[A brief account on the study at an international course on zoonoses at Moscow, 1981].
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Recent reports of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness, such as cryptosporidiosis, associated with visits to farms have drawn attention to the possible risks of acquiring zoonotic infections through contact with farm animals. These risks seem to be small, but it is important that people who work in urban and rural farms, and such establishments as animal sanctuaries where the general public can come into close contact with farm livestock and other animals, should be alerted to the simple precautions needed to prevent transmission of infections.
The advent of new technology for geographical representation and spatial analysis of databases from different sectors offers a new approach to planning and managing the control of tropical diseases. This article reviews the geographical and intersectoral aspects of the epidemiology and control of African trypanosomiasis, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, and foodborne trematode infections. The focal nature of their transmission, increasing recognition of the importance of animal reservoirs, and the need to understand environmental factors influencing their distribution are common to all these diseases. Geographical information systems (GIS) open a completely new perspective for intersectoral collaboration in adapting new technology to promote control of these diseases.
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The syndrome of Visceral Larva Migrans is a zoonotic disease due to the migration in human of nematodes larval, specially ascarid. Since the larvae fail to complete their migrating cycle in humans, the diagnosis of Toxocariasis infection remains only serologic. We have been able to demonstrate by the technique of agar diffusion and the Western-blotting method that the etiology due to Toxocara canis was twice as much frequent as the one due to Toxocara cati in the syndrome of Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans. The use of numerous antigens from adult nematodes, mainly Ascaris suum, has shown, than in France, in the syndrome of VLM at least 12% of the cases were certainly due to other nematodes. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (or another similar nematode) of the rat might be responsible. The existence of numerous clinical and biological cases found negative in serology, allow us to suggest that some other larval nematodes, may be from wild animals, might play an etiological role.
In order to investigate the diffusion of infections transmitted by ticks (TBE and Lyme borreliosis) in forest workers, a serological investigation was carried out in the Province of Trento (Northern Italy) on the sera of 465 subjects at potential risk (foresters, hunters, woodcutters, gamekeepers). Antibodies for TBE virus were found in 5 subjects (1.07%) working in the same area, and antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferi were found in 15 subjects (3%). All three clinical cases of TBE identified in the Province of Trento reported that they had been bitten by ticks in the same geographical area. The presence of specific antibodies for TBE virus was tested on the sera of animals grazing in several areas: 4 positive cases were observed in the same area as the human cases reported above.
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