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PubMedDate not supplied

Keloid and hypertrophic scars: trace element alteration.

The state of excessive fibroblastic proliferation for wound healing results in hypertrophic and keloid scars. It has been well established that some of the trace elements (such as zinc) are essential in wound healing, and there are appreciable changes in trace elements in various disease states. The levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) in serum, normal skin and scar of 40 keloid and hypertrophic scar patients were assessed. There was a significant increase of manganese (Mn) level in skin of burn, trauma, and surgical incision patients compared to controls with p < 0.0013, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.046, respectively. Furthermore, the zinc, copper, and selenium contents of the skin in incision patients were decreased significantly when compared to other groups. No significant changes occurred regarding serum levels of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium in the different groups. From this study, no relationships between the hypertrophic and keloid scar to trace elements were found; however, because of the limited numbers of patients, a definite conclusion could not be drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationship of dental extrinsic stains with the concentration of trace elements in water sources in a district of Nepal.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship of dental extrinsic stains (DES) with levels of trace elements in drinking water sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study among the population of Madesha VDC. A sample of 551 residents aged between 4 years and above was examined. A questionnaire was prepared to assess the dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, age, period of residency (POR), followed by clinical examination regarding the presence or absence of DES. Water samples were collected and sent for analysis by AAS method for trace elements. RESULTS: The prevalence of DES was 39%. Twenty-eight water samples had Fe levels that exceeded permissible levels and all samples were negative for other trace elements. Stains were associated with POR and levels of Fe in water (P value < 0.001). There was a positive correlation by ward of Fe levels and stain distribution. CONCLUSION: The results revealed an association between DES with age, POR, and Fe levels in water. The positive correlation between stain distribution by ward and levels of Fe in water indicated the causative role of Fe in stains.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace element changes in serum and skeletal muscle compared to tumour tissue in sarcoma-bearing rats.

Cancer cachexia is characterized by wasting of the lean tissue and profound changes in the body composition of the tumour host. These changes are partly explained by an inefficient energy production but other factors may also be important, such as deficiency of essential nutritional components. In the present study the changes of trace elements in serum and skeletal muscle were compared to those in tumour tissue during tumour progression in sarcoma--bearing rats. Trace element analysis was performed directly on serum specimens and frozen sections from skeletal muscle and tumour tissue. The samples were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) without any other pre-treatment such as homogenization and extraction. In skeletal muscle an increased content of zinc was found during tumour progression. The iron concentration was unchanged, but since muscle wasting is part of the cachexia this means that iron was transferred to other compartments. Thus the iron content of serum was doubled and tumour tissue had a high concentration of iron. Selenium was below detection limits in skeletal muscle but well detectable in tumour tissue and it increased during tumour growth. Rubidium and potassium content correlated in all tissues (R:0.98) as did bromine and sodium (R:0.98). Copper behaved differently from the other trace elements and showed large variability. This was also true when tissue copper was individually correlated to all other trace elements in the same tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bound trace element content of bovine retinal disk membranes as determined by particle-induced x-ray emission.

Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) was used to determine the trace element content of bovine retinal disk membranes. PIXE is a multielemental analytical technique capable of the simultaneous detection and quantization of all elements from sodium and above in atomic number. The multielemental capability of PIXE allows the analysis time per element to be very low if a number of elements are detected in each sample. In addition, the multielemental capability of PIXE can be used to determine elemental content with respect to an internal reference. Here the content of detected trace element per rhodopsin was determined without recourse to an external rhodopsin assay. This was accomplished by using the sulfur content of rhodopsin as an internal reference. Detected trace element contents per rhodopsin were 1.58 +/- 0.049 Ca, 0.081 +/- 0.024 Fe, 0.393 +/- 0.200 Cu, and 0.150 +/- 0.031 Zn. Upper limits were placed on the amount of manganese, molybdenum, and nickel per rhodopsin as 0.019, 0.019, and 0.006, respectively. Two proteins known to be present in disk membranes, retinol dehydrogenase and a large protein, approximately 238,000 mol wt, are considered as potential metallo-proteins. No correlation was observed between the content of any detected element and bleaching levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum and tissue trace elements in breast malignancy.

50 cases of breast malignancy constituted the study group. 26 age and sex matched formed the control group. Serum and tissue trace element viz copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum levels were estimated by atomic absorption photometry. The study group showed significant hypercupremia and molybdenemia, hypozincaemia and hyposeleniamia. The reversal of trend was documented after therapy. The tissue level of copper and molybdenum was high and zinc and selenium was low. An association between serum and tissue level of trace element, stage, histological differentiation was observed. It was postulated that levels of trace elements may help in diagnosis and prognosis of disease.

Breast↗
PubMed1992

The effect of postoperative radiotherapy on leukocyte zinc, serum trace elements and nutritional status of breast cancer patients.

Mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cell (PMNC) zinc content was determined together with serum zinc, copper, selenium and iron concentrations in 24 operable breast cancer patients during and after postoperative radiotherapy. Anthropometric and biochemical indices of nutritional status were measured as background data. The measurements were carried out in the years 1987-1988. Nine patients used unconventional multivitamin or trace element preparations. A steady but statistically insignificant decrease in PMNC zinc was seen during treatment. No changes occurred in MNC zinc. Serum copper levels increased in five patients possibly due to tamoxifen treatment, but no other alterations occurred in serum trace element levels. Appetite was well maintained and nutritional status remained unaltered. Postoperative radiotherapy for breast carcinoma had thus no effect on either trace element or nutritional status. Patient-initiated alternative treatments did not significantly affect their trace element levels. This was probably due to small supplementation doses or irregular use of the preparations.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of the intake of different doses of trace elements and their combination with other biologically active substances on iron, copper and manganese metabolism in highly qualified athletes].

Investigations conducted on athletes have shown that combinations of trace elements (Fe, Cu and Mn) in biotic doses with vitamins, glutamic acid or dibasol produce a favourable effect on trace element metabolism, and on the body functions. Enrichment of food rations with vitamins only, using no trace elements, drastically increased the secretion of Fe, Cu and Mn from the body. High doses of Fe-containing drugs disturbed Mn balance.

Benzimidazoles↗
PubMed2006

Trace element availability and plant growth in a mine-spill contaminated soil under assisted natural remediation I. Soils.

We evaluated the effects of different amendments and/or a plant cover on reclamation of a trace element contaminated soil. Seven treatments were established: four organic (leonardite (LEO), litter (LIT), municipal waste compost (MWC), biosolid compost (BC)), one inorganic (sugar beet lime (SL)) and two controls (control without amendment but with Agrostis (CTRP) and control without amendment and without Agrostis (CTR)). Results showed that total organic C was significantly higher in organic treatments in all samplings. Water-soluble C was lower in CTR compared to other treatments, but no significant differences were observed between organic treatments and SL and CTR. SL, BC and MWC treatments increased soil pH and reduced 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations more efficiently, especially in the first 2 years. At the end of the experiment 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable trace element concentrations were similar in all treatments. 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable As and Pb were below the detection limit. Addition of amendments showed no clear reduction in 0.05 M EDTA-extractable trace element concentrations and some amendments even increased 0.05 M EDTA-extractable As and Cu with time. Pseudo-total trace element concentrations were higher for As in controls. On the other hand, mean values of Cu and Zn were higher in MWC treatment. BC and SL treatments also showed higher Zn mean concentration than controls. No amendment effect was observed for Cd and Pb.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Response of liver and heart trace elements in rats to the interaction between dietary zinc and iron.

An analysis of the interaction between dietary iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was performed by using data from Sprague-Dawley rats in a 5 x 4 fully crossed factorially arranged experiment. The concentrations of 9 trace elements from the liver and 10 from the heart were determined and subjected to diverse statistical analyses and were classified by their response to the interaction between dietary Fe and Zn. The interaction was studied by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), discriminant analysis, and logistic regression to determine the direction of interaction; that is, did dietary Fe affect dietary Zn or did dietary Zn affect dietary Fe? The use of discriminant analysis allowed for using multiple parameters (rather than a single parameter) to determine possible interactions between Fe and Zn. Thus, two main levels of interaction were studied: the separate response of each tissue mineral and the response of some grouped minerals. The responses studied were the effect of dietary Zn on tissue trace element parameters, the effect of dietary Fe on the parameters, the effect of dietary Zn on combined (grouped) parameters, and the effect of dietary Fe on combined parameters. As determined by ANOVA, only three individual trace elements--liver Fe, Cu, and Mo--were significantly affected by the interaction between Fe and Zn. However, a broader interaction between Fe and Zn is revealed when groups of, rather than single, trace elements arestudied. For example, an interaction between dietary Fe and Zn affects the weighted linear combination of heart Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn. This article presents the hypothesis that grouped parameters may be useful as status indicators. The complete dataset can be found at http://www.gfhnrc.ars. usda.gov/fezn.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Determination of trace elements in ancient Cheshi human costa by ICP-AES].

In recent years, the study on palaeodiet is an important research in the international archaeological field. Trace elements in human bones can supply a lot of valuable information to reconstruct ancient diet. In this study, The trace elements in Bronze age Cheshi human costa from Chubeixi cemetery in shanshan, Xinjiang were determined by ICP-AES. The sample was dissolved by HNO3 and HCl. Under the optimum conditions, eight elements can be determined simultaneously. The recoveries of the method are in the range of 87.4%-106.6%, and RSDs are in the range of 0.5%-3.3%. The method is simple, rapid, precise and convenient to operate. The results would be helpful for research in archaeology. This analysis established Xinjiang' s consult system of trace elements analysis for ancient human bones. The effects of various concentrations of acid solution on analysis results, the interference of coexistent elements, standard addition recovery, and precision of the method were investigated.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

The effect of ethanol consumption on trace elements in the fetal rat.

It is postulated that in the fetus trace element alternations secondary to maternal alcohol ingestion contribute to fetal alcohol syndrome. Female Charles River CD rats were given a semi-synthetic diet through two pregnancies. Half of the animals received 6% ethanol (v/v) in their drinking water. The animals were divided into the following groups: Control group received the diet ad lib, alcohol group received the diet and alcohol ad lib, pair fed group received a diet isocaloric with the alcohol group, and the alcohol + ZnMg group received the basal diet with added magnesium, zinc and alcohol. On the twenty-first day of gestation animals were sacrificed and iron, copper, zinc and magnesium measured in maternal and fetal tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated significantly reduced fetal zinc in the alcohol group while copper and iron levels were increased. In maternal tissues, only the femur was affected. Zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) while iron was increased (p < 0.01). The observed effects were not due to reduced food intake. The expected changes in tissue zinc and magnesium were prevented by diets fortified with these minerals. These results are consistant with our hypothesis that alcohol interferes with trace element metabolism during pregnancy and that diet can be manipulated to alter its effects.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in aquatic toxicity.

Knowledge of trace element speciation in waters is essential to an understanding of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation, as well as to the partitioning of elements between water and colloidal and particulate phases. In natural waters, only very small percentages of the dissolved heavy metals, such as copper, lead cadmium or zinc, are present as free (aquo) metal ion; most of the metal is adsorbed to colloidal particles or combined in complexes. For aquatic toxicity studies, the aim of the speciation measurement is to determine the fraction of total dissolved metal (the 'toxic fraction') that will react with, and be transported across, a biological membrane such as a fish gill. In this review, a range of trace element speciation techniques is discussed and compared. A simple anodic stripping voltammetric method is recommended for the measurement of the fraction of electroactive metal in a sample, i.e. the fraction of total dissolved metal that can be deposited into a mercury electrode at the natural pH of the sample. The electroactive fraction is believed to approximate the toxic fraction. A rapid ion exchange method, suitable for field use, is proposed for the determination of the toxic fraction of copper in waters.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Growth responses of an estuarine fish exposed to mixed trace elements in sediments over a full life cycle.

Hatchling Cyprinodon variegatus were raised in the presence or absence of sediments contaminated with mixed trace elements to examine lethal and sublethal bioenergetic effects (metabolic rate, lipid storage, growth, reproduction) over a full life cycle (>1 year). Contaminated sediments were derived from a site receiving coal combustion residues (CCR) and were elevated in numerous trace elements including Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Se, and V. Exposures were conducted at two levels of salinity (5 and 36 ppt) to examine the potential interaction of this variable with contaminants. Salinity had no effect on responses measured. Over the course of the study, fish exposed to contaminated sediment accumulated several CCR-related trace elements, including As, Cd, Se, and V. There were no differences in fish survival for contaminated sediment treatments and uncontaminated sediment treatments, nor were there differences in metabolic expenditures. However, growth, male condition factor, and storage lipid content in females were reduced due to contaminant exposure. No significant effects on fecundity or the proportion of females that were gravid at the end of the study were observed, yet females raised under control conditions produced 12% larger eggs than did females raised on contaminated sediments. During the presumably most-sensitive early life stages, individuals were not noticeably affected by contaminants, but rather the effects of exposure became apparent later in life. Because many species inhabit contaminated areas for long periods of time, often encompassing the entire life cycle, exposures focused only on specific life stages may substantially underestimate the overall responses elicited by individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Hair trace elements in patients with goiter].

The investigation determined whether there was a relationship of thyroid diseases with the geology of the place of residence and its associated spectrum of trace elements (iron, chromium, selenium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, arsenic, and zinc). The geologo-geomorphological factors of the habitat, such as geological formations (mineral composition, structure, the degree of rock metamorphism), tectonics, the history of geological development, relief, paleorelief, were found to be of considerable importance in the formation of the human trace element status. Both deficiency and excess of trace elements was shown to be of pathogenetic value in the development of thyroid diseases. Residence in the area wherein carbonate rocks are predominant contributes to an increase in incidence of thyroid diseases.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1996

[The role of trace elements concerning to disorders of lipid metabolism].

Modified LDL, caused by many factors, is associated with increased atherogenisity. In many modified LDLs, it is recognized that LDL oxidation occurs in vivo, and oxidized LDL demonstrates enhanced cellular uptake by macrophage scavenger receptor, foam cell formation. In vitro, iron and zinc are necessary for oxidized LDL and lipid peroxisides, and considering these elements to participate in vivo, particularly hyperlipidemia. In fact, hyperlipidemia with high serum levels iron or zinc concentration is a risk factor of coronary heart disease. Further, the possibility of selenium insufficiency accelerated lipid peroxisides in vivo, because glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), the antioxidant effect, includes selenium, and GSHPx hyperproduction are recognized in atherosclerotic lesion. It is known that oxidized LDL are more excessive in hyperlipidemia, so hyperlipidemia may suffer more from trace element status in vivo. Enzymes and hormones, influencing lipid metabolism, are necessary for many trace elements their activation. Trace elements may therefore, be important in several stage of lipid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Syringe filtration methods for examining dissolved and colloidal trace element distributions in remote field locations.

It is well-established that sampling and sample processing can easily introduce contamination into dissolved trace element samples if precautions are not taken. However, work in remote locations sometimes precludes bringing bulky clean lab equipment into the field and likewise may make timely transport of samples to the lab for processing impossible. Straightforward syringe filtration methods are described here for collecting small quantities (15 mL) of 0.45- and 0.02-microm filtered river water in an uncontaminated manner. These filtration methods take advantage of recent advances in analytical capabilities that require only small amounts of waterfor analysis of a suite of dissolved trace elements. Filter clogging and solute rejection artifacts appear to be minimal, although some adsorption of metals and organics does affect the first approximately 10 mL of water passing through the filters. Overall the methods are clean, easy to use, and provide reproducible representations of the dissolved and colloidal fractions of trace elements in river waters. Furthermore, sample processing materials can be prepared well in advance in a clean lab and transported cleanly and compactly to the field. Application of these methods is illustrated with data from remote locations in the Rocky Mountains and along the Yukon River. Evidence from field flow fractionation suggests that the 0.02-microm filters may provide a practical cutoff to distinguish metals associated with small inorganic and organic complexes from those associated with silicate and oxide colloids.

Colloids↗
PubMed1988

Biological trace element research: a multidisciplinary science.

The last decade may be regarded as a crucial turning point in new developments in many areas of biological trace element research. It is slowly being recognized as a multidisciplinary science which requires a combination of biological insight and analytical awareness in planning the studies. It is also acknowledged that the complexities involved in dealing with the requirements of trace element research studies in the life sciences demand comprehensive planning of the investigations and use of a variety of techniques, thus bringing together a variety of talents. It cannot be emphasized enough that accurate analytical measurements on biologically and analytically "valid" samples hold the key for success in future biological trace element research studies. These aspects are illustrated.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of minor and trace elements in gallstones by induction of characteristic ionising radiation.

In an investigation of the role of trace elements in gallstone formation and of minor and trace elements in gallstone and bile, samples from five patients were analysed using three different techniques for cross-verification: NAA, PIXE, and XRF. In addition, certified standards of bovine liver and oyster tissue from the NBS, Washington, were re-analysed using the different techniques to confirm the accuracy of the experimental procedures. NAA of five gallstones was used for the quantitative analysis of 19 elements with Z greater than 11. The concentrations of Cl, K + Ca, Mn, Fe and Cu + Zn were determined by PIXE and those of Mg, P, S, K and Ca by XRF. In most cases the concentrations were in the range of a few PPB to a few hundred PPM. The spatial distribution of the component elements was obtained using XRF with a scanning electron microscope and the results demonstrated that calcium was present centrally in all the stones. The analysis of gallbladder bile from four patients showed that the calcium concentration was much greater than normal, indicating that calcium and other elements play an important role in stone formation. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the calcium salts were present in gallstones in three compound forms: calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and calcium bilirubinate. Reasons for the cause of calcium precipitation are discussed.

Bile↗