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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

A combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily dendryphantinae (araneae: salticidae).

Four gene regions were sequenced for 30 species of jumping spiders, most from the subfamily Dendryphantinae, to investigate their molecular phylogeny and evolution. These are three regions from the mitochondria (ca. 560 bp of 16S plus adjacent tRNA, 1047 bp of cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), and 414 bp of NADH1 (ND1) and one region from the nuclear genome (ca. 750 bp of 28S). Parsimony and likelihood analyses of these gene regions separately and together support the monophyly of the dendryphantines as delimited previously by morphological characters. A group of elongate-bodied genera are placed as basal among the dendryphantines, and previously proposed relationships of Poultonella, Paraphidippus, and Sassacus vitis are confirmed. Comparison of overall rates of molecular evolution indicates striking differences across the gene regions, with highest divergence in ND1, CO1, 16S, and 28S in decreasing order. All four regions are characterized by both within- and among-site rate variation. Phylogenetic results from CO1 conflict conspicuously with phylogenetic results from the other genes and morphological data. Attempts to account for potential sources of this conflict (e.g., accommodating biased base composition, high homoplasy, within- and among-site rate variation, etc.) are largely unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Population diversity in grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 and the relationship to disease expression.

Vitis vinifera cultivars Zinfandel-1A and Mission were found to harbor different grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 (GYSVd-1) variants and characterized to define the relationship to yellow speckle (YS) and vein-banding (VB) diseases. Products from the left terminal (T1), pathogenic (P), and a portion of the central (C) domains of Zinfandel-1A and Mission displayed distinct single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) patterns, presumably reflecting nucleotide changes in the P domain. The two selections were shown to contain homogeneous populations of type 1 and type 2 GYSVd-1 variants described in Australia. Symptoms of YS were induced only in vines containing the type 2 variant by treatment at a constant temperature of 32 degreesC in continuous light. SSCP of Pagadebit selections from Italy revealed the nonsymptomatic variant was essentially identical to Zinfandel-1A, whereas symptomatic selections were unlike any other previously described. Nucleotide sequence confirmed that nonsymptomatic selections from Italy contained the GYSVd-1 type 1 variant. A total of 43 changes were spread throughout the T1, C, V, and T2 domains from symptomatic selections. This study establishes the Australian type 1 variant as the non-symptom-inducing form of GYSVd-1 and type 2 as the symptom-inducing variant. The distinct symptom-inducing variant from Italy is proposed as a new type 3 variant of GYSVd-1.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Determination of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in grape must and wine.

Tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites, especially indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), are considered as potential precursors of 2-aminoacetophenone (AAP), an aroma compound which causes the "untypical aging off-flavor" (UTA) in Vitis vinifera white wines. In this study RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Trp and Trp-metabolites in 39 grapes, 22 grape musts and 16 wines, to which different viticultural conditions (ripeness, pruning, strip of leaves, soil condition) have been applied. A sensitive and selective determination was achieved after solid phase extraction using an anion exchange material. Only traces of Trp-metabolites could be determined in the examined grapes and grape musts, but their amounts increased significantly during fermentation, whereas the amount of Trp decreased. Different viticultural measures, besides the time of grape harvest, showed no significant influences on the amount of Trp and Trp-metabolites.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1994

Structural organization and differential expression of three stilbene synthase genes located on a 13 kb grapevine DNA fragment.

A 13 kb DNA fragment was isolated from a grapevine (Vitis var. Optima) genomic library by hybridizing with elicitor-induced stilbene synthase cDNA as a probe. After fragmentation with Eco RI, subcloning and sequencing, two full-size stilbene synthase genes (Vst1 and Vst2) and the 3' end of a third stilbene synthase gene (Vst3) were located within the 13 kb fragment. Vst1 and Vst2, differing only slightly in the coding region, are distinguished in the intron size and in the structure of the promoter region. The 5' flanking region of gene Vst1 contains a TATAA box at nucleotide -48. The substantial structural differences found for the promoters of the two genes are paralleled by a striking difference in the expression of the two genes in elicitor-treated cells. Moreover, the accumulation upon elicitation of six different stilbene synthase mRNAs was studied and found to differ by two orders of magnitude.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1978

Release of [14C]tyrosine from tubulinyl-[14C]tyrosine by brain extract. Separation of a carboxypeptidase from tubulin-tyrosine ligase.

The carboxypeptidase previously described that releases tyrosine from tubulinyl-tyrosine was obtained from rat brain preparation free of tubulin-tyrosine ligase. The enzyme was purified 24-fold. Its activity was increased by 2 mM MgCl2 or 30 mM KCl. Mercaptoethanol (50 mM), colchicine (0.2 mM) and tyrosine (0.2 mM) showed practically no effect on the release of tyrosine whereas iodoacetate (2 mM), deoxycholate (0.5%), CuCl2 (0.1 mM), ZnCl2 (0.1 mM) and NaCl or KCl (240 mM) had a strong inhibitory effect. The optimal pH of this enzyme was 6.3--7. A preparation containing tubulin-tyrosine ligase free of carboxypeptidase was also obtained. This preparation catalyzed the release of tyrosine from tyrosinated tubulin in the presence of ADP, Mg2+, K+ and Pi and the incorporation of tyrosine into tubulin. For the releasing activity the optimal concentration of MgCl2 was 3--20 mM and of KCl was 10--30 mM. For ADP the maximal act;vity was at 0.3 mM or higher. An important difference between the activities of the carboxypeptidase and the ligase was that the former was active on denatured tubulin whereas the latter was not.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Organization and functional analysis of three T-DNAs from the vitopine Ti plasmid pTiS4.

The vitopine Ti plasmid pTiS4 of Agrobacterium vitis has an unusual T-DNA organization. The pTiS4 oncogenes, localized by screening selected pTiS4 clones for growth-inducing activity, are localized on three T-DNAs, whereas in all other characterized Ti plasmids one or two T-DNAs are found. The nucleotide sequences and predicted amino acid sequences of the pTiS4 oncogenes set them apart from the corresponding genes from other Ti or Ri plasmids. The oncogenes induce the same type of reaction on various test plants as the well-known pTiAch5 oncogenes but the pTiS4 ipt gene induces considerably more shoots than its Ach5 homologue. We have also identified the gene coding for vitopine synthase as well as a vitopine synthase pseudogene. Both sequences show homology to the octopine synthase gene. In terms of both nucleotide sequence and overall organization, the pTiS4 T-DNAs appear to be only distantly related to previously characterized T-DNAs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Metals in Finnish liqueurs.

The metal content of some representative Finnish berry liqueurs was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The berry liqueurs were prepared from cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus), cranberry (Vaccinum oxycoccus), lingonberry (Vaccinum vitis-idaea) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). In addition some other Finnish berry, fruit and herbal liqueurs were analyzed. The trace elements studied were Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, and Zn. The level of poisonous metals in all the samples was very low: As less than 0.1, Cd less than 0.005 and Pb less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Coat protein gene sequence of an Austrian isolate of grapevine fanleaf virus.

The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein cistron of an Austrian isolate of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV-FC) from Vitis vinifera cv. French Colombard was determined. It shows small differences at the RNA level as well as at the protein level compared to the sequences of already published grapevine fanleaf virus strains. The differences may be a result of the natural variation among virus populations or a consequence of selection in a special host plant. As the virus RNA sequence reported here was isolated directly from its natural woody host by an immunocapture-PCR technique, passage of the virus through a herbaceous host could be avoided and a possible bias introduced by a different host environment was excluded. The sequence similarity of known GFLV coat protein cistrons to the sequence described is as high as among the other strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Population movement in post-colonial Fiji: review and speculation.

"This paper examines developments in population movement [in Fiji] between 1970 and 1986 with particular reference to an acceleration in levels of migration overseas by Indians and an exodus of Fijians from rural village communities for towns on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Trends in internal and international migration are evaluated at a range of spatial scales--national, regional and local. Some speculation on the effect of political and economic changes since May 1987 on these population movements attempts to provide a contemporary perspective on demographic developments over the last 15 years." Data are from the 1986 Fijian census.

Culture↗
PubMed2000

Cloning and expression of UDP-glucose: flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis.

A cDNA encoding UDP-glucose: baicalein 7-O-glucosyltransferase (UBGT) was isolated from a cDNA library from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi probed with a partial-length cDNA clone of a UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) from grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The heterologous probe contained a glucosyltransferase consensus amino acid sequence which was also present in the Scutellaria cDNA clones. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 1688-bp cDNA insert was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences are presented. The nucleotide sequence analysis of UBGT revealed an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 476 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 53,094 Da. The reaction product for baicalein and UDP-glucose catalyzed by recombinant UBGT in Escherichia coli was identified as authentic baicalein 7-O-glucoside using high-performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enzyme activities of recombinant UBGT expressed in E. coli were also detected towards flavonoids such as baicalein, wogonin, apigenin, scutellarein, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and kaempferol, and phenolic compounds. The accumulation of UBGT mRNA in hairy roots was in response to wounding or salicylic acid treatments.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Identification of resistance gene analogs linked to a powdery mildew resistance locus in grapevine.

Oligonucleotide primers, designed to conserved regions of nucleotide binding site (NBS) motifs within previously cloned pathogen resistance genes, were used to amplify resistance gene analogs (RGAs) from grapevine. Twenty eight unique grapevine RGA sequences were identified and subdivided into 22 groups on the basis of nucleic acid sequence-identity of approximately 70% or greater. Representatives from each group were used in a bulked segregant analysis strategy to screen for restriction fragment length polymorphisms linked to the powdery mildew resistance locus, Run1, introgressed into Vitis vinifera L. from the wild grape species Muscadinia rotundifolia. Three RGA markers were found to be tightly linked to the Run1 locus. Of these markers, two (GLP1-12 and MHD145) cosegregated with the resistance phenotype in 167 progeny tested, whereas the third marker (MHD98) was mapped to a position 2.4 cM from the Run1 locus. The results demonstrate the usefulness of RGA sequences, when used in combination with bulked segregant analysis, to rapidly generate markers tightly linked to resistance loci in crop species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Development of microsatellite markers in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and their use in genetic diversity analysis in peach and sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.).

We report the sequence of 41 primer pairs of microsatellites from a CT-enriched genomic library of the peach cultivar 'Merrill O'Henry'. Ten microsatellite-containing clones had sequences similar to plant coding sequences in databases and could be used as markers for known functions. For microsatellites segregating at least in one of the two Prunus F(2) progenies analyzed, it was possible to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance. Microsatellite polymorphism was evaluated in 27 peach and 21 sweet cherry cultivars. All primer pairs gave PCR-amplification products on peach and 33 on cherry (80.5%). Six PCR-amplifications revealed several loci (14.6%) in peach and eight (19.5%) in sweet cherry. Among the 33 single-locus microsatellites amplified in peach and sweet cherry, 13 revealed polymorphism both in peach and cherry, 19 were polymorphic only on peach and one was polymorphic only on cherry. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 9 for peach and from 1 to 6 on sweet cherry with an average of 4.2 and 2.8 in peach and sweet cherry, respectively. Cross-species amplification was tested within the Prunus species: Prunus avium L. (sweet cherry and mazzard), Prunus cerasus L. (sour cherry), Prunus domestica L. (European plum), Prunus amygdalus Batsch. (almond), Prunus armeniaca L. (apricot), Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (Myrobalan plum). Plants from other genera of the Rosaceae were also tested: Malus (apple) and Fragaria (strawberry), as well as species not belonging to the Rosaceae: Castanea (chestnut tree), Juglans (walnut tree) and Vitis (grapevine). Six microsatellites gave amplification on all the tested species. Among them, one had an amplified region homologous to sequences encoding a MADS-box protein in Malus x domestica. Twelve microsatellites (29.3%) were amplified in all the Rosaceae species tested and 31 (75.6%) were amplified in all the six Prunus species tested. Thirty three (80.5%), 18 (43.9%) and 13 (31.7%) gave amplification on chestnut tree, grapevine and walnut tree, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Genetic and physical mapping of the grapevine powdery mildew resistance gene, Run1, using a bacterial artificial chromosome library.

Resistance to grapevine powdery mildew is controlled by Run1, a single dominant gene present in the wild grapevine species, Muscadinia rotundifolia, but absent from the cultivated species, Vitis vinifera. Run1 has been introgressed into V. vinifera using a pseudo-backcross strategy, and genetic markers have previously been identified that are linked to the resistance locus. Here we describe the construction of comprehensive genetic and physical maps spanning the resistance locus that will enable future positional cloning of the resistance gene. Physical mapping was performed using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library constructed using genomic DNA extracted from a resistant V. vinifera individual carrying Run1 within an introgression. BAC contig assembly has enabled 20 new genetic markers to be identified that are closely linked to Run1, and the position of the resistance locus has been refined, locating the gene between the simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, VMC4f3.1, and the BAC end sequence-derived marker, CB292.294. This region contains two multigene families of resistance gene analogues (RGA). A comparison of physical and genetic mapping data indicates that recombination is severely repressed in the vicinity of Run1, possibly due to divergent sequence contained within the introgressed fragment from M. rotundifolia that carries the Run1 gene.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2002

Evaluating the potential of SSR flanking regions for examining taxonomic relationships in the Vitaceae.

Three EST-derived microsatellite loci from Vitis vinifera were amplified and sequenced across eight species of Vitaceae from four different genera. Phylogenetic analysis of the microsatellite's flanking regions produced informative results in congruence with previous studies. Generic relationships were respected and the data produced sufficient inter-specific variation to distinguish between Cayratia acris and Cayratia saponaria, two very closely related species. Overall, the sequence alignments showed that priming sites were conserved, whereas microsatellite repeats were present in most cases but structurally variable. The sequence data provided information on the evolutionary patterns of various microsatellite repeats and their correlation to evolutionary relationships among taxa.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Structure of the Microbial Communities in Coniferous Forest Soils in Relation to Site Fertility and Stand Development Stage.

> Abstract The structure, biomass, and activity of the microbial community in the humus layer of boreal coniferous forest stands of different fertility were studied. The Scots pine dominated CT (Calluna vulgaris type) represented the lowest fertility, while VT (Vaccinium vitis-idaéa type), MT (Vaccinium myrtillus type), and OMT (Oxalis acetocella-Vaccinium myrtillus type) following this order, were more fertile types. The microbial community was studied more closely by sampling a succession gradient (from a treeless area to a 180-years-old Norway spruce stand) at the MT type site. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis revealed a gradual shift in the structure of the microbial community along the fertility gradient even though the total microbial biomass and respiration rate remained unchanged. The relative abundance of fungi decreased and that of bacteria increased with increasing fertility. The structure of the bacterial community also changed along the fertility gradient. Irrespective of a decrease in fungal biomass and change in bacterial community structure after clear-cutting, the PLFA analysis did not show strong differences in the microbial communities in the stands of different age growing on the MT type site. The spatial variation in the structure of the microbial community was studied at a MT type site. Semivariograms indicated that the bacterial biomass, the ratio between the fungal and bacterial biomasses, and the relative amount of PLFA 16:1omega5 were spatially autocorrelated within distances around 3 to 4 m. The total microbial and fungal biomasses were autocorrelated only up to 1 m. The spatial distribution of the humus microbial community was correlated mainly with the location of the trees, and consequently, with the forest floor vegetation.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00248/bibs/38n2p168.html

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Establishment of a genetically marked insect-derived symbiont in multiple host plants.

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans, originally isolated from the cibarial region of the foregut of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata), was transformed using the Himar1 transposition system to express EGFP. Seedlings of six potential host plants were inoculated with transformed bacteria and 2 weeks later samples were taken 5 cm away and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using primers designed to amplify the gene insert. The largest colony of 3,591,427 cells/2 cm of A. xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans was found in Citrus limon, with almost all plants testing positive in both trials. The amount of colonization decreased in the other plants tested in the following order: orange (Citrus sinensis "sweet orange") > chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflora cv. "White Diamond") > periwinkle (Vinca rosea) > crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) > grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay). The bacterium's preference for citrus paralleled the host insect's preference for this same plant. Additional tests determined that A. xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans thrives as a nonpathogenic, xylem-associated endophyte.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of grapevine plants transformed with GFLV resistance genes: I.

The Grapevine FanLeaf Virus-Coat Protein (GFLV CP) gene was inserted through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Vitis vinifera "Nebbiolo", "Lumassina" and "Blaufränkisch". Two plasmids were used: pGA-CP+ (full-length GFLV CP gene with an introduced start codon) and pGA-AS (same gene in antisense orientation). Forty-three transgenic lines were regenerated. As several lines in Southern blots share same hybridization patterns, eight independent line groups resulted for "Nebbiolo", one for "Lumassina", and two for "Blaufränkisch". Inserted T-DNA copies ranged from one to three; one line probably contains an incomplete copy of T-DNA. Except for one "Nebbiolo" line, no evidence for methylation of the transgene at cytosine residues was found by Southern analyses. Specific mRNA was present at variable expression levels; some lines accumulated the coat protein while in others the protein was not detectable by ELISA.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1999

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase plays a role in interactions of carbon and nitrogen metabolism during grape seed development

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was shown to be present in a range of developing seeds by measurement of its activity and by immunoblotting. Its function was investigated during grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed development. The maximum abundance of PEPCK coincided with the deposition of storage reserves. At this stage of development, immunohistochemistry showed that PEPCK was very abundant in a layer of cells located at the boundary of developing storage tissues and in the chalaza (close to the termination of the vascular supply to the seed) and was also present in the palisade layer of the seed coat (the inner layer of the outer integument). Earlier in development PEPCK was also present in the developing palisade layer and in the inner region of the nucellus which surrounds the developing endosperm. At later stages of development, PEPCK was located in the outer region of the endosperm. However, PEPCK was present in the phloem of the seed at all stages of development. Feeding of asparagine to developing grape seeds led to a strong induction of PEPCK. We suggest that, in developing grape seeds, both the chalaza and palisade tissue may distribute imported assimilates from the vasculature to the developing storage tissues and that PEPCK may play a role in the metabolism of nitrogenous assimilates during their delivery from the vasculature to the storage tissues.

Journal Article↗