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PubMed1989

Mouse pup urine as an infant signal.

Drops of urine from donors of different ages and sexes were applied to the anogenital regions of 19-day fetuses, killed by freezing, that ordinarily are weak in stimulating parental care. These fetuses were then presented to virgin, naive albino mice (Mus musculus). In Experiment 1, fetuses treated with urine of 6-day-old pups were more stimulating than fetuses treated with water. Differences in contact, picking-up, retrieval, licking and self grooming were significant. The sex of the donor revealed no effect. In Experiment 2, urine from 10-day-old pups was found to be more effective than urine from 4-day-old pups, with different effects on contact and retrieval. Urine from pups was also more effective than urine from adults, because of different effects on contact, picking-up, retrieval, licking and nest building. The effects of urine from adult virgin females differed less from those of pup urine than did the effects of urine from adult males. Compared with the latter the adult female urine had different effects on picking-up, licking and cannibalism. Speculations are made about an infant factor that might be still active in the urine of adult females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of high-risk human papillomavirus types PCR detection in paired urine and cervical samples of women with abnormal cytology.

BACKGROUND: During the last decade, increasing efforts have focused on HPV detection in self-obtained samples, to increase the overall proportion of patients participating in cervical cancer screening procedures. OBJECTIVES: A clinical evaluation study of an optimized protocol for PCR detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types in urine compared with cervical samples in consecutive women referred to the colposcopy clinic with abnormal cervical cytology. STUDY DESIGN: Paired urine and cervical specimens were collected from 100 consecutive women referred to the colposcopy clinic with abnormal cervical cytology and normal urine parameters. In-house and a commercial PCR method for the detection of HPV types 16 and 18, and a commercial multiplex PCR for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33 were performed. All HPV cervix-positive/urine-negative paired urine samples were spiked with serial dilutions of cell lines infected with HPV 16 or 18 to test the sensitivity of HPV detection in these urine samples. RESULTS: In all but two cases HPV type 16 was detected. In cancer cases, the urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity was 88.8%; in cases with high-grade lesions it was 76.5%; and in cases with low-grade lesions it was 45.5%. In all concordant cases the same HPV type was detected in both samples. The urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity was higher when urine samples contained two or more epithelial cells per field in urine microscopy. HPV detection in 9 cervix-positive but urine-negative urine samples spiked with serial dilutions of HPV-positive cell lines showed that in these cases urine PCR inhibitors did not affect PCR amplification. CONCLUSIONS: A higher urine/cervix HPV detection sensitivity in cancer and high-grade lesions suggests that urine testing could be used to detect HPV mainly when these lesions are present.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the breaking strength of polyglactin mesh in urine, serum, and cell culture media.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the durability of polyglactin woven mesh in various in vitro environments, including urine, since polyglactin 901 mesh has been considered for implementation in urinary tract reconstruction. METHODS: Segments of 1 x 1-cm sterile woven and knitted polyglactin 910 mesh with and without collagen coating were exposed to the following conditions: dry (at room temperature and at 37 degrees C, humidified air), in porcine and human serum and urine, in porcine urine over a range of pH levels, in infected urine, in cell culture media (MCDB 105 with 5% fetal bovine serum), and in cell culture media with porcine bladder fibroblasts. The mesh breaking strength was measured at 0, 12, 21, 28, and 36 days. RESULTS: The mean breaking strength for dry, room temperature mesh segments measured 350 g for all time intervals. At day 21, the breaking strength for all mesh types in human and porcine serum, cell culture media, and cell culture media with bladder fibroblasts was less than 10% of the control, but the human and porcine urine maintained 12% to 24% of the control breaking strength (this difference did not reach statistical significance). There was no significant difference in the breaking strength in human and porcine urine or human and porcine serum. By day 38, the breaking strength for all mesh types in all solutions was less than 5% of the control breaking strength. The presence of fibroblasts increased the rate of degradation of the mesh compared with the urine, serum, and cell culture media alone. There was a significant prolongation of degradation with decreasing pH, as well as with infected urine. This prolongation was additive; in fact, all mesh types in low pH (5.0), infected urine showed minimal degradation at 38 days. CONCLUSIONS: In acidic infected urine, the durability of polyglactin 910 mesh is significantly prolonged compared with the other conditions tested. Therefore, when used in urinary tract reconstruction, as in other organ systems, the integrity of the polyglactin mesh should diminish rapidly after 3 weeks as long as the urine is kept sterile and a neutral to alkaline pH is maintained.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of ph, osmolarity and urine contamination on equine spermatozoal motility.

Urospermia has been reported as a cause of infertility in numerous species. The detrimental effects of urine on spermatozoa are due, at least in part, to changes in pH and osmolarity. Semen was collected and subjected to conditions of varying pH (Experiment 1), of varying osmolarity (Experiment 2), and various quantities and concentrations of urine (Experiment 3) and effects on motility were recorded. Finally, semen was contaminated with urine and then either of 2 semen extenders was added, with or without centrifugation, in an attempt to alleviate the detrimental effect of urine on motility (Experiment 4). The results of these experiments showed that alterations in pH and osmolarity negatively affected stallion sperm motility. Optimal pH and osmolarity appeared to be approximately 7.7 and 315, respectively. Contamination of the ejaculate with urine significantly decreased sperm motility. Smaller quantities of dilute urine were less detrimental than larger quantities of dilute urine, and dilute urine was less detrimental than more concentrated urine. The addition of semen extender restored the motility of urine contaminated semen to that of the uncontaminated control, however centrifugation to remove urine provided no significant advantage.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Glomerular and tubular factors in urine flow rates of acute renal failure patients.

Distinguishing between oliguric and nonoliguric acute renal failure (ARF) has clinical relevance. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the pathophysiologic basis for variations in urine flow rates in ARF. This study was designed to determine whether differences in residual levels of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or differences in tubular reabsorption of filtered solutes and H2O accounted for the variations in urine flow rates among ARF patients. Twenty-five patients with ARF of 3 to 6 days duration having ischemic and nephrotoxic etiologies, increasing serum creatinines of more than 0.7 mg/dL/d, urine sodium concentrations and fractional excretions of sodium (FENa) of more than 20 mEq/L and more than 1%, respectively, 12 hours after stopping diuretics and urine sediments consistent with acute tubular necrosis were studied. Urine and serum collections were made over an 8-hour period to determine creatinine clearance (Ccr), filtered osmolar load, urine to serum creatinine ratio (U/Scr), urine to serum creatinine osmolality (U/Sosm), and FENa. These were compared with urine flow rates. Creatinine clearance was validated as an estimate of GFR in ARF with simultaneous inulin clearances x 12 measurements (r = 0.935, P < 0.001). Residual Ccr was strongly correlated with urine flow rate (r = 0.857, P < 0.001), as was filtered osmolar load (r = 0.810, P < 0.001). However, the latter relationship was totally dependent on Ccr. There was no correlation between U/Scr, U/Sosm, or FENa and urine flow rates. It is concluded that the residual level of GFR is the primary determinant of variations in urine flow rate in patients with ARF.

Absorption↗
PubMed1980

Occurrence of renal pelvic refluxes during rising urine flow rate in rats and hamsters.

Retrograde movements of urine into the renal pelvic space (pelvic refluxes) were studied in anesthetized Munich Wistar rats and hamsters. The urine was made green by a continuous i.v. infusion of lissamine green in saline, and the experimental kidney was either placed on a shallow trough or left in situ. The renal pelvis was exposed and illuminated with a fiber optic light, and urine movements were observed through the transparent but intact pelvic wall. Urine was collected from both kidneys in the rats. In both rats and hamsters, the inner medulla of the kidney was analyzed for solutes at the end of the experiment. The experimental procedures did not interfere with the normal function of the experimental kidney, and the results were the same in rats and hamsters. During constant urine flow, full refluxes did not occur. Urine either moved straight down the ureter after it exited from the ducts of Bellini or it briefly bathed the papillary tip. In rats, full pelvic refluxes started approximately 0.8 min after a bolus injection (0.5 ml of isosmotic saline, i.v.), at a time corresponding to a steep rise in urine flow (2 microliter.min-2.100 g body wt-1). Following increased infusion rate, full refluxes were associated with an increase in urine flow of 0.05 g microliter.min-2.100 g body wt-1. Full refluxes were also seen in the hamsters following a bolus injection or increased infusion rate. Increasing intrapelvic pressure by 1 cm H2O also caused full pelvic refluxes. When full refluxes occurred, urine came into contact with all areas of the renal pelvis. Because full pelvic refluxes occur only during rising urine flow, this mechanism would bring urine with decreasing osmolality into contact with the outer medullary areas facing the pelvic space.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of a phosphate supplement on urine pH in patients with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization.

STUDY DESIGN: Pilot study; prospective design. SETTING: University Hospital, Virginia, USA. OBJECTIVE: To examine a phosphorus supplement as a urine-acidifying agent in patients with neurogenic bladder on clean intermittent catheterization. METHODS: Seven patients were followed for 4 weeks. For the first week of study urine pH was measured three times a day: first morning urine sample, afternoon sample, evening sample. For the second and third weeks urine pH was measured and the patients drank a phosphorus supplement three times a day. For the fourth week of study the patients did not take the phosphorus supplement but the measurement of urine pH was continued. The patients were visited in their homes twice a week. During each visit a sample of urine was collected for culture. A supplement container count was performed and urine pH recordings were checked. RESULTS: There was no significant change in urine pH during the 2-week period when a patient was on phosphorus supplementation compared to when the patient was off supplementation. In addition, urine acidification was not achieved over the time period when urine pH was monitored. CONCLUSION: Phosphate supplementation had no effect on urine pH in patients with neurogenic bladder.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Retrograde contamination and practical handling of urine-meters: a comparison of three systems for the measurement of hourly diuresis in an experimental bladder-drainage model and in clinical use.

OBJECTIVE: To compare three different urine metering systems for their ability to prevent retrograde contamination in an in vitro model of a closed urinary drainage system and for qualities important to their practical handling in a clinical setting. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using three urine-meters (the Braun Ureofix 511, the Kendall Curity 4000 and the Unoplast Unometer 500) the in vitro model was constantly flushed with a solution of Mueller-Hinton broth diluted with saline. On the first day, the urine collecting bag was inoculated with 10(8) cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The system was operated for 12 days with daily sampling of the model bladder to detect any contamination. After 12 days the experiment was stopped and sampling performed at various locations, including the urine-meter and the tubing. Nine of each type of urine-meter were tested, i.e. three in three different experiments. In the clinical study, 45 patients were randomized to each of the three urine-meters and the nurses attending them were asked to complete a questionnaire on the practical handling of the urine-meters. RESULTS: When the urine-meters was omitted from the model system, the 'bladder' became contaminated with the test bacteria within 3 days. None of the nine Unometer 500 systems became contaminated, compared with four of each of the other two systems (P < 0.05). In clinical use, the Unometer 500 and Ureofix 511 were easier to suspend and empty than was the Curity 4000. The Unometer 500 was significantly easier to handle when the collecting bag was emptied. CONCLUSION: Urine-meters can prevent retrograde contamination in a closed bladder-drainage model, but the degree of prevention depends upon the type of urine-meter. In daily practice, there were differences in the ease of suspension of the systems and in the emptying of the urine-meter and collecting bag.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Dissociation between urine osmolality and urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that urinary excretion of the vasopressin-dependent water channel of the kidney collecting duct, aquaporin-2 (AQP2), reflects renal vasopressin action and might be used clinically. It is unclear, however, what relation exists between urine osmolality and urinary excretion of AQP2 (UAQP2) and it is unknown whether UAQP2 is influenced by hyperosmolality of urine or tubular flow rates. METHODS: We measured urine osmolality and UAQP2 in healthy volunteers in various conditions: (i) overnight dehydration continued during the day, (ii) after infusion of 700 ml hypertonic saline (NaCl 2.5%), and (iii) after intranasal administration of 40 microg 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). The last two tests were performed after water loading. In addition, a DDAVP test was performed, after administration of frusemide. RESULTS: After overnight dehydration, the urine osmolality increased from 888+/-18 to 1004+/-17 mosmol/kg during additional hours of thirsting, whereas UAQP2 doubled from 140+/-45 to 285+/-63 fmol AQP2/micromol creatinine. Infusion of hypertonic saline increased urine osmolality from 70+/-3 to 451+/-68 mosmol/kg, while UAQP2 remained almost zero. Urine osmolality increased from 101+/-17 to 860+/-30 mosmol/kg after administration of DDAVP, with a parallel increase in UAQP2 from 32+/-14 to 394+/-81 fmol AQP2/micromol creatinine. Pre-treatment with frusemide attenuated the increase in urine osmolality, but had no effect on UAQP2 after DDAVP. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that a simple relationship between urine osmolality and UAQP2 does not exist. Therefore, random or once-only measurements of UAQP2 as an index of renal vasopressin action are not useful. In contrast, intranasal application of DDAVP resulted in a parallel rise in urine osmolality and UAQP2. Therefore this test might be useful in studying patients with urine concentration defects. The DDAVP-frusemide test revealed that the release of AQP2 into urine is not caused by hypertonicity of tubular fluid.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative effects of low-dose dopamine on urine output in oliguric surgical intensive care unit patients.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the magnitude and time course of the effect of low-dose dopamine (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) infusions on urine output in oliguric patients. DESIGN: A prospective, clinical study. SETTING: A surgical intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 19 surgical ICU patients with oliguria (< 0.5 mL/kg/hr) after resuscitation to pulmonary artery occlusion pressures > 10 mm Hg, mean arterial pressures > 65 mm Hg, and cardiac index > 2 L/min/m2. Patients with acute renal failure and those patients receiving diuretics were excluded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Urine output was monitored hourly before and after dopamine was instituted for the treatment of oliguria. Spot urine electrolyte determinations and urine specific gravity measurements were obtained. Patients with urine output improvement (> 50% increase) had dopamine stopped after 4 hrs. If urine output decreased to < 0.5 mL/kg/hr, dopamine was resumed. There were no dopamine-induced changes in heart rate, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, mean arterial pressure, or cardiac index. Mean urine output increased from 0.29 to 1.04 mL/kg/hr (p < .001) while patients were receiving dopamine. Time-to-peak response to dopamine was 7 hrs. Urine output increased to > 0.5 mL/kg/hr in 95% of patients, doubled in 89% of patients, and exceeded 1.0 mL/kg/hr in 84% of patients. After dopamine was stopped, urine output decreased to < 0.5 mL/kg/hr in 79% of patients and responded to resumption of dopamine in 100% of patients. There were no significant changes in urine sodium concentration or specific gravity. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose dopamine infusion alone produces a drug-dependent increase in urine output in oliguric, euvolemic ICU patients. Maximal effect is temporally variable.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bactericidal properties of urine for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Some human urine is bactericidal for the F-62 strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococci of three auxotypes (Pro-; Arg-, Hyx-, Ura-; and Pro-, Arg-. (Orn*), Ura-) were tested by in-vitro exposure to 31 samples of urine from 14 men. Nineteen of the urine specimens were bactericidal, and 12 were not. Except for one sample, all cidal urines came from five men. Cidal activity was associated with acidic, concentrated urines; it was unaffected by exposure to lowered pH, pronase, heat or cold, and was dialyzable with use of a dialysis membrane with a cut-off molecular weight of 1000. Neutralization of the acid urines removed the antigonococcal activity. Noncidal acid urines became cidal urines when concentrated by lyophilization. Zinc, lysozyme, fluoride ions, and fatty acids are substances that have antibacterial activity and are also present in urine. These substances were examined for antigonococcal activity. Neither zinc salts, fluoride ions, lysozyme, nor fatty acids in concentrations exceeding those found in urine were bactericidal for the gonococci. These results show that sufficiently concentrated, acidic urines kill gonococci by an unknown mechanism.

Dialysis↗
PubMed1975

Occurrence of BK virus and BK virus-specific antibodies in the urine of patients receiving chemotherapy for malignancy.

Urine specimens from 23 children and 9 adults who were undergoing treatment for malignancy as well as urines from 40 normal individuals were concentrated and examined for evidence of papovavirus infection. Papovavirus particles were detected in 6 of 64 urines examined by electron microscopy. Three of the particle-positive urines induced BK virus-specific immunofluorescence after inoculation of WI38 cells, and three isolations of BK virus were made by inoculation of urines from virus-excreting patients into Vero cells. BK virus-specific hemagglutination-inhibiting and immunofluorescence neutralizing antibodies were found in a majority of urines from adult patients, in about a fifth of pediatric patients, and less often in normal urines. Urines of virus-excreting patients generally had antibodies. In indirect fluorescent antibody tests, BK virus-specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class were found in five urine specimens from patients; immunoglobulin A antibodies were not detected in any urine. These data suggest that activation of BK virus is related to immunosuppression and not to transplantation itself and that the occurrence of virus-specific antibodies in urine may be indicative of virus multiplication in the urinary tract.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of preservative fluid for urine collected for culture.

Immediate culture or refrigeration of urine is recommended, but not always practical. Therefore, we evaluated the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit containing a boric acid-glycerol-sodium formate preservative in a study of 1,000 clinical urine specimens. Each specimen was cultured a total of four times by the surface streak technique with a 0.001-ml calibrated loop. After an initial reference culture (culture 1), a portion of urine was poured into a clean nonsterile paper cup, aspirated into a urine transport tube, and recultured immediately (culture 2). The original specimen cup was refrigerated for 18 to 24 h (culture 3), and the urine transport tube was held at room temperature for 18 to 24 h (culture 4) before repeat cultures. Eighty-eight of the initial reference cultures were positive (pure growth of greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml). Eighty-two (93.2%) of the 88 specimens positive on the reference culture were also positive after refrigeration or holding at room temperature in the transport tube for 24 h. There was one false-positive culture from refrigerated urine but none from the transport tube. Mixing of urine in a nonsterile container did not introduce detectable contamination. We conclude that the Becton-Dickinson Urine Culture Kit maintains a stable bacterial population in urine for up to 24 h as reliably as refrigeration. Urine for culture may be collected in a nonsterile container if it is immediately aspirated into the transport tube so that contaminants are not allowed to multiply.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Detection of leptospires in urine by PCR for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

We tested urine samples from patients at different stages of current leptospirosis and thereafter to determine whether use of the PCR for detection of leptospires in urine can be a valuable alternative to culturing. The procedure of DNA extraction and subsequent PCR applied to 15 freshly voided urine samples proved to be twice as sensitive as culturing. Overall, we were able to detect leptospires in approximately 90% (26 of 29) of the urine samples. Urine and serum samples were obtained from seven patients, before the eighth day of illness. Although it is generally assumed that leptospiruria starts approximately in the second week of illness, we were able to detect leptospires in all of these early urine samples. In contrast, only two of seven corresponding serum samples gave positive PCR results, which suggests that PCR analysis of urine can be more successful for early diagnosis of leptospirosis than PCR analysis of serum. Urine samples from six patients who had been treated with antibiotics at the time of illness were positive by PCR, implying that the patients were still shedding leptospires in their urine despite treatment. Some of these samples were even taken years after the infection, indicating that shedding of leptospires in urine may last much longer than is generally assumed. We conclude that detection of leptospires in urine with PCR is a promising approach for early diagnosis of leptospirosis and may also be useful in studying long-term shedding.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Quantitative urine cultures do not reliably detect renal candidiasis in rabbits.

The significance of quantitative urine cultures in patients at risk for hematogenous disseminated candidiasis is controversial. While various concentrations of Candida spp. in urine have been suggested as critical cutoff points in the diagnosis of renal candidiasis, other investigators consider quantitative cultures less critical in diagnosing upper tract infections. To determine the significance of quantitative urine cultures in renal candidiasis, we studied serial quantitative urinary cultures of Candida albicans in a rabbit model of hematogenous infection. Of 197 urine samples from 34 infected animals, 144 were culture positive, with a sensitivity of 73.1% for urine cultures and a lower limit of detection of 10 CFU/ml. The yield of urine cultures varied according to severity and duration of infection. The mean renal and urinary concentrations of C. albicans from rabbits with subacute candidiasis differed significantly from those from rabbits with acute candidiasis (P = 0.013 and P < or = 0.001, respectively). During the first 4 days of subacute renal candidiasis, more than one-half of all urine cultures were negative for C. albicans. Only 12 (8.1%) of 148 urine cultures in animals with subacute renal candidiasis had concentrations of > 10(3) CFU/ml, 2.7% had concentrations of > 10(4) CFU/ml, and none were > or = 10(5) CFU/ml. By comparison, all urine cultures from the animals with lethal acute renal candidiasis had higher concentrations of C. albicans and were positive throughout the course of infection. Urinary concentrations of C. albicans were not predictive of the amount of Candida in the kidney (r < or = 0.49) and did not correlate with survival (r = 0.0232). However, the renal concentration of C. albicans (in CFU/gram) inversely correlated with the duration of survival (in days) of rabbits with renal candidiasis (r = 0.76; P < 0.001). These findings indicate that a negative urine culture in rabbits does not preclude the presence of renal candidiasis. The interpretation of a urine culture positive at any concentration, on the other hand, must involve an analysis of the risk factors for renal candidiasis, for any urinary concentration of C. albicans may reflect kidney infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine and genital swab specimens from a sexually transmitted disease clinic population.

The Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was evaluated by using swab and urine specimens from 562 patients. C. trachomatis results by LCR were compared to those by the Gen-Probe PACE 2 assay, whereas N. gonorrhoeae results by LCR were compared to those by culture. The Gen-Probe and LCR assays were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions. Gram-negative diplococci growing on modified Thayer-Martin medium were confirmed as N. gonorrhoeae by the GonoGen II assay. Supplemental data analysis was performed by major outer membrane protein PCR for C. trachomatis and probes for pilin gene detection for N. gonorrhoeae. A true-positive result for each pathogen was defined as a positive result for all three or two of three assays. Overall agreement among the six assays was 94.8%. C. trachomatis prevalence was 16.2%; N. gonorrhoeae prevalence was 5.5%. The overall sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for each test (after supplemental data analysis) were as follows: for C. trachomatis, Gen-Probe, 65.9 and 100%; LCR on urine, 90.1 and 100%; LCR on swab specimens, 96.7 and 100%; and for N. gonorrhoeae, culture, 80.6 and 100%; LCR on urine, 93.5 and 99.8%; and LCR on swab specimens, 96.8 and 100%. For women, the N. gonorrhoeae culture was very insensitive compared to its performance in men (58.3 versus 94.7%, respectively). For C. trachomatis, the Gen-Probe assay's sensitivity was lower for men than for women (62.3 versus 71.1%, respectively). The sensitivity for C. trachomatis detection by LCR on urethral and cervical swab specimens was 96.2 and 97.4% for men and women, respectively. For men, swab results were slightly better than urine results for both pathogens (sensitivity for C. trachomatis in swab and urine specimens, 96.2 and 92.5%, respectively; sensitivity for N. gonorrhoeae in swab and urine specimens, 100 and 94.7%, respectively), while for women, cervical swabs were superior in sensitivity to urine samples for detecting C. trachomatis (swab, 97.4%; urine, 81.6%) and equivalent for N. gonorrhoeae (swab, 92.3%; urine, 91.6%). The LCx LCR appears to be both sensitive and specific for the detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae when performed on urine or genital swab samples. Swab samples had better sensitivity than urine samples for the detection of both pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parental reporting of smelly urine and urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND: Parents often report that young children have "smelly urine" or a particular urinary odour. There is little evidence that these observations are relevant to the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). AIMS: To determine whether parental reporting of smelly urine is of any relevance to the diagnosis of UTI in children less than 6 years of age. METHODS: Parents whose children were having urine collected as part of their admission to a large district hospital were given a simple questionnaire to complete regarding the current smell of their child's urine. Parents were asked whether their child's urine smelled different from usual or had a particular smell. Microscopy and culture results of the child's urine were compared to their parent's questionnaire answers to see if there was a association between parental reporting of a different or particular urine smell and a diagnosis of UTI. RESULTS: One hundred and ten questionnaires and urine samples were obtained. Fifty two per cent of parents thought that their child's urine smelled different from usual or had a particular smell. Only 6.4% of children were diagnosed as having a UTI. There was no statistically significant association between parental reporting of abnormal urine smell and diagnosis of UTI. CONCLUSION: In determining whether a young child has a UTI, asking parents about urine smell is unlikely to be of benefit.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Overnight urinary growth hormone in normally growing prepubertal children: effect of urine volume. The one-year growth study.

Growth hormone excretion can easily be measured in the urine using ultrasensitive methods. The large day-to-day variation has, however, restricted its diagnostic usefulness. The present study aimed to evaluate the individual variation of GH in the urine (uGH) during normal prepubertal growth. Eighty-four prepubertal normally growing children were followed monthly for 13 months. During this period, 3,207 overnight urine samples were collected. The urine collection time was unrelated to the uGH concentration (p > 0.05), while there was a significant negative correlation between the uGH concentration and urine volume (the Spearman correlation coefficient of -0.33, p < 0.0001), while the calculated excretion of GH in the urine showed a positive correlation with the urine volume (r = 0.35; p < 0.0001). A reference chart, based on SD scores, was developed in order to avoid this volume dependency and to optimally normalize the skewed distribution of the uGH concentrations. The use of this model reduced the individual day-to-day variation of uGH from a coefficient of variation of 43 to 21%. Differences in mean cross-sectional urinary GH concentration was found between different months exceeding the expected methodological variation. This variation showed no seasonal pattern. Only 0.2% of triplicate values (three consecutive overnight uGH values) were all below -2 SD scores and 0.1% were above +2 SD scores. The mean uGH SD score for the boys was 0.01 (SD = 0.98), which was similar to that for the girls (-0.04; SD = 1.06). We found that uGH excretion can be estimated in a more robust way, using a SD score based reference chart that handles both the positive correlation between urinary GH and urine volume and the skewed distribution of urinary GH. This model reduced the day-to-day variability of uGH by half. Overestimation of GH in large urine volumes may be due to increased gradient between GH in urine and serum following increased urine volumes.

Age Factors↗