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PubMed1997

Regulation of sucrase and lactase in developing rats: role of nuclear factors that bind to two gene regulatory elements.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sucrase-isomaltase and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase expressions change remarkably during postnatal development in rats. The aim of this study was to explore the role of transacting nuclear proteins, proteins that bind to the SIF1 cis-regulatory element of the sucrase-isomaltase gene and to the CE-LPH1 cis-regulatory element of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene, in this regulation. METHODS: Enzyme activity, Northern analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to study the relationship of these nuclear proteins to sucrase-isomaltase and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene expression in rats during development. RESULTS: A rapidly migrating low-molecular-weight SIF1-binding protein was found in suckling animals without sucrase-isomaltase messenger RNA (mRNA), and a higher-molecular-weight-binding protein was found in older animals with expression of sucrase-isomaltase mRNA. Supershift experiments and Western analysis showed that neither protein is Cdx-2, the only previously described SIF1-binding protein. CE-LPH1-binding protein was found only in adult animals (with low lactase activity), and there was no relationship between enzymatic activity and levels of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: SIF1-binding proteins may regulate sucrase-isomaltase expression during postnatal development, but CE-LPH1-binding proteins do not seem to regulate lactase-phlorizin hydrolase expression during this period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Chromatin structure can strongly facilitate enhancer action over a distance.

Numerous DNA transactions in eukaryotic nuclei are regulated by elements (enhancers) that can directly interact with their targets over large regions of DNA organized into chromatin. The mechanisms allowing communication over a distance in chromatin are unknown. We have established an experimental system allowing quantitative analysis of the impact of chromatin structure on distant transcriptional regulation. Assembly of relaxed or linear DNA templates into subsaturated chromatin results in a strong increase of the efficiency of distant enhancer-promoter E-P communication and activation of transcription. The effect is directly proportional to the efficiency of chromatin assembly and cannot be explained only by DNA compaction. Transcription activation on chromatin templates is enhancer- and activator-dependent, and must be accompanied by direct E-P interaction and formation of a chromatin loop. Previously we have shown that DNA supercoiling can strongly facilitate E-P communication on histone-free DNA. The effects of chromatin assembly and DNA supercoiling on the communication are quantitatively similar, but the efficiency of enhancer action in subsaturated chromatin does not depend on the level of unconstrained DNA supercoiling. Thus chromatin structure per se can support highly efficient communication over a distance and functionally mimic the supercoiled state characteristic for prokaryotic DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

GAGA factor down-regulates its own promoter.

GAGA factor is involved in many nuclear transactions, notably in transcription as an activator in Drosophila. The genomic region corresponding to the Trl promoter has been obtained, and a minimal version of a fully active Trl promoter has been defined using transient transfection assays in S2 cells. DNase I footprinting analysis has shown that this region contains multiple GAGA binding sites, suggesting a potential regulatory role of GAGA on its own promoter. The study shows that GAGA down-regulates Trl expression. The repression does not depend on the GAGA isoform, but binding to DNA is absolutely required. A fragment of the Trl promoter can mediate repression to a heterologous promoter only upon GAGA overexpression in transiently transfected S2 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of S2 cells confirmed that GAGA factors are bound to the Trl promoter over a region of 1.4 kbp. Using a double-stranded RNA interference approach, we show that endogenous GAGA factors limit Trl expression in S2 cells. Our results open the possibility of observing similar GAGA repressive effects on other promoters.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

An integrated data warehouse system: development, implementation, and early outcomes.

This paper describes a generic vision of global information flow and the development of an integrated data warehouse system, using clinical data on all patient encounters and administrative data on all operating transactions as part of an integrated health care system. This new integrated data warehouse system has been successfully used for multiple purposes, including patient care, health services research, resource utilization and feasibility studies. During 1999, core analyses included the electronic abstraction, aggregation, and analysis of data on over 400,000 patients. This approach to building a centralized data system comprised of multiple repositories efficiently meets a variety of individual and aggregate information needs, while reducing the need to create duplicate databases.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of the human platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter: identification of a GATA-2 binding element required for optimal transcriptional activity.

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is a 130-kD member of the Ig gene superfamily that is expressed on platelets, endothelial cells, and certain leukocyte subsets. To examine the factors controlling vascular-specific expression of PECAM-1, we cloned the 5'-flanking region of the PECAM-1 gene and analyzed its transcriptional activity. 5'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'-RACE) analysis showed that transcription initiation occurred at several closely spaced nearby sites originating approximately 204 bp upstream from the translation start site. Analysis of the sequence immediately upstream from the transcription initiation site (TIS) showed no canonical TATA or CAAT elements, however an initiator element commonly found in TATA-less promoters encompassed the TIS. 5'-serially truncated PECAM-1 promoter segments cloned in front of a luciferase reporter drove transcription in both a lineage- and orientation-specific manner. Putative cis-acting control elements present within a 300-bp core promoter included two ets sites, an Sp1 site, tandem E-box domains, two GATA-associated sites (CACCC), an AP-2 binding site, and a GATA element at -24. Mutational analysis showed that optimal transcriptional activity required the GATA sequence at position -24, and gel-shift assays further showed that the GATA-2 transcription factor, but not GATA-1, bound to this region of the PECAM-1 promoter. Understanding the cis- and transacting factors that regulate the tissue-specific expression of PECAM-1 should increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which vascular-specific gene expression is achieved.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compliance: a concept analysis.

Compliance has a myriad of definitions. Understanding it as a phenomenon is complicated by the different perspectives of different disciplines. Nurses need to define compliance in a manner that best fits the philosophy of the nursing discipline. This article makes a distinction between the ordinary use and the scientific use of the term compliance. Nurses are challenged to embrace an interactive, transactional process in order to form a partnership with clients, which allows for client choice and control in decision making about carrying out the prescribed behavior.

Decision Making↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The clinical e-mail explosion.

The computer is transforming patient-physician communication. Physicians are already using electronic mail (e-mail) in physician-to-physician consultation, medical journal dissemination, and hospital-physician communication. This article addresses the value of e-mail for patient-physician communication. It explores the nature of this electronic medium, outlines published guidelines, delineates expected benefits and potential complications, and proposes how to incorporate e-mail into health information systems. This article is designed to help guide clinicians and health care delivery organizations in the use of e-mail with patients to enhance rather than complicate the provider-patient relationship. Unique advantages of e-mail in the clinical setting include: the ability to offer routine transactions and patient education; increased efficiency; the self-documenting nature of this medium; cost-effectiveness; and serving as a clinical extender.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of daily living tasks: the home care advantage.

Occupational therapists working in home care have an advantage over those working in other settings because they can observe the influence of the naturalistic context on task performance. However, to use this advantage, therapists working in home care must use an evaluation approach that enables them to capture the client-task-context transaction. In this article, we discuss the ability of four "evaluation approaches"--norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, dynamic, informal--to provide information about the client-task-context transaction that therapists need in order to plan effective intervention. The potential of each approach for identifying clients' performance problems, suggesting etiologies, determining rehabilitation potential, and guiding intervention is analyzed, and the appropriateness of each approach for application in the home is appraised. This analysis highlights the utility of combining the criterion-referenced and dynamic assessment approaches for use in home care. A sequential process for integrating these two approaches is provided, and the proposed outcomes to be obtained from this process are identified.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Lactoferrin gene promoter: structural integrity and nonexpression in HL60 cells.

Lactoferrin is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding proteins. It is found in several glandular epithelial tissues and human neutrophils, where it is localized to secondary granules. To examine the mechanisms controlling lactoferrin gene expression in neutrophils and defects in its expression in acute leukemia, we have cloned a lactoferrin cDNA from a chronic myelogenous leukemia library, and used it to obtain genomic clones representing the chromosomal lactoferrin gene. Using polymerase chain reaction, primer extension, and S1 analysis, we have identified the 5' end of the lactoferrin mRNA. We have defined a putative promoter region for the gene, and characterized its first two exons. In addition, we have examined the structure of these regions in DNA from HL60 cells. HL60 is a leukemic cell line that undergoes phenotypic neutrophil maturation on exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, the cells cannot be induced to express any secondary granule protein genes. We have shown that the 5' end of the lactoferrin gene, including the putative promoter region, is entirely normal in HL60. By Northern analysis, nuclear run-on studies, and primer extension assays we have shown that the gene is not transcribed in DMSO-induced HL60 cells. This supports the hypothesis that the defect in HL60 is an abnormality in the production or activity of a transacting regulator of lactoferrin gene expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Dimensional modeling: beyond data processing constraints.

The focus of information processing requirements is shifting from the on-line transaction processing (OLTP) issues to the on-line analytical processing (OLAP) issues. While the former serves to ensure the feasibility of the real-time on-line transaction processing (which has already exceeded a level of up to 1,000 transactions per second under normal conditions), the latter aims at enabling more sophisticated analytical manipulation of data. The OLTP requirements, or how to efficiently get data into the system, have been solved by applying the Relational theory in the form of Entity-Relation model. There is presently no theory related to OLAP that would resolve the analytical processing requirements as efficiently as Relational theory provided for the transaction processing. The "relational dogma" also provides the mathematical foundation for the Centralized Data Processing paradigm in which mission-critical information is incorporated as 'one and only one instance' of data, thus ensuring data integrity. In such surroundings, the information that supports business analysis and decision support activities is obtained by running predefined reports and queries that are provided by the IS department. In today's intensified competitive climate, businesses are finding that this traditional approach is not good enough. The only way to stay on top of things, and to survive and prosper, is to decentralize the IS services. The newly emerging Distributed Data Processing, with its increased emphasis on empowering the end user, does not seem to find enough merit in the relational database model to justify relying upon it. Relational theory proved too rigid and complex to accommodate the analytical processing needs. In order to satisfy the OLAP requirements, or how to efficiently get the data out of the system, different models, metaphors, and theories have been devised. All of them are pointing to the need for simplifying the highly non-intuitive mathematical constraints found in the relational databases normalized to their 3rd normal form. Object-oriented approach insists on the importance of the common sense component of the data processing activities. But, particularly interesting, is the approach that advocates the necessity of 'flattening' the structure of the business models as we know them today. This discipline is called Dimensional Modeling and it enables users to form multidimensional views of the relevant facts which are stored in a 'flat' (non-structured), easy-to-comprehend and easy-to-access database. When using dimensional modeling, we relax many of the axioms inherent in a relational model. We focus on the knowledge of the relevant facts which are reflecting the business operations and are the real basis for the decision support and business analysis. At the core of the dimensional modeling are fact tables that contain the non-discrete, additive data. To determine the level of aggregation of these facts, we use granularity tables that specify the resolution, or the level/detail, that the user is allowed to entertain. The third component is dimension tables that embody the knowledge of the constraints to be used to form the views.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2005

Amelioration of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury with intraluminal hyperoxygenated solution: studies on structural and functional changes of enterocyte mitochondria.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraluminal hyperoxygenated solution (HOS) on enterocyte mitochondrial structure and respiratory function after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two rabbits were divided randomly into four groups: control group in which sham operation was performed (Sham group), ischemia-reperfusion group (IR group), and two HOS treatment groups (H1 group and H2 group). Intestinal IR model was produced by clamping superior mesenteric artery (SMA) with an atraumatic vascular clamp for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Animals in the H1 group and H2 group received intraluminal HOS infusion for 1 h immediately after occlusion of SMA, and the rates of infusion were 10 and 20 mL/kg.h, respectively. After 2 h of reperfusion, enterocyte mitochondria morphological quantitative analysis was made with electron microscopy and biogenetics stereology, and the following parameters, including mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR), intestinal O(2) extraction ratio (ER), and mucosal ATP contents, were measured, respectively. RESULTS: After IR, the mitochondria was severely swollen with broken cristae, and mean transaction area, diameter, surface density, and volume density of the mitochondria increased significantly. Meanwhile, specific surface and numeral density of the mitochondria decreased significantly. The mitochondrial RCR, intestinal O(2) ER, and mucosal ATP contents were all decreased significantly. There were no differences in all parameters between the IR group and H1 group. In the H2 group, the mitochondria were slightly swollen, and mean transaction area, diameter, surface density, and volume density of the mitochondria were all significantly lower, with the specific surface and numeral density of the mitochondria significantly higher compared with the IR group. The mitochondrial RCR, intestinal O(2) ER and mucosal ATP contents in H2 group were all significantly higher than those in IR group. CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal HOS infusion at 20 mL/kg.h during ischemia ameliorates structural and functional changes of enterocyte mitochondria associated with intestinal IR injury, which is a safe, simple, and effective measure to protect the intestine from IR injury.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2003

The psychological contracts of National Health Service nurses.

AIMS: Following the psychological contract model of the employee-employer exchange relationship is offered as a means of understanding the expectations of a UK sample of 223 National Health Service (NHS) nurses in association with their leaving intentions. DESIGN AND METHODS: A pilot study involving 21 NHS nurses, using the repertory grid technique was conducted to elicit contract expectations. Twenty-nine categories of expectation were identified through content analysis. The study proper, employed a survey developed on the basis of results from the pilot study to identify contract profiles among 223 nurses from three London/South-east NHS hospitals, using the Q-sort method. Type of contract held (relational/transactional), satisfaction (job and organization), and leaving intentions were also examined. RESULTS: Q-analysis yielded four contract profiles among the nurses sampled: 'self-development and achievement'; 'belonging and development'; 'competence and collegiality' and 'autonomy and development'. Correlation analysis demonstrated that leaving intentions were associated with a need for personal autonomy and development, and the violation of expectations for being appreciated, valued, recognized and rewarded for effort, loyalty, hard-work and achievement, negative endorsement of a relational contract, positive endorsement of a transactional contract, and job and organizational dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: Findings illustrate the diagnostic utility of the term psychological contract for understanding the expectations of NHS nurses. The potential significance of these findings for managing nurse retention is highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Coping and appraisal of daily stressors predict heart rate and blood pressure levels in young women.

An anger-provocation paradigm was used to assess the effects of coping processes and appraisal of daily stressors on stress reactivity in 33 normotensive undergraduate women. Participants performed a mental arithmetic and an interpersonal conflict task during the pre- and postmenstrual phases of their menstrual cycles. Increased use of the emotion-focused coping processes of tension reduction and positive reappraisal was correlated with lower levels of baseline heart rate, whereas distancing was associated with higher levels of systolic blood pressure reactivity during the conflict task. Perceiving daily stressors as more stressful was associated with higher baseline diastolic blood pressure levels. The authors concluded that the transactional model of stress is useful for generating hypotheses about factors that predict heart rate and blood pressure levels in women.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Social support and health-related quality of life in hip and knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To document the association between social support and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: A prospective survey including the SF-36 and the Social Support questionnaire (SSQ) was administered to 108 hip and knee OA patients attending an outpatient physical rehabilitation and rheumatology clinic. Multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relation between social support and each dimension of the SF-36, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, number of comorbid conditions, socioeconomic status, site of survey completion and severity of OA which was gauged with the pain dimension of the WOMAC, an OA-specific health status instrument. RESULTS: Greater social companionship transactions were associated with higher physical functioning (standardized regression coefficients: beta = 0.26, p < 0.01), general health (beta = 0.32, p < 0.001), mental health (beta = 0.25, p < 0.01), social functioning (beta = 0.20, p < 0.05) and vitality (beta = 0.25, p < 0.05). Satisfaction with problem-oriented emotional support was related to better physical functioning (beta = 0.22, p < 0.01), mental health (beta = 0.38, p < 0.001), role-emotional (B = 0.23, p < 0.01), social functioning (beta = 0.19, p < 0.05) and vitality (beta = 0.26, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Social support components significantly account for HRQoL. Health interventions in OA, primary dedicated to pain and physical disability, could be supplemented with social support component to enhance health outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

The molecular machines of DNA repair: scanning force microscopy analysis of their architecture.

The application of scanning force microscope (SFM, also called atomic force microscope or AFM) imaging to study the architecture of proteins and their functional assemblies on DNA has provided new and exciting information on the mechanism of vital cellular processes. Rapid progress in molecular biology has resulted in the identification and isolation of proteins and protein complexes that function in specific DNA transactions. These proteins and protein complexes can now be analysed at the single molecule level, whereby the functional assemblies are often described as nanomachines. Understanding how they work requires understanding their structure and functional arrangement in three dimensions. The SFM is uniquely suited to provide three-dimensional structural information on biomolecules at nanometre resolution. In this review we focus on recent applications of SFM to reveal detailed information on the architecture and mechanism of action of protein machinery involved in safeguarding genome stability through DNA repair processes.

DNA↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A systems approach in nursing administration: structure, process, and outcome.

This article presents a systems approach for administrators to consider as they review structure, process, and outcome in their healthcare organization. Systems provide a way to access data, information, and knowledge. Systems organize and unify the complex world of nursing practice in healthcare systems. Use of King's conceptual system, Theory of Goal Attainment, and transaction process is presented as an example that helps the multiple individuals and groups use information and knowledge to structure nursing practice. The transaction process helps individuals and groups identify goals and outcomes that lead to effective nursing care, evidence-based practice, and cost-effectiveness.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transactional versus transformational style of leadership--employee perception of leadership efficacy in public and private hospitals in Kuwait.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether employees working for a transformational leader perceive their leader as more effective than do those working for a transactional leader. To assess whether employees in private hospitals are more likely to perceive their leaders as transformational than are employees in public hospitals. DESIGN: A questionnaire study of a random sample of employees working at 4 hospitals (private and public) in Kuwait; 266 respondents included. RESULTS: Analysis of varience and regression analysis showed that the transformational style of leadership was linked to high level of employee perception of leadership efficacy. Also, the employees in private hospitals were more likely to perceive their leaders as transformational than were employees in public hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals in Kuwait may benefit by recruiting leaders with a transformational style, as it is directly related to quality, employee satisfaction, increased productivity, and employee perception of leadership efficacy.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychotherapy of the family as a measure for preventing relapses and improving the prognosis in schizophrenic patients.

The increasing interest in the relationship among psychoanalysis, linguistics and higher nervous activity (neurodynamic) is recalled. As most of the works on the therapy of the family have been based upon psychodynamic interpretations, the authors shall try to speculate on how much room this field should be given in the phenomena related to higher nervous activity. The study of Pavlov, Gantt and others on biological and social factors influencing human behaviour have been discussed in relation to the system represented by the family nucleus. Some aspects have been taken in consideration like the double bind, the perverse triangle and the formation of a scapegoat. Double bind theory and praxis is representing a paradoxical situation similar to unavoidable conditioned patterns. The behaviour of the "designed patient" may be interpreted as a tentative escape to express his disagreement to the fixed situation. What happens is a kind of abnormal conditioning which is realized through a progressive stratification of discordant learning. The final result is the disorganisation of cognitive processes. In the meantime, we observe a discordance of the activity of the first and the second signaling system because, very often, an apparent external calm is accompanied by intense cardiovascular or visceral turmoil. Every kind of communication should take care of both processes, the congnitive and the neurodynamic. The analysis of the verbal, as well as the non-verbal communication in the family setting, may be fruitfully based upon the study of the progressive significance of the cognitive-emotional dissyntony, as well as the dissyntony between the 1st and the 2nd S.S., and the transactional dissyntony implicit in the double bind. A group of 25 families of schizophrenics followed by one up to five years has been examined following the concepts above mentioned.

Double Bind Interaction↗