistance was added progressively and individually by the use of a weighted vest. Controls maintained customary diet and activity patterns. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed for indices of lateral stability, lower-body muscular strength (16-33% increase), muscular power (13% increase), and leg lean mass (3.5% increase) in exercisers vs controls (p < .05). No significant changes (p > .05) were detected for femoral neck bone mass in exercisers or controls at the conclusion of the trial. CONCLUSIONS: Lower body exercise, using a weighted vest for resistance, provides an effective means of improving key indices of falls in postmenopausal women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Moderate to mild malnutrition in African children of 10-12 years: roles of dietary and non-dietary factors.

In all Third World populations, among preschool and schoolchildren, low weight- and height-for-age, i.e. below the 5th centile of US NCHS reference standards, are common, affecting 10-50%. Orthodoxly, shortfalls are attributed largely to insufficiency of food. In an attempt to throw more light on the situation regarding African schoolchildren, studies have been made on series of pupils, aged 10-12 years, at three rural schools in North West Province, South Africa. Of 396 pupils, 126 (31.8%) were below, and 270 (68.2%) above the 5th centile. Enquiries were made on each pupil's diet and meal pattern, their class position and games aptitude, and, regarding home characteristics, their family size, Parent(s) working, and the latter's interest in education. With minor exceptions, no significant differences in odds ratios were found between respective groups below and above the 5th centile. Evidently, there are multiple influencing factors. Hence, among children of school-age, there must be caution against overblaming undernutrition, and of overrating the health disadvantages from mild to moderate malnutrition. For definition clarification, long-term observations are necessary.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

Dieting practices in high school students.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to determine the patterns and frequency of dieting behaviors in a high school population in a metropolitan area. DESIGN: Dieting practices were assessed by using a survey instrument consisting of demographic questions and questions regarding dieting practices. SUBJECTS/SETTING: The survey was administered to 10th-grade male and female students at a multiethnic, urban, public high school in the Los Angeles area. One hundred fifty-three surveys were distributed in the classroom setting, with 146 usable surveys analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Statistical analyses included simple frequencies, chi 2, Fisher exact test, t tests, and two-way analysis of variance. A significance level of.05 was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: The population with a body mass index greater than 25 was 26.6% and, therefore, at risk of being overweight. Of those who have tried dieting, 54.7% often diet to control their weight. Limiting portion size was practiced by about 34% of those who had tried dieting techniques. In addition, counting calories and counting grams of fat were reported by 31.4% and 41.9% of these students, respectively. Of interest, 64.8% of the students who had tried dieting reported that they tried to eat and/or purchase foods that were low in fat. Approximately, 44% of these students used meal skipping to control their weight. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of dieting behaviors suggests that urban adolescents should be reached with appropriate interventions. Safe dieting strategies should be an integral part of any nutrition education and weight loss intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The ecology of the introduced patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) population of southwestern Puerto Rico.

This paper presents the results of a study on the introduced, free-ranging patas monkey population of Southwestern Puerto Rico (SWPR). It describes information on the population size, social group composition, diet, daily ranging patterns, and patas home range during a 3 year period. The patas monkey population in the study area consisted of approximately 120 individuals in four heterosexual groups and several all-male bands. Within their home ranges (26.8 km2), the population density was 4.47 individuals/km2. Home range size among the population's four heterosexual groups varied from 3.72 km2 to 15.39 km2, and minimum daily distance traveled ranged from 0.8-2.0 km. In general, the social structure and mating system of this population parallels what has been described for African populations. However, habitat use, ranging behavior, and the quality of intergroup interactions suggests that patas of this population exhibit territorial behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Variation in proteinase activities in the rumen.

Rumen fluid was taken from fistulated sheep and a cow receiving various diets based on grass hay or grass cubes with and without cereal-based concentrates. Proteinases in the extracellular fluid, and extracted from particulate material by Triton X-100, were visualized using SDS-PAGE in which gelatin was co-polymerized with the gels. Each animal sampled had a different pattern of proteinase activity. No single proteinase band predominated, although a few appeared in several samples, indicating that some microbial species were commonly involved in proteolysis but none was dominant. The banding patterns in samples taken from the same animals two weeks apart were fairly similar, indicating some stability within animals. Patterns obtained with extracellular fluid and Triton X100 extracts of small and large particulate material from the same sample were similar for the most part, although the relative intensity of the bands differed. The serine protease inhibitor, phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride, had little influence on the banding pattern. Concentrate in the diet appeared to increase inter-animal variation, and sheep in adjacent pens and consuming the same grass hay:concentrate diet had different banding patterns. Thus, no microbial proteolytic enzyme was predominant in protein digestion in the rumen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intakes in a community-based sample of French adults.

Relatively high intakes of vegetables and fruit and relatively low intakes of fat are associated with lower rates of heart disease and many types of cancer. Biomarkers for vegetable and fruit consumption are most useful when applicable across different ages, body weights, diets, and varying patterns of fat intake. This study examined two biomarkers, serum concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamin C, as a function of anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors in a community-based sample of French adults. The interview-based dietary-history method was used to assess dietary intakes of 361 males and 476 females aged 18-94 y resident in the Val-de-Marne district southeast of Paris. Serum beta-carotene was quantified by HPLC and vitamin C was measured by using an automated method. Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C concentrations were positively associated with vegetable and fruit intakes and were negatively linked to the consumption of energy, alcohol, and fat. Multiple-regression analyses showed that serum beta-carotene concentration was predicted by fruit and vegetable intakes but was inversely associated with body mass, energy and alcohol intakes, and tobacco use. Serum vitamin C concentration was positively associated with fruit consumption but was negatively associated with age, body mass, and tobacco use. Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C concentrations are useful biomarkers of vegetable and fruit consumption in the French diet. However, other dietary and lifestyle factors also have a significant effect on circulating concentrations of these antioxidant micronutrients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Does rapid transition to insulin therapy in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus benefit glycaemic control and diabetes-related complications? A German population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess whether earlier transition to insulin in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes improves glycaemic control and reduces diabetes-related complications. METHODS: Subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, and 2 or more recorded glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values, were identified from the Mediplus Germany database between June 1993 and May 2001. Subjects were stratified by treatment group: diet and exercise, sulfonylurea drugs, antihyperglycaemic drugs, insulin, or insulin plus sulfonylurea or antihyperglycaemic drugs. Treatment modifications were tracked over time and a rapid transition to insulin recorded if insulin was the initial therapy administered or the immediate treatment after diet and exercise. The area under the curve (AUC) for HbA1c was calculated and a linear regression model used to explain AUC as a function of rapid transitioning to insulin. A Cox proportional hazard model assessed the relationship between the time to first complication and AUC, rapid transition to insulin, and the number of treatment modifications. RESULTS: Of the 3136 subjects who met the study entry criteria, just 151 (4.8%) were initiated on insulin; after 5 years only 811 (25.9%) subjects had received insulin therapy. In the regression model explaining AUC, rapid transition to insulin significantly improved glycaemic control (-0.20, p=0.03). The Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that the time to first complication was negatively related to AUC (-0.05, p<0.01) and the rapid use of insulin (-0.27, p<0.01), and positively related to the number of treatment modifications (0.07, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Using actual real world clinical practice data, the present study found that the immediate use of insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes improved blood glucose control as measured by the AUC for HbA1c readings. This, in turn, reduced the risk of diabetes-related complications. In contrast, we observed that a stepwise transition treatment pattern (switching from diet and exercise to sulfonylureas and then perhaps to antihyperglycaemic agents and finally insulin) increased the risk of diabetes-related complications. Greater effort is required to remove some of the barriers currently preventing earlier initiation of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Increasing use of prenatal care in Ladakh (India): the roles of ecological and cultural factors.

Attempts to manage the outcome of pregnancy are ubiquitous among human societies. Those practices are becoming standardized as prenatal care under a biomedically trained practitioner has come to characterize the formal management of pregnancy. However, many women do not seek biomedical surveillance of their pregnancies, and, in many contexts, particularly in 'modernizing' or rural communities, prenatal care facilities are often poorly coordinated and under-utilized for a variety of reasons. This report illustrates widespread and increasing usage of biomedical services for prenatal care and birth among women in Ladakh, India, over the course of the past 20 years. This trend is at odds with that typical of other parts of South Asia, and can be attributed to the unique ecological, cultural, and historical characteristics of this region. These include the hypoxia of this high-altitude region, which poses substantial problems for successful birth outcome, along with the socio-ecology of maternal diet and work patterns that further compromise birth outcome. These risk factors exist in the context of the absence of involvement of traditional institutions such as Tibetan medicine or traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in pregnancy and birth, and government-sponsored efforts to establish institutions of modernity in Ladakh such as biomedical facilities. Hence, the penetration of biomedical services into the domain of reproductive health has been facilitated. Idiosyncratic aspects of the obstetrics practice itself, particularly the social position and personality of the obstetrician, have also played an important role in recruiting women to make use of hospital-based prenatal care and birth. However, despite broader usage of prenatal care and hospital births by Ladakhi women, there is little indication that birth outcomes have improved significantly. Reasons for this lack of measurable success are considered.

Culture↗
PubMed2001

Why don't low-income mothers worry about their preschoolers being overweight?

CONTEXT: Mothers are in an important position to prevent obesity in their children by shaping early diet and activity patterns. However, many mothers of overweight preschool children are not worried about their child's weight. OBJECTIVE: To explore mothers' perceptions about how they determine when a child is overweight, why children become overweight, and what barriers exist to preventing or managing childhood obesity. DESIGN: Three focus groups with 6 participants in each. Participant comments were transcribed and analyzed. Themes were coded independently by the 6 authors who then agreed on common themes. SETTING: A clinic of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Cincinnati, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen low-income mothers (13 black, 5 white) of preschool children (mean age of 44 months) who were at-risk for later obesity. All but 1 mother had a body mass index (BMI) >/=25 kg/m(2), and 12 mothers had a BMI >/=30 kg/m(2). All but 1 child had a BMI >/=85th percentile for age and sex, and 7 had a BMI >/=95th percentile. Results. Mothers did not define overweight or obese in their children according to how height and weight measurements were plotted on the standard growth charts used by health professionals. Instead, mothers were more likely to consider being teased about weight or developing limitations in physical activity as indicators of their child being overweight. Children were not believed to be overweight if they were active and had a healthy diet and/or a good appetite. Mothers described overweight children as thick or solid. Mothers believed that an inherited tendency to be overweight was likely to be expressed in the child regardless of environmental factors. In trying to shape their children's eating, mothers believed that their control over the child's diet was challenged by other family members. If a child was hungry, despite having just eaten, it was emotionally difficult for mothers to deny additional food. CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals should not assume that defining overweight according to the growth charts has meaning for all mothers. Despite differing perceptions between mothers and health professionals about the definition of overweight, both groups agree that children should be physically active and have healthy diets. Health professionals may be more effective in preventing childhood obesity by focusing on these goals that they share with mothers, rather than on labeling children as overweight.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Fish-eaters and farmers: dental pathology in the Arabian Gulf.

Twelve skeletal samples, previously published, from the Arabian Gulf have been used to trace differences in diet and subsistence patterns through an analysis of dental pathology. The skeletons date from 3,000 BC to AD 1,500 and cover a variety of geographical locations: off-shore islands, Eastern Arabia, and Oman. The dental conditions analyzed are attrition, caries, calculus, abscessing, and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL). Results indicate four basic patterns of dental disease which, while not mutually exclusive, correspond to four basic subsistence patterns. Marine dependency, represented by the Ras el-Hamra population, is indicated by severe attrition, low caries rates, wear-caused abscessing, and a lack of AMTL. The second group of dental diseases--moderate attrition and calculus, low rates of caries, wear-caused abscessing, and low-moderate rates of AMTL--affects populations subsisting on a mixture of pastoralism or fishing and agriculture (Failaka, Umm an-Nar, Bronze Age Maysar, Bronze Age Shimal, and Iron Age Galilah). Mixed farming populations (Iron Age Maysar and Islamic Bahrain) experienced low-moderate attrition, high rates of caries and calculus, abscessing due to caries, and severe AMTL. The final group of dental diseases affects populations practicing intensive gardening (Bronze and Iron Age Bahrain, and Sites 3 and 5, Ras al-Khaimah). These groups experienced slight attrition, high rates of caries, low rates of calculus deposition, and severe AMTL.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

High prevalence of obesity in low income and multiethnic schoolchildren: a diet and physical activity assessment.

The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of obesity and/or undernutrition and evaluate diet and activity patterns among schoolchildren from an ethnically diverse low income urban population. A cross-sectional survey of 498 children aged 9-12 y from 24 schools in low income multiethnic neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada was undertaken. Height, weight, dietary intake, physical activity record, and lifestyle and demographic characteristics were measured. There was no evidence of undernutrition because linear growth was appropriate for age, but 39.4% of children were overweight (>85th percentile NHANES II). Dietary fat intake was higher in children from single-parent families (P < 0.001) and those with mothers born in Canada. Intake of vitamins A, C, iron and folate was directly related to income sufficiency. Children who did more physical activity had significantly higher intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc and fiber but were not heavier. Dietary intake was systematically underreported among overweight children, i.e., their reported intakes did not meet calculated energy needs. This underreporting makes it difficult to attribute the accumulated energy imbalance to either energy intake or expenditure.

Anthropometry↗