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Results for “Urinary Bladder, Overactive”

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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Assessment of bladder and urethral sphincter function before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: In a prospective study we analyzed the effects of radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) on detrusor and urethral sphincter function by comparing urodynamic status preoperatively with that during longitudinal followup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 49 consecutive patients underwent urodynamics with pressure flow studies and Valsalva leak point pressure measurements 3 to 7 days before RRP (baseline), and then 1 and 8 months after surgery. We assessed bladder compliance, detrusor overactivity, detrusor contractility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). RESULTS: There was no significant change in detrusor overactivity at 1 and 8 months of followup. Decreased bladder compliance was observed in 20.4% of patients at baseline, and in 38.7% and 30.6% at 1 and 8 months, respectively. De novo decreased compliance was detected in 18.4% and 10.2% of patients at the same points. Impaired bladder compliance was comparable to that before surgery in 20% of cases. Impaired detrusor contractility was detected in 42.8% of patients at baseline, and in 61.2% (p <0.05) and 42.8% at 1 and 8 months, respectively. De novo hypocontractility was observed in 28.6% and 10.2% of patients at 1 and 8 months, respectively. A strong association between detrusor overactivity and ISD was observed at 1 and 8 months (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Following RRP detrusor hypocontractility and decreased bladder compliance represent de novo transient dysfunction probably due to bladder denervation and an established condition not influenced by the operation. The strong association between overactivity and ISD suggests that stress urinary incontinence increases urethral afferent nerve activity and induces involuntary detrusor contractions.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The patient with an overactive bladder--symptoms and quality-of-life issues.

OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial adjustment to illness is an important as the status of the physical disease itself; focusing on this necessitates some measurement of abstract, subjective feelings of "quality of life" (QOL). Assessments of QOL are particularly important for conditions such as urinary incontinence (UI) that have little or no impact on mortality. METHODS: This presentation describes the reasons for, and methods of, measuring lower urinary tract symptoms and disease impact. Validated instruments available for such measurements are reviewed, as are published studies that address the impact of UI (and urge incontinence in particular) on QOL. Potential applications for these new disease measures are discussed. RESULTS: The bladder is an unreliable witness, and symptom assessment is diagnostically disappointing; cystometry is essential if a definitive diagnosis is required. However, objective tests take no account of the patient's perception of the problem. General health status questionnaires have been used to show that urge incontinence is associated with emotional problems, reduced social and recreational activity, and sexual dysfunction. Newly developed, condition-specific instruments have greater specificity and, hence, improved sensitivity for measuring incontinence and its impact. These instruments have the potential for monitoring disease progression and evaluating treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a proportion of people with bladder overactivity, the disorder has a profound impact on the QOL. Methods of measuring this impact have been developed that may allow identification of this group of individuals while also improving the assessment of treatment efficacy. However, this science is in its infancy and these dimensions await further exploration.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Brain activation during detrusor overactivity in patients with Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomography study.

PURPOSE: Patients with Parkinson's disease often have urine storage symptoms, such as urinary urgency, frequency and incontinence, which are induced by detrusor overactivity. However, little is known of the mechanisms inducing detrusor overactivity in this disease. We have previously examined the human brain response to bladder filling in healthy male volunteers using positron emission tomography. We hypothesized that brain activation patterns in response to bladder filling would be different in patients with Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine male patients with Parkinson's disease were catheterized via the urethra for bladder filling and intravesical pressure monitoring. We performed positron emission tomography, consisting of tasks 1 and 2. For task 1 the bladder was maintained empty via the urethral catheter. For task 2 room temperature water was dripped for bladder filling until the onset of detrusor overactivity. Data acquisition for task 2 was done during detrusor overactivity. Data on each scan were summed on a computer and further analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping procedure. RESULTS: Significant brain activation during detrusor overactivity was found in the periaqueductal gray, supplementary motor area, cerebellar vermis, insula, putamen and thalamus. The most prominent activation was found in the cerebellum. The pons was not activated during detrusor overactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration in brain activation sites in response to bladder filling may be related to the pathophysiology of detrusor overactivity in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Facilitating adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV infection: what are the issues and what can be done?

Treatment of HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) requires sustained adherence to treatment to maintain efficacy. In pediatric patients, adherence to HAART represents a significant challenge for treated children and for their caregivers and healthcare providers. Many factors can affect adherence to HAART including: (i) factors related to the patient and his/her family; (ii) factors related to the drug/medication; and (iii) factors related to the healthcare system. Different strategies can be employed to tackle the specific obstacles identified in these three groups, and thus to facilitate adherence. Among the key interventions centered on the patient and his/her family are the tailoring of the HAART regimen to the daily activities of the child and his/her family, and the implementation of an intensive education program on adherence for the child and the caregiver, prior to starting the treatment. Specific medication-related problems (depending on drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, taste and palatability, food interactions, etc.) exist; such problems can not be solved solely by clinicians or by families. Greater commitment of the pharmaceutical industry is needed, and innovative solutions have to be identified by clinicians in partnership with drug manufacturers. Furthermore, the development of an 'adherence strategy/program' can be recommended to all institutions working in pediatric HIV infection. Most of the necessary interventions to be included in such programs can be easily implemented, but they require trained and committed staff (and institutions), and time to be spent with patients and their caregivers.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active↗
PubMed1999

The bladder cooling reflex and the use of cooling as stimulus to the lower urinary tract.

PURPOSE: We review the physiology of bladder cooling response in experimental animals and humans, and present its clinical usefulness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe experimental studies of the bladder cooling response, and more recent clinical retrospective and prospective studies of the bladder cooling test in adults and children. RESULTS: Studies indicate the existence of a segmental spinal bladder cooling reflex that originates from specific cold receptors in the bladder and urethral walls supplied by unmyelinated C-afferents. The reflex is positive in neurologically normal infants and children until about age 4 years. It becomes negative with further maturation of the nervous system but may be unmasked by pathological processes that disturb the descending neuronal control of normal voiding. A positive test in a patient with an overactive bladder requires further neurourological evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The bladder cooling response originates from cold receptors within the walls of the lower urinary tract. The cooling response represents a neonatal reflex that may be unmasked by central neuropathology, analogous to the appearance of the Basbinki sign in pyramidal tract lesions. The bladder cooling test is a simple and valuable tool to support the diagnosis of neurourological disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Increased leukotriene and prostaglandin release, and overactivity in the chronically ischemic bladder.

PURPOSE: Chronic ischemia has been shown to alter bladder contractility. We studied the roles of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase products in ischemia induced bladder overactivity in the rabbit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 2 groups. In group 1 atherosclerotic occlusion of the iliac arteries was induced by balloon endothelial injury, followed by a short period of a high cholesterol diet. Group 2 received a regular diet alone. After 12 weeks blood flow measurements and cystometry were performed. Bladder tissues were processed for enzyme immunoassay of leukotrienes and prostaglandins (PGs), Western blotting of COX and lipoxygenase, isometric tension measurement and histology. RESULTS: Atherosclerotic occlusion of the iliac arteries significantly decreased bladder blood flow. Moderate ischemia caused bladder overactivity, while severe ischemia inhibited bladder contractions. Ischemia increased leukotriene B4, E4 and C4 release by 141%, 132% and 254%, and increased PG F2alpha and thromboxane A2 release by 95% and 93%, respectively, although it did not alter PG E2 release. Western blotting showed increased 5-lipoxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2 protein levels in ischemic bladder tissues. Moderate ischemia increased bladder smooth muscle contraction in response to carbachol and electrical field stimulation. Tissue treatment with the COX inhibitor indomethacin significantly increased control tissue contraction but had no effect on ischemic tissues. Treatment with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor REV5901 abolished this effect of indomethacin in control tissues. Treatment with REV5901 significantly decreased the contraction of ischemic tissues but had no significant effect on control tissues. The effect of indomethacin plus REV5901 was similar to the effect of REV5901 alone. Histology showed urothelial thickening and mild fibrosis in the moderately ischemic bladder. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic ischemia increased bladder 5-lipoxygenase, and COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression, and altered leukotriene and PG production. Treatment with COX and lipoxygenase inhibitors produced completely different effects in the ischemic bladder compared with the control bladder. Functional changes in the ischemic bladder were concurrent with structural changes in the urothelium. PGs modulate smooth muscle contractility in the healthy bladder. However, under ischemic conditions leukotrienes dominate bladder tone and appear to have a leading role in increased smooth muscle contraction and bladder overactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors influencing the complication rates of tension-free vaginal tape-type procedures.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT)-type procedures are gradually becoming the new gold-standard treatment for female stress urinary incontinence. Studies trying to determine the influence of possible risk factors on complications of TVT surgery are needed in order to achieve more favorable results in the future. This review attempts to summarize the current studies which address the possible risk factors influencing the complication rates of TVT-type procedures. RECENT FINDINGS: Articles published in 2004 and 2005 were included and focused, while the older articles were used for historical purposes and achieving the integrity. Risk factors stated in the literature for immediate, infectious, vaginal and urethral erosion complications are found to be mostly on anectodal and speculative bases. The role of concomitant surgery as a risk factor for complications is conflicting, while preoperative low urine flow and low detrusor contractility for urinary retention, and previous anti-incontinence surgery and old age for de-novo urgency seem to appear as possible risk factors. SUMMARY: Most of the risk factors stated were anecdotal and speculative. No consensus exists on concomitant surgery's being a risk factor for postoperative urinary retention and bladder perforation, while prior anti-incontinence surgery and old age were found to be possible risk factors for postoperative overactive bladder symptoms. Multicentric data collection with well designed parameters under the surveillance of a well known organization is needed in order to identify the risk factors influencing the complications of TVT-type procedures.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Spontaneous activity of lower urinary tract smooth muscles: correlation between ion channels and tissue function.

Smooth muscles from the urethra and bladder display characteristic patterns of spontaneous contractile activity in the filling phase of the micturition cycle. Tonic contractions are seen in the urethral smooth muscles, and phasic contractions occur in the detrusor. Overactivity in the detrusor is a common clinical problem. The ion channels in the smooth muscle membranes play an important role in determining the functional properties, and are obvious targets for treatment of the overactive bladder. Recent evidence suggests that interstitial cells may also play a role in determining the pattern of spontaneous activity, although their precise role is less well established in the urinary tract than in the gut. The ion channels involved in these cells are also of interest. This review discusses what is known of ion channels in these tissues, and their implications for function.

Animals↗