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Gateways to clinical trials.

Gateways to Clinical Trials are a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables have been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate; ACP-103, Ad.Egr.TNF.11 D, adalimumab, AF-IL 12, AIDSVAX gp120 B/B, alefacept, alemtuzumab, a-Galactosylceramide, ALVAC vCP 1452, alvimopan hydrate, alvocidib hydrochloride, aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, anakinra, anidulafungin, antarelix, aprepitant, aripiprazole, arsenic sulfide, asoprisnil, atazanavir sulfate, atomoxetine hydrochloride; Bevacizumab, bimatoprost, BMS-184476, bortezomib, bosentan, botulinum toxin type B, BrachySil, brivudine; Caffeine, calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, cannabidiol, capsaicin for injection, caspofungin acetate, CC-4047, cetuximab, CGP-36742, clofazimine, CpG-7909, Cypher; Darbepoetin alfa, dextromethorphan/quinidine sulfate, dimethylfumarate, dronabinol/cannabidiol, drotrecogin alfa (activated), duloxetine hydrochloride, dutasteride; Ecogramostim, efalizumab, eletriptan, emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, eplerenone, esomeprazole magnesium, estradiol acetate, eszopiclone, etoricoxib, exenatide, ezetimibe, ezetimibe/simvastatin; Fampridine, fondaparinux sodium, fosamprenavir calcium; Gefitinib, GPI-0100; hA 20, HTU-PA, human insulin, HuOKT 3 gamma 1(Ala 234-Ala 235), hyaluronic acid; Icatibant, imatinib mesylate, Indiplon, INKP-100, INKP-102, iodine (I131) tositumomab, istradefylline, IV gamma-globulin, ivabradine hydrochloride, ixabepilone; Lacosamide, landiolol, lanthanum carbonate, lasofoxifene tartrate, LB-80380, lenalidomide, lidocaine/tetracaine, linezolid, liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal vincristine sulfate, lopinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, lumiracoxib, lurtotecan; Maribavir, morphine glucuronide, MVA-5 T 4; NBI-56418, NCX-4016, nesiritide, nicotine conjugate vaccine, NSC-330507; Oglufanide, omalizumab, oxipurinol; Palifermin, palonosetron hydrochloride, parecoxib sodium, PEG-filgrastim, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin, PEGylated interferon alfacon-1, perospirone hydrochloride, pimecrolimus, pixantrone maleate, plerixafor hydrochloride, PowderJect lidocaine, pradefovir mesylate, prasterone, pregabalin, Prostvac VF, PT-141, PTC-124, pyridoxamine; QS-21, quercetin; R-126638, R-411, ralfinamide, rasagiline mesilate, rF-PSA, RG-2077, rhThrombin, rimonabant hydrochloride, rofecoxib, rosuvastatin calcium, rotigotine hydrochloride, rV-PSA; S-18886, S-303, seocalcitol, SGN-40, sitaxsentan sodium, SPP-301, St. John's Wort extract; Tadalafil, taxus, telithromycin, tenatoprazole, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, testosterone MDTS, testosterone transdermal patch, tgAAC-09, TH-9507, thioacetazone, tipifarnib, TQ-1011, trabectedin, travoprost, trimethoprim; Valdecoxib, valganciclovir hydrochloride, valopicitabine, voriconazole; Xcellerated T cells.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2005

Gateways to clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1991

Pharmacologic approaches to smoking cessation.

Only 25 years ago, tobacco dependence was believed to be a simple overuse problem. Research in the last 5 years has demonstrated a much more complex and profound neurochemical and behavioral disorder. Nicotine receptors in the locus coeruleus and the midbrain mesolimbic dopaminergic system activate both arousal state and enhance cognitive functioning (locus coeruleus) and activate the brain's "pleasure center" (mesolimbic system). Pharmacologic treatments, which must be completely integrated into the behavioral treatment plan, alter these profound central nervous system nicotine effects. Currently the only agent with clear scientific evidence for treatment efficacy is nicotine itself. Available only in a transmucosally delivered ion-exchange resin as nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette), nicotine should soon be available in other delivery forms that will have different absorption kinetics: transdermal patch, nasal spray, and vapor inhaler. Other agents in various phases of preclinical and clinical evaluation include 5-HT1A partial agonists such as buspirone; alpha 2-noradrenergic agonists such as clonidine; tricyclics such as doxepin; serotonin re-uptake antagonists such as fluoxetine; ACTH; 5-HT2 antagonists such as ritanserin; central excitatory amino acid inhibitors such as kynurenate; and calcium channel blockers.

Clonidine↗

PubMed1991

Clinical uses of fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil.

The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical uses of fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil are reviewed. The fentanyl derivatives have reduced or eliminated many of the disadvantages of opioid anesthetics, such as incomplete amnesia and undesirable hemodynamic responses to surgery. Fentanyl is 50-100 times as potent as morphine and was the first of the three to be marketed. Sufentanil is even more potent than fentanyl. Alfentanil has the fastest onset of action, followed by sufentanil and then fentanyl. Alfentanil also has the shortest duration of action of the group. Most studies of these agents have been done to assess their role as anesthetics in cardiac surgery. All three provide cardiovascular stability when administered before noxious surgical stimuli, except when given as a single bolus during the induction of anesthesia. All seem to produce adequate anesthesia, particularly when used in combination with nitrous oxide. Because of its short duration of action, alfentanil is preferred for brief procedures or when rapid changes in the level of consciousness are desired. All three agents have also been used for analgesia; epidural administration provides adequate relief of pain. Fentanyl has been formulated as a transdermal patch that seems to provide the same degree of analgesia as a continuous i.v. infusion. Fentanyl has also been formulated as an investigational lozenge that has shown advantages as a preoperative sedative in children. As more is learned about these agents, their perioperative uses for anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation will continue to be refined.

Absorption↗

PubMed1991

Sensitive and ethnic skin. A need for special skin-care agents?

Sensitive skin is a complex problem with genetic, individual, environmental, occupational, and ethnic implications. Further work is needed to rank irritants and irritant reactions to classify sensitive skin on the basis of standard models. The development of topical products designed for sensitive and ethnic skin may be advisable to optimize drug activity with minimal side effects. The availability of transdermal systems for drug delivery highlights the problem. Occlusive transdermal patch systems for delivery of clonidine show sensitization rates of 34% in white women, 18% in white men, 14% in black women, and 8% in black men. Besides ethnic differences in transcutaneous penetration, individual and ethnic skin sensitivity may play an important role in determining both patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy of drugs and cosmetics; furthermore, a drug formulation considering skin physiology may prevent unwanted local and general adverse effects.

Dermatitis, Contact↗

PubMed1989

Allergic cutaneous reactions to drugs.

Because the pathophysiology of many drug eruptions is unknown, the presumption that a drug eruption is due to immune mechanisms is often based on clinical features. The drug exanthem, urticaria, and contact dermatitis are the most common adverse cutaneous reactions to medications. Drug exanthems occur in 2 to 3 per cent of medical inpatients and are most commonly caused by antibiotics and blood products. The incidence of drug exanthems is much higher in certain patient populations (for example, patients with AIDS treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Urticaria is the second most common allergic cutaneous reaction to drugs. Individual urticarial lesions last for less than 24 hours and do not leave hyperpigmentation or scarring. Urticaria not accompanied by systemic symptoms should not be treated with systemic corticosteroids or parenteral epinephrine. Allergic contact dermatitis is commonly caused by neomycin, benzocaine, ethylenediamine, diphenhydramine, and transdermal patches. The clinical spectrum of other, less common drug eruptions is wide. Toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, and fixed drug eruptions share similar pathologic features, are caused by many of the same drugs, and may have a similar pathogenesis. Photoallergic drug reactions require the interaction of drugs, UV irradiation, and the immune system. Drugs implicated in causing photoallergy include thiazide diuretics, sulfonamides, and phenothiazines. Eruptions seen in serum sickness include the drug exanthem, urticaria, vasculitis, urticarial vasculitis, and erythema multiforme. Identifying and discontinuing the responsible drug is usually essential for successful therapy of drug eruptions.

Drug Eruptions↗

PubMed1989

[Human pharmacologic studies on transdermal administration of mepindolol. Pharmacodynamic and orienting pharmacokinetics].

The pharmacodynamic effects of acute and repeated application of a transdermal patch (BIO TSD) containing 20 mg of the beta-receptor blocking agent mepindolol were assessed in 13 normotensive male volunteers. Orienting measurements of mepindolol serum levels were performed additionally. At rest, the effects on blood pressure and heart rate were very limited. However, during submaximum ergometer exercise, significant systemic beta-blocking effects were observed, especially after 5 days treatment. Repeated administration did not induce tachyphylaxis but resulted in an enhanced efficacy. The mepindolol serum concentrations were markedly lower than those measured after oral application of the drug. No systemic or local adverse reactions nor any relevant changes in laboratory parameters were observed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of adhesive properties of two transdermal nitroglycerin controlled-release systems.

The adhesive properties of two transdermal nitroglycerin controlled-release systems, Transderm-Nitro (TDN) and Nitro-Dur (ND), were compared in 65 patients receiving treatment for angina pectoris. Patients applied transdermal patches of both systems daily (randomized as to side of body applied) for four weeks and maintained daily diaries recording number of angina attacks, additional nitroglycerin use, patch adhesion, and skin problems. A total of 1,702 TDN and 1,692 ND patches were applied, of which six (0.4%) TDN and 83 (4.9%) ND fell off. An additional 4.8% of TDN patches and 16.2% of ND patches adhered only partially. Problems at site of application, such as itching, rash, or redness, were reported with both patches but were far more frequent with ND than with TDN. Patients preferred TDN (86.2%) over ND (9.2%).

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1995

[Lisinopril: myocardial infarction, the first 24 hours, in patients with stable hemodynamic status. The GISSI-3 study; results at 6 weeks].

The GISSI-3 study is a multicentre randomised trial, the aim of which is to assess the efficacy of lisinopril, of transdermic glyceryl trinitrate and their association on survival and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Between June 1991 and July 1993, 19,394 patients were randomised in 200 Italian coronary care units. The patients were eligible if admitted within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, if they had a stable haemodynamic status and in the absence of contraindications to the study drugs. Using a factorial protocol, these patients were randomised to receive either oral lisinopril (5 mg/day as a starting dose followed by 5 mg at the 24th hour and then 10 mg/day) glyceryl trinitrate alone (intravenously for 24 hours followed by 10 mg by transdermic patch) or the association of the two drugs or neither (control group). The principal criteria were global mortality and a parameter of combined events. The combined parameter was defined as the number of deaths plus the number of late (after the 4th day of hospital admission) cases of clinical cardiac failure or of severe left ventricular dysfunction without clinical signs of cardiac failure. Complete clinical information and a six-week follow-up were obtained in 18,895 (97.4%) of randomised patients. The global mortality at 6 weeks was 6.7%. The results of GISSI-3 show that treatment with lisinopril started (in addition to conventional therapy) in clinically stable patients during the first 24 hours of myocardial infarction and continued for 6 weeks significantly reduces (p = 0.03) global mortality at 6 weeks (6.3% in the lisinopril group versus 7.1% in the group without lisinopril), which results in 8 lives saved for every 1,000 patients treated. This "gain in lives" is observed from the first day of treatment. At 6 weeks, the combined morbidity-mortality was 15.6% in the lisinopril group, compared with 17% in the group without lisinopril, a significant reduction of 8%. In patients receiving glyceryl trinitrate, the 6 week mortality was 6.5% (617/9,453) compared with 6.9% (653/9,442) in the group not receiving this treatment; this difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in combined morbidity-mortality between these two groups (15.9 vs 16.7% respectively). The beneficial effect of lisinopril alone or associated with glyceryl trinitrate was also demonstrated on the combined parameter in high risk subgroups (elderly patients and women).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis.

Smoking has been associated with a decreased frequency of UC. Currently, the role of nicotine for the treatment of UC is not established. Several studies have evaluated nicotine gum and transdermal patches as supplemental therapy for stable UC, but nicotine has not been compared with other treatment modalities. Nicotine dosages in the studies have varied from 5 to 30 mg/d without apparent dose-related therapeutic effects, and many patients have found relief from placebo treatment. Patients often do not tolerate nicotine therapy's adverse effects, which can include nausea, light-headedness, and headache. Due to the cyclic disease course of UC and the potential addictiveness of nicotine, further large studies are warranted to assess the benefits of nicotine therapy for UC. These studies should be conducted using a randomized, double-blind design with an extensive follow-up period. Until further trials are conducted, nicotine should generally not be recommended for UC treatment.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗

PubMed1996

Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Nicotine, like the psychostimulants methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, acts as an indirect dopamine agonist and improves attention and arousal. Adults and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) smoke much more frequently than normal individuals or those with other psychiatric conditions, perhaps as a form of self-medication for ADHD symptoms. Nicotine might therefore have some value as a treatment for ADHD. The present study is an acute double-blind crossover administration of nicotine and placebo with smokers (n = 6) and nonsmokers (n = 11) diagnosed with adult ADHD. The drug was delivered via a transdermal patch at a dosage of 7 mg/day for nonsmokers and 21 mg/day for smokers. Results indicate significant clinician-rated global improvement, self-rated vigor and concentration, and improved performance on chronometric measures of attention and timing accuracy. Side effects were minimal. These acute results indicate the need for a longer clinical trial and a comparison with other stimulants in adult ADHD treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Drug delivery system in cardiovascular drugs].

Various drug delivery systems are available when cardiovascular drugs are used. Various kinds of receptor inhibitors such as beta blockade or angiotensin II receptor inhibitor are frequently used in the daily cardiovascular clinic. Several different routes of drug administration exist. Conventional tablet or its liquid spray by sublingual or lingual administration is rapidly absorbed and specified oral tablet or transdermal patch for maintaining longtime is slowly absorbed from the digestive tract or skin. Some drugs have different type of tablets for obtaining different pharmacodynamics. Nifedipine has 3 kinds of tablets showing short, long and very long-time effect. Recent advance in drug delivery system makes possible to administer the drug to the small local area through stent or balloon catheter at the coronary interventional therapy.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗

PubMed1998

Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: which one is worse?

Despite extensive adverse publicity, tobacco use continues in approximately 25% of all pregnancies in the United States, overshadowing illicit drugs of abuse, including cocaine. The societal cost of maternal smoking is seen most readily in underweight newborns, in high rates of perinatal morbidity, mortality and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and in persistent deficits in learning and behavior. We have designed animal models of nicotine exposure to prove that nicotine itself is a neuroteratogen, thus providing a causative link between tobacco exposure and adverse perinatal outcomes. In particular, nicotine infusion paradigms that, like the transdermal patch used in man, produce drug exposure without the confounds of other components of tobacco or of episodic hypoxic-ischemic insult, have enabled a mechanistic dissection of the role played by nicotine in fetal brain damage. Nicotine targets specific neurotransmitter receptors in the fetal brain, eliciting abnormalities of cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to shortfalls in the number of cells and eventually to altered synaptic activity. Because of the close regulatory association of cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems, adverse effects of nicotine involve multiple transmitter pathways and influence not only the immediate developmental events in fetal brain, but also the eventual programming of synaptic competence. Accordingly, defects may appear after a prolonged period of apparent normality, leading to cognitive and learning defects that appear in childhood or adolescence. Comparable alterations occur in peripheral autonomic pathways, leading to increased susceptibility to hypoxia-induced brain damage, perinatal mortality and Sudden Infant Death. Identifying the receptor-driven mechanisms that underlie the neurobehavioral damage caused by fetal nicotine exposure provides a rational basis for decisions about nicotine substitution therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy. In contrast to the effects of nicotine, animal models of crack cocaine use in pregnancy indicate a more restricted spectrum of effects, a reflection of differences both in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the two drugs. Notably, although cocaine, like nicotine, also targets cell replication, its effects are short-lived, permitting recovery to occur in between doses, so that the eventual consequences are much less severe. To some extent, the effects of cocaine on brain development resemble those of nicotine because the two share cardiovascular actions (vasoconstriction) that, under some circumstances, elicit fetal hypoxia-ischemia. In light of the fact that nearly all crack cocaine users smoke cigarettes, the identification of specific developmental effects of cocaine may prove difficult to detect. Although scientists and the public continue to pay far more attention to fetal cocaine effects than to those of nicotine or tobacco use, a change of focus to concentrate on tobacco could have a disproportionately larger impact on human health.

Cocaine↗

PubMed2005

Extended use of transdermal norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare bleeding profiles and satisfaction among women using a norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol (E2) transdermal contraceptive patch in an extended regimen to those among women using a traditional 28-day patch regimen. METHODS: Healthy, regularly menstruating women (N = 239) were randomly assigned (2:1 ratio) to receive the norelgestromin/ethinyl E2 transdermal patch in an extended regimen (weekly application for 12 consecutive weeks, 1 patch-free week, and 3 more consecutive weekly applications, n = 158) or a cyclic regimen (4 consecutive cycles of 3 weekly applications and 1 patch-free week, n = 81). Subjects recorded bleeding data daily and completed satisfaction questionnaires. Subjects and investigators provided overall assessments of the regimens. RESULTS: Extended use of the norelgestromin/ethinyl E2 transdermal patch resulted in fewer median bleeding days (6 compared with 14, P < .001), bleeding episodes (1 compared with 3, P < .001), and bleeding or spotting episodes (2 compared with 3, P < .001) compared with cyclic use during days 1-84; median numbers of bleeding or spotting days were similar between regimens (14 compared with 16, P = .407) during this time. Extended use delayed median time to first bleeding to 54 days compared with 25 days with cyclic (P < .001). Subjects were highly satisfied with both regimens. Although not statistically significant, slightly more adverse events were reported with the extended than with the 28-day regimen. CONCLUSION: Compared with cyclic use, extended use of the norelgestromin/ethinyl E2 transdermal patch delayed menses and resulted in fewer bleeding days. This regimen may represent a useful alternative for women who prefer fewer episodes of withdrawal bleeding.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1996

New trends in transdermal technologies: development of the skin patch, Menorest.

Menorest is a transdermal patch, in which 17 beta-estradiol is dispersed as a microfine suspension in an adhesive matrix. This system reduces the size and thickness of the patch making it more cosmetically acceptable than older reservoir patches. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that, at doses from 25-100 micrograms/day, Menorest releases estradiol at a constant and reproducible rate. There is a linear relationship between the dose of estradiol administered (which is determined by the surface area of the patch) and the plasma concentration of estradiol. Unlike the standard reference reservoir patch, Estraderm, or another matrix patch, Systen/Evorel, Menorest maintains plasma estradiol concentrations at or above the target level of 40 pg/ml throughout the 80-h dosing interval.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2006

HPLC detection of plasma concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with povidone-ethylcellulose-based experimental transdermal matrix-type patches.

By developing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, we estimated the blood concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with the transdermal patches prepared with povidone-ethylcellulose and oral diclofenac tablets. Drug-excipient interaction studies were done using the FTIR technique. The external morphology of the prepared patch before and after application to human skin was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. FTIR studies revealed that there was no predominant interaction between the drug and polymers. In vivo studies revealed that the average concentrations of drug in plasma were 376, 1562, 2953, 2902, 2864, and 2948 ng/ml after 2, 4, 8, 24, 30, and 48 h from patches each containing 50 mg of diclofenac diethylamine, respectively, and the mean concentrations of drug in plasma after the oral administration of marketed tablet containing 50 mg diclofenac sodium were 383.7, 2569, 3693.5, 162.5, and 55.3 ng/ml at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 30 h after oral administration. Values of Cmax were 3693.5 after oral administration and 2953.8 ng/ml in the case of transdermal application. From this study, we have achieved the sustained blood level of diclofenac from the experimental patches along with an analytical method based on HPLC to determine the diclofenac blood level.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1996

Controlled transdermal delivery of fentanyl: characterizations of pressure-sensitive adhesives for matrix patch design.

Transdermal delivery of fentanyl from various adhesive matrix formulations to achieve a steady-state skin flux was investigated. For this purpose, various pressure-sensitive adhesives selected from the three chemical classes of polymers (polyisobutylene (PIB), acrylate, and silicone adhesives) were characterized with respect to fentanyl's solubility, diffusion coefficient, and permeability coefficient. The solubility of fentanyl in various pressure-sensitive adhesives at 32 degrees C was determined by the drug absorption-desorption method. The solubilities of fentanyl in these adhesives were in the following order: acrylate > silicones > PIB. The permeability coefficient and diffusion coefficient of fentanyl in these adhesives were determined by the membrane diffusion method. The diffusion coefficient rank order was silicone-2920 > silicone-2675 > or = acrylate > PIB. The release profiles of fentanyl in the aqueous buffer from these adhesives with 2-4% drug loading was evaluated. The release rate of fentanyl from the acrylate polymer was significantly higher than those of silicone and PIB adhesives. The in vitro flux of fentanyl through cadaver skin from various adhesives with 2% drug loading was determined at 32 degrees C using modified Franz diffusion cells. The skin fluxes of fentanyl from silicone-2920 and PIB adhesives were 6.3 +/- 0.7 and 3.1 +/- 0.3 micrograms/cm2/h, respectively. On the other hand, the skin fluxes of fentanyl from acrylate and silicone-2675 adhesive matrices were about 1 microgram/cm2/h. The effect of drug loading on skin flux was investigated using PIB as a model adhesive. The drug released in the phosphate buffer (pH = 6.0) increased linearly as the drug loading in the PIB was increased from 1% to 4%; and as the drug loading exceeded 4%, an initial burst effect followed by a zero-order release was observed. The skin flux of fentanyl increased proportionally as the drug loading in the PIB adhesive was increased from 1 to 4%, and a plateau was reached beyond 4% drug loading. These results suggest that fentanyl concentration in the PIB adhesive might have reached saturation above 4% drug loading and that the optimum skin flux was accomplished from such a system because of attainment of maximum thermodynamic activity.

Acrylates↗

PubMed2005

A comparison between povidone-ethylcellulose and povidone-eudragit transdermal dexamethasone matrix patches based on in vitro skin permeation.

The present study was designed to develop a suitable matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of dexamethasone using blends of two different polymeric combinations, povidone (PVP) and ethylcellulose (EC) and Eudragit with PVP. Physical studies including moisture content, moisture uptake, flatness to study the stability of the formulations and in vitro dissolution of the experimental formulations were performed to determine the amount of dexamethasone present in the patches were performed and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of the prepared TDDS were taken to see the drug distribution pattern. Drug-excipient interaction studies were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. In vitro skin permeation study was conducted in a modified Franz's diffusion cell. All the formulations were found to be suitable for formulating in terms of physicochemical characteristics and there was no significant interaction noticed between the drug and polymers used. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the drug distribution in the matrix was homogeneous and the SEM photographs further demonstrated this. The formulations of PVP:EC provided slower and more sustained release of drug than the PVP:Eudragit formulations during skin permeation studies and the formulation PVP:EC (1:5) was found to provide the slowest release of drug. Based on the above observations, it can be reasonably concluded that PVP-EC polymers are better suited than PVP-Eudragit polymers for the development of TDDS of dexamethasone.

Administration, Cutaneous↗