Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “common bean”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Biochemical and genetic basis of red cell enzyme deficiencies.

Enzyme deficiencies have been identified in all erythrocyte pathways. Their frequencies differ with respect to the affected enzyme, the severity of the clinical manifestations and the geographical distribution. Most mutations are found within the coding sequences of genes, missense mutations occurring more often than deletions, insertions, splice site defects or premature stop codons. Promoter mutations are rare. The clinical manifestations are chronic or non-chronic haemolytic anaemias. The first of these are characterized by an impairment of cell function at normal values of the external load parameters kATPase and kGSHox. Haemolysis with a non-chronic course is induced only at enhanced values of the load parameters, caused by free radical generation by oxidative drugs, fava beans, infections, fever and physical exercise. The development of secondary haemochromatosis is the most common cause of mortality in patients suffering from severe chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Intracellular iron deposits must be prevented by timely treatment with effective chelating agents.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed2003

Digestion rate of legume carbohydrates and glycemic index of legume-based meals.

A study was performed to examine the rate of digestion of available carbohydrate in legumes and its mixtures with cereals, prepared as commonly eaten. The legumes and cereals studied were lentil (Lens sculenta), pea (Pisum sativum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, var tortola), rice (Oryza sativa) and spaghetti. Foods were purchased at the city market. Total starch content and the carbohydrate digestion rates were determined using the enzymatic method proposed by Englyst et al. Total starch levels ranged from 7.78 g/100 g in cooked flour bean to 20.6 g/100 g in a bean-spaghetti dish, and dietary fiber contents ranged from 2.4 g/100 g in a cooked 70:30 lentil-rice mixture to 5.26 g/100 g in a cooked whole bean. The rapid digestion rate carbohydrates showed values from 4.8 in the bean soup to 8.9 in the bean-spaghetti combination. The same results show, expressed as rapid available glucose (RAG), the amount of rapid carbohydrate/100 g food or meal as eaten, and as the starch digestion index (SDI), the percentage of rapid carbohydrate digestion rate in relation to the total amount of carbohydrate. The RAG values ranged between 5.0 for cooked beans and 10 for cooked beans and spaghetti, and the SDI ranged between 40 for cooked pea flour and 62 for cooked bean flour. Legumes prepared as soup showed a higher rapid digestion rate than legumes prepared as whole grain. The bean-spaghetti based-meal and the lentil-based meal showed glycemic index mean and standard deviation values of 76.8 +/- 43.4 and 49.3 +/- 29.5, RAG values of 7.0 and 6.0, and SDI values of 57 and 54, respectively. The knowledge of the importance of the carbohydrate digestion rates in human health in increasing, and probably will soon be used in the development of the food pyramid. The foods with a moderate fraction of rapid digestion rate, such as legumes, should be included in the base of the pyramid.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars In Vitro and In Planta.

Significant amounts of ethylene were produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, pv. phaseolicola (which had been isolated from viny weed Pueraria lobata [Willd.] Ohwi [common name, kudzu]), and pv. pisi in synthetic medium. On the other hand, the bean strains of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola and strains of 17 other pathovars did not produce ethylene. P. syringae pv. glycinea and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola produced nearly identical levels of ethylene (about 5 x 10(sup-7) nl h(sup-1) cell(sup-1)), which were about 10 times higher than the ethylene level of P. syringae pv. pisi. Two 22-bp oligonucleotide primers derived from the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) gene of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 were investigated for their ability to detect ethylene-producing P. syringae strains by PCR analysis. PCR amplification with this primer set resulted in a specific 0.99-kb fragment in all ethylene-producing strains with the exception of the P. syringae pv. pisi strains. Therefore, P. syringae pv. pisi may use a different biosynthetic pathway for ethylene production or the sequence of the efe gene is less conserved in this bacterium. P. syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from kudzu and P. syringae pv. glycinea also produced ethylene in planta. It could be shown that the enhanced ethylene production in diseased tissue was due to the production of ethylene by the inoculated bacteria. Ethylene production in vitro and in planta was strictly growth associated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Glycaemic response in normal subjects to five different legumes commonly used in the Philippines.

Five legumes including chick pea (Cicer arietinum Linn), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb) and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn) were cooked and tested for blood glucose response among healthy human volunteers. The blood glucose response to all legumes was significantly lower compared to bread. The glycaemic response to chick pea was significantly lower (P < or = 0.01) than that to black bean, pigeon pea and mung bean. The glycaemic index of chick pea (13.87 +/- 3.0) was significantly lower than those of black bean (27.91 +/- 4.0), pigeon pea (30.99 +/- 4.1) and mung bean (44.38 +/- 5.8) (P < 0.01) but was not different from that of white bean (19.48 +/- 4.9). The differences in the glycaemic responses among the legumes could be due to the differences in amount and kind of dietary fibre, amylose content and the presence of antinutrients. Legumes could therefore be added to the list of foods for diabetics and hyperlipidaemics and continuous consumption in larger amounts should be recommended to the general Filipino population.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The origin of the oxidative burst in plants.

A large number of publications recently have drawn strong analogies between the production of active oxygen species in plant cells and the "oxidative burst" of the phagocyte, even to the point of constructing elaborate models involving receptor mediated G-protein activation of a plasmalemma NADPH oxidase in plant cells. However there are potentially other active oxygen species generating systems at the plant cell surface. The present work examines these alternatives with particular emphasis on the rapid production of active oxygen species, in common with a number of other systems, by suspension-cultured cells of French bean on exposure to an elicitor preparation from the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The cells show a rapid increase in oxygen uptake which is followed shortly afterwards by the appearance of a burst of these active oxygen species, as measured by a luminescence assay, which is probably all accounted for by hydrogen peroxide. An essential factor in this production of H2O2 appears to be transient alkalinization of the apoplast where the pH rises to 7.0-7.2. Dissipation of this pH change with a number of treatments, including ionophores and strong buffers, substantially inhibits the oxidative burst. Little evidence was found for enhanced activation of a membrane-bound NADPH oxidase. However the production of H2O2 under alkaline conditions can be modelled in vitro with a number of peroxidases, one of which, an M(r) 46,000 wall-bound cationic peroxidase, is able to sustain H2O2 production at neutral pH unlike the other peroxidases which only show low levels of this reaction under such conditions and have pH optima at values greater than 8.0. On the basis of such comparative pH profiles between the cells and the purified peroxidase and further inhibition studies a direct production of H2O2 from the wall peroxidase in French bean cells is proposed. These experiments may mimic some of the responses to plant pathogens, particularly the hypersensitive response, which is an important feature of resistance. A cell wall peroxidase-origin for the oxidative burst is clearly different from a model consisting of receptor activation of a plasmalemma-localised NADPH oxidase generating superoxide. An alternative simple and rapid mechanism thus exists for the generation of H2O2 which does not require such multiple proteinaceous components.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2003

The role of food allergens in childhood asthma.

Eighty-eight patients' sera with allergen-specific IgE levels elevated only to food allergens were collected between October 1997 and March 2002 at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Thirty-three of the patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of asthma and were included. Most (72.7%) patients had elevated serum allergen-specific IgE levels only to one food allergen. The most common food allergens were milk and egg white. The patients with elevated soy bean-specific IgE levels had significantly higher levels of serum food allergen-specific IgE than those with either elevated milk or egg white-specific IgE levels. This study investigated some food allergen responses of asthmatic patients whose serum allergen-specific IgE levels were elevated only to food allergens. The results suggested that the allergic asthmatic response in our patients was most likely related to food rather than aeroallergens or fungal allergens.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Naturally occurring and experimentally induced castor bean (Ricinus communis) poisoning in ducks.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) poisoning accounted for the death of several thousand ducks in the Texas panhandle in the fall and winter months of 1969-1971. Signs of intoxication resembled those of botulism, except for mucoid, blood-tinged excreta. The most common lesions were severe fatty change in the liver, widely distributed internal petechial hemorrhages or ecchymoses, and catarrhal enteritis. Nearly intact castor beans were found in the stomach of one duck during field necropsy. Fragments of seed coat resembling castor bean were found in the stomachs of 10 of 14 ducks examined in the laboratory. Clinical signs and postmortem lesions observed in wild ducks were induced experimentally in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) by force-feeding intact castor beans. Toxicity titrations were erratic, but the LD50 appeared to be between three and four seeds. The mouse toxicity test, used to detect Clostridium botulinum toxin in the blood serum of intoxicated ducks, was negative in every case. Hemagglutination and precipitin tests generally failed to detect castor bean in extracts of excreta or intestinal contents of experimentally intoxicated ducks.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Nutritional composition, processing, and utilization of horse gram and moth bean.

Horse gram and moth bean are the unexploited legumes of the tropics and subtropics grown mostly under dry-land agriculture. The chemical composition is comparable with commonly cultivated legumes. Like other legumes, these are deficient in methionine and tryptophan. Horse gram is an excellent source of iron and molybdenum. Comparatively, horse gram seeds have higher trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activities and polyphenols than moth bean seeds. Dehusking, germination, cooking, and roasting have been shown to produce beneficial effects on nutritional quality of both the legumes. Both the legumes require prolonged cooking to obtain product of acceptable nature. A soak solution (1.5% NaHCO3 + 0.5% Na2CO3 + 0.75% citric acid) treatment has been shown to reduce cooking time and improve protein quality. Moth bean is mostly consumed as dhal or sprouts. The whole seeds of horse gram are generally utilized as cattle feed. However, it is consumed as a whole seed, sprouts, or whole meal by a large population in rural areas of southern India. Medical uses of these legumes have been discussed.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Food-specific serum IgG4 and IgE titers to common food antigens in irritable bowel syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Food hypersensitivity is a common perception among irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Data from dietary elimination and food challenge studies support an etiopathological role of diet in IBS, but there are no well-established tests to identify food hypersensitivity. AIM: To compare IgG4 and IgE titers to common food antigens in IBS and controls. METHOD: One hundred and eight IBS [52 diarrhea-predominant (D-IBS); 32 constipation-predominant (C-IBS); 24 alternating (Alt-IBS)], and 43 controls were included in the study. IgG4 and IgE titers and skin prick testing (SPT) to 16 common foods including milk, eggs, cheese, wheat, rice, potatoes, chicken, beef, pork, lamb, fish, shrimps, soya bean, yeast, tomatoes, and peanuts were measured. RESULTS: IBS had significantly higher IgG4 titers (mug/L) to wheat (395 IQR +/- 1,011 vs 0 IQR +/- 285, p < 0.001), beef (1,079 IQR +/- 930 vs 617 IQR +/- 435, p < 0.001), pork (481 IQR +/- 379 vs 258 IQR +/- 496, p < 0.001), and lamb (241 IQR +/- 460 vs 167 IQR +/- 232, p= 0.009) compared to controls. These differences were maintained across all three subgroups. The antibody titers to potatoes, rice, fish, chicken, yeast, tomato, and shrimps were not significantly different. No significant difference in IgE titers was observed between IBS and controls. SPT was positive for only a single antigen in 5 of 56 patients tested with the same panel of foods. No correlation was seen between the pattern of elevated IgG4 antibody titers and patients' symptoms. CONCLUSION: Serum IgG4 antibodies to common foods like wheat, beef, pork, and lamb are elevated in IBS patients. In keeping with the observation in other atopic conditions, this finding suggests the possibility of a similar pathophysiological role for IgG4 antibodies in IBS.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Nuclear factors interact with conserved A/T-rich elements upstream of a nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase gene from French bean.

The gln-gamma gene, encoding the gamma subunit of glutamine synthetase in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is strongly induced during nodule development. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 1.3-kilobase region at its 5' end and have identified several sequences common to the promoter regions of late nodulin genes from other legume species. The 5'-flanking region was analyzed for sequence-specific interactions with nuclear factors from French bean. A factor from nodules (PNF-1) was identified that binds to multiple sites between -860 and -154, and a related but distinct factor (PRF-1) was detected in extracts from uninfected roots. PNF-1 and PRF-1 bound strongly to a synthetic oligonucleotide containing the sequence of an A/T-rich 21-base pair imperfect repeat found at positions -516 and -466. The same factors also had a high affinity for a protein binding site from a soybean leghemoglobin gene and appeared to be closely related to the soybean nodule factor NAT2, which binds to A/T-rich sequences in the lbc3 and nodulin 23 genes [Jacobsen et al. (1990). Plant Cell 2, 85-94]. Comparison of NAT2/PNF-1 binding sites from a variety of nodulin genes revealed the conservation of the short consensus core motif TATTTWAT, and evidence was obtained that this sequence is important for protein recognition. Cross-recognition by PNF-1 of a protein binding site in a soybean seed protein gene points to the existence of a ubiquitous family of factors with related binding affinities. Our data suggest that PNF-1 and PRF-1 belong to an evolutionarily conserved group of nuclear factors that interact with specific A/T-rich sequences in a diverse set of plant genes. We consider the possible role of these factors in coregulating the expression of gln-gamma and other late nodulin genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

The addition of locust bean gum but not water delayed the gastric emptying rate of a nutrient semisolid meal in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Most of the previous studies regarding the effects of gel-forming fibres have considered the gastric emptying of liquid or solid meals after the addition of pectin or guar gum. The influence of locust bean gum, on gastric emptying of nutrient semisolid meals in humans has been less well studied, despite its common occurrence in foods. Using a standardised ultrasound method, this study was aimed at investigating if the gastric emptying in healthy subjects could be influenced by adding locust been gum, a widely used thickening agent, or water directly into a nutrient semisolid test meal. METHODS: The viscosity of a basic test meal (300 g rice pudding, 330 kcal) was increased by adding Nestargel (6 g, 2.4 kcal), containing viscous dietary fibres (96.5%) provided as seed flour of locust bean gum, and decreased by adding 100 ml of water. Gastric emptying of these three test meals were evaluated in fifteen healthy non-smoking volunteers, using ultrasound measurements of the gastric antral area to estimate the gastric emptying rate (GER). RESULTS: The median value of GER with the basic test meal (rice pudding) was estimated at 63%, (range 47 to 84%), (the first quartile = 61%, the third quartile = 69%). Increasing the viscosity of the rice pudding by adding Nestargel, resulted in significantly lower gastric emptying rates (p < 0.01), median GER 54%, (range 7 to 71%), (the first quartile = 48%, the third quartile = 60%). When the viscosity of the rice pudding was decreased (basic test meal added with water), the difference in median GER 65%, (range 38 to 79%), (the first quartile = 56%, the third quartile = 71%) was not significantly different (p = 0.28) compared to the GER of the basic test meal. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the addition of locust bean gum to a nutrient semisolid meal has a major impact on gastric emptying by delaying the emptying rate, but that the addition of water to this test meal has no influence on gastric emptying in healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gas chromatographic determination and mechanism of formation of D-amino acids occurring in fermented and roasted cocoa beans, cocoa powder, chocolate and cocoa shell.

Fermented cocoa beans of various countries of origin (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Sulawesi), cocoa beans roasted under defined conditions (100-150 degrees C; 30-120 min), low and high fat cocoa powder, various brands of chocolate, and cocoa shells were analyzed for their contents of free L-and D-amino acids. Amino acids were isolated from defatted products using a cation exchanger and converted into volatile N(O)-pentafluoropropionyl amino acid 2-propyl esters which were analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography mass spectrometry on a Chirasil-L-Val capillary column. Besides common protein L-amino acids low amounts of D-amino acids were detected in fermented cocoa beans. Quantities of D-amino acids increased on heating. On roasting cocoa beans of the Forastero type from the Ivory Coast at 150 degrees C for 2 h, relative quantities of D-amino acids approached 17.0% D-Ala, 11.7% D-Ile, 11.1% D-Asx (Asp + Asn), 7.9% D-Tyr, 5.8% D-Ser, 4.8% D-Leu, 4.3% D-Phe, 37.0% D-Pro, and 1.2% D-Val. In cocoa powder and chocolate relative quantities amounted to 14.5% D-Ala, 10.6% D-Tyr, 9.8% D-Phe, 8.1% L-Asx, and 7.2% D-Ile. Lower quantities of other D-amino acids were also detected. In order to corroborate our hypothesis that D-amino acids are generated from Amadori compounds (fructose amino acids) formed in the course of the Maillard reaction, fructose-L-phenylalanine and fructose-D-phenylalanine were synthesized and heated at 200 degrees C for 5-60 min. Already after 5 min release of 11.7% D-Phe and 11.8% L-Phe in the free form could be analyzed. Based on the data a racemization mechanism is presented founded on the intermediate and reversible formation of an amino acid carbanion in the Amadori compounds.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

[Purification of peroxidases and separation of isoperoxidases from various plant species (author's transl)].

The partial purification of peroxidase (EC.1.11.1.7) and separation of isoperoxidases by disc electrophoresis from Cucurbita Pepo L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cicer arietinum L. and Hordeum, Secale and Triticum sp., have been studied. Peroxidase from fruit of pumpkin and from 6-day-old coleoptiles of French bean and chick pea has been partially purified, 128-, 174-, and 140-fold, respectively. The apparent Km at the optimum pH were: pumpkin (epicarp.), 2.7 X 10(-4) M; barley, common rye and wheat (primary leaves, in all cases), 1.4 X 10(-5), 1.2 X 10(-5) and 3.1 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Isoperoxidases have been separated by disc electrophoresis on 7% polyacrylamide gel and stained with p-phenylenediamine. Differences in patterns of anodic and cathodic isozymes were observed: 3 isozymes from fruits of pumpkin, 4 from French bean, 4 from chick pea, 11 from leaves of barley, 10 from leaves of common rye and 9 from leaves of wheat.

Fruit↗
PubMed1998

The acetylation patterns of histones H3 and H4 along Vicia faba chromosomes are different.

The acetylation pattern of H3 was studied on field bean chromosomes by means of indirect immunofluorescence using polyclonal antibodies recognizing H3 isoforms acetylated at lysine positions 9/18, 14 and 23. H3 was found to be hypoacetylated at lysine residues 9/18 and 14 within the heterochromatic regions composed of tandem repetitive Fok-I elements. Hyperacetylation of these residues was observed at the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) and in heterochromatic regions composed of repeats other than Fok-I elements. In contrast, H4 was underacetylated (H4.Ac5, 8, 12) or uniformly acetylated (H4.Ac16) at all heterochromatic regions, and acetylated above the average at all four lysines only within the NOR. Acetylation of lysine-23 of H3 was uniform, except for the NOR that showed no fluorescence. Inhibition of deacetylase during and after replication of heterochromatin by trichostatin A had no influence on the acetylation status of H3 but mediated an increase in acetylation of lysines 5, 12 and 16 of H4 above the average in the field bean heterochromatin. Thus, the chromosomal acetylation patterns of H4 and H3 of this species revealed common and divergent features. Whereas the acetylation level of H4 correlates well with the potential transcriptional activity and inversely with the time of replication of defined chromatin domains of Vicia faba, this is not generally true for H3.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2005

Spatial organization of dual-species bacterial aggregates on leaf surfaces.

The spatial organization of cells within bacterial aggregates on leaf surfaces was determined for pair-wise mixtures of three different bacterial species commonly found on leaves, Pseudomonas syringae, Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Cells were coinoculated onto bean plants and allowed to grow under moist conditions, and the resulting aggregates were examined in situ by epifluorescence microscopy. Each bacterial strain could be localized because it expressed either the green or the cyan fluorescent protein constitutively, and the viability of individual cells was assessed by propidium iodide staining. Each pair of bacterial strains that was coinoculated onto leaves formed mixed aggregates. The degree of segregation of cells in mixed aggregates differed between the different coinoculated pairs of strains and was higher in mixtures of P. fluorescens A506 and P. agglomerans 299R and mixtures of P. syringae B728a and P. agglomerans 299R than in mixtures of two isogenic strains of P. agglomerans 299R. The fractions of the total cell population that were dead in mixed and monospecific aggregates of a gfp-marked strain of P. agglomerans 299R and a cfp-marked strain of P. agglomerans 299R, or of P. fluorescens A506 and P. agglomerans 299R, were similar. However, the proportion of dead cells in mixed aggregates of P. syringae B728a and P. agglomerans 299R was significantly higher (13.2% +/- 8.2%) than that in monospecific aggregates of these two strains (1.6% +/- 0.7%), and it increased over time. While dead cells in such mixed aggregates were preferentially found at the interface between clusters of cells of these strains, cells of these two strains located at the interface did not exhibit equal probabilities of mortality. After 9 days of incubation, about 77% of the P. agglomerans 299R cells located at the interface were dead, while only about 24% of the P. syringae B728a cells were dead. The relevance of our results to understanding bacterial interactions on leaf surfaces and the implications for biological control of pathogenic and other deleterious microorganisms is discussed.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1990

Foodborne disease outbreaks, 5-year summary, 1983-1987.

This report summarizes data from foodborne disease outbreaks reported to CDC from 1983 through 1987. With a few exceptions, an outbreak is defined as an incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness and food is implicated. During this period, 2,397 outbreaks of foodborne disease were reported, representing 91,678 cases. Among outbreaks in which the etiology was determined, bacterial pathogens caused the largest number of outbreaks (66%) and cases (92%). Chemical agents caused 26% of outbreaks and 2% of cases. Parasites caused 4% of outbreaks and less than 1% of cases, and viruses caused 5% of outbreaks and 5% of cases. The discrepancies between the number of outbreaks and the number of cases attributed to each etiologic agent emphasizes the importance of evaluating both numbers before drawing conclusions. The etiologic agent was not determined in 62% of outbreaks, reflecting the need for improved investigative skills. The number of outbreaks reported by this surveillance system is only a small fraction of the true number that occur. The likelihood of an outbreak's being reported depends on many factors, such as ease of recognition and ease of laboratory confirmation. Sporadic foodborne illness is far more common and is not included in this report.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1997

Role of sialyloligosaccharide binding in Theiler's virus persistence.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses (TMEVs) belong to the Picornaviridae family and are divided into two groups, typified by strain GDVII virus and members of the TO (Theiler's original) group. The highly virulent GDVII group causes acute encephalitis in mice, while the TO group is less virulent and causes a chronic demyelinating disease which is associated with viral persistence in mice. This persistent central nervous system infection with demyelination resembles multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans and has thus become an important model for studying MS. It has been shown that some of the determinants associated with viral persistence are located on the capsid proteins of the TO group. Structural comparisons of two persistent strains (BeAn and DA) and a highly virulent strain (GDVII) showed that the most significant structural variations between these two groups of viruses are located on the sites that may influence virus binding to cellular receptors. Most animal viruses attach to specific cellular receptors that, in part, determine host range and tissue tropism. In this study, atomic models of TMEV chimeras were built with the known structures of GDVII, BeAn, and DA viruses. Comparisons among the known GDVII, BeAn, and DA structures as well as the predicted models for the TMEV chimeras suggested that a gap on the capsid surface next to the putative receptor binding site, composed of residues from VP1 and VP2, may be important in determining viral persistence by influencing virus attachment to cellular receptors, such as sialyloligosaccharides. Our results showed that sialyllactose, the first three sugar molecules of common oligosaccharides on the surface of mammalian cells, inhibits virus binding to the host cell and infection with the persistent BeAn virus but not the nonpersistent GDVII and chimera 39 viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗