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PubMed1976

Perceptual conflict between vision and touch.

Although most of the studies support the conclusion that a perceptual conflict may be resolved in the visual dominance, a few suggest its prematurity and methodological problems. In the present study, the conflict was made by the instruction and the trick in order to keep the S's naivety, and the degree of conflict was varied. wthe visual comparison (vision), the haptic comparison (touch), the visual-haptic comparison (drawing by a pencil), and the haptic-visual comparison (production by the plasticine) were used as the comparison procedures. The result was that the perceptual conflict was resolved in a compromise between vision and touch. However, as the degree of conflict became greater, the judgements in the conflict tended to depend upon the comparison procedures. And in such a conflict taht the visual size was smaller than the tactual, the vision dominance tended to occur, and vice versa.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

[Crossmodal attention between vision and touch in temporal order judgment task].

Four experiments investigated the effects of cross-modal attention between vision and touch in temporal order judgment tasks combined with spatial cueing paradigm. In Experiment 1, two vibrotactile stimuli with simultaneous or successive onsets were presented bimanually to the left and right index fingers and participants were asked to judge the temporal order of the two stimuli. The tactile stimuli were preceded by a spatially uninformative visual cue. Results indicated that shift of spatial attention yielded by visual cueing resulted in the modulation of accuracy of the subsequent tactile temporal order judgment. However, this cueing effect disappeared when participants judged simultaneity of the two stimuli, instead of their temporal order (Experiment 2) or when the cue lead time between the visual cue and the stimuli was relatively long (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 replicated an effect of crossmodal attention on the direction of visual illusory line motion induced by a somatosensory cue (Shimojo, Miyauchi, & Hikosaka, 1997). These results demonstrate that substantial crossmodal links exist between vision and touch for covert exogenous orienting of attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The development of a touch scale for measuring tactile defensiveness in children.

A three-phase study was conducted to develop an attitude scale measuring tactile defensiveness in children aged 6 to 10 years. It was assumed that the effects of tactile defensiveness on the perception and behavior of children produces stereotypical responses that can be measured by an attitude scale. A 49-item scale was developed and administered to 80 normal and 22 tactually defensive children within a large suburban school district. A subsequent item analysis reduced the scale to 26 items. This touch scale yielded an internal consistency reliability of .79432 and could distinguish between groups at a statistically significant level (.0073). The touch scale offers potential for diagnosing tactually defensive children. However, future research is required before it can be employed as a diagnostic tool. Such research could focus on the test-retest reliability of the scale and the refinement of the diagnostic validity of the test.

Child↗
PubMed2000

The age-dependent deterioration in light touch sensation on the plantar aspect of the foot in a rural community in India: implications when screening for sensory impairment.

Regular testing for impaired sensation is important in the management of diseases that can cause progressive nerve damage, such as leprosy. It has been shown that light touch sensibility decreases with age in the hands of healthy individuals, but little research has been undertaken to assess possible changes in the feet in developing countries. This information is needed to allow an appropriate level of sensation to be chosen when screening for nerve damage in the foot. To clarify this, a cross-sectional study on male adults was carried out in the rural town of Salur, Andhra Pradesh, India. A range of Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments were employed at 12 locations on the foot to determine sensation to light touch stimuli in individuals from each decade of adult life. It was found that in this population, sensibility threshold in the foot increases with age and this was noted in both soft and callous skin. This shows the increase was due to neurological factors, not merely due to an increase in callous deposition with advancing age. In the majority of individuals in their fifties and sixties, the callous skin at the forefoot and heel was unable to detect the 5.07 monofilament (equivalent to 8-12 g), previously recommended as a method to screen for plantar neuropathy. All areas of all feet were able to detect the 5.46 filament (approximately 30 g). The size of this study (54 individuals) prevents the determination of definitive normal ranges for each decade of life in this population. However, it does demonstrate the degree to which sensation deteriorates with age and could be used as an approximate guide when interpreting the results of sensory testing in similar rural areas of the developing world.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of therapeutic touch practitioners.

Therapeutic touch is the name of a specific nursing technique that was devised by Dr Dolores Krieger, an American nurse, in the early 1970s. This article provides a brief overview of therapeutic touch, and describes the responses received to a survey exploring the views and experiences of its practitioners in Britain.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stay in touch.

Touch is used in many cultures as a means of relating directly with another person. In this seventh article in our Heart of Nursing series, we look at how touch, used judiciously, can be a priceless form of doing.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complementary therapies. Therapeutic touch: a nursing function.

Therapeutic touch has been practised for some time, but like most complementary therapies, it carries images of being 'unscientific' for many sceptical practitioners. The author defines the therapy, then summarises some of the research which measured its effectiveness. Therapeutic touch, she believes, helps patients to get themselves into the best state for self-healing to occur.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed1998

Therapeutic touch is back.

Healing or therapeutic touch is nothing new; in fact, certain civilizations have been using it for ages. But more and more practitioners are viewing it as a complement to today's high-tech medical care. By integrating the use of therapeutic touch into their home and hospice settings, caregivers are benefitting patients and themselves.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed1999

Acquisition of a touching style.

A qualitative study investigated dental student perceptions of learning to use touch in dental treatment. A focus group design was used to allow volunteer participants (students, general dentistry residents, and dental faculty; n = 41) to discuss issues related to this question. Each focus group was audiotaped for accuracy and transcribed by an independent person. Data gathered were textually and thematically analyzed around the specific questions asked. The data indicated that learning to touch dental patients was often trial and error and uncomfortable for these students. Further, the data suggested that a fine line exists preventing students from asking for assistance and faculty in offering assistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

American adolescents touch each other less and are more aggressive toward their peers as compared with French adolescents.

Forty adolescents were observed at McDonald's restaurants in Paris and Miami to assess the amount of touching and aggression during their peer interactions. The American adolescents spent less time leaning against, stroking, kissing, and hugging their peers than did the French adolescents. Instead, they showed more self-touching and more aggressive verbal and physical behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic touch in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Alternative medical therapies are widely utilized, but there are few objective data to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine whether one alternative therapy, Therapeutic Touch (TT), can improve objective indices of median nerve function in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Participants with electrodiagnostically confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly assigned in single-blind fashion to receive either TT or sham therapeutic touch once weekly for 6 consecutive weeks. The distal latency of the median motor nerve along with visual analog assessments of pain and relaxation were measured before and after each treatment session. RESULTS: Twenty-one participants completed the study. Changes in median motor nerve distal latencies, pain scores, and relaxation scores did not differ between participants in the TT group and participants in the sham treatment group, either immediately after each treatment session or cumulatively. Immediately after each treatment session, however, there were improvements from baseline among all the outcome variables in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study, TT was no better than placebo in influencing median motor nerve distal latencies, pain scores, and relaxation scores. The changes in the outcome variables from baseline in both groups suggest a possible physiologic basis for the placebo effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Grasping and fingering (active or haptic touch) in healthy newborns.

The traditional view that the activity of the baby's hands are triggered by a stimulus in an automatic, compulsory, stereotyped way and persisting view that fingering does not occur prior to 4 months of age, have led perception researchers to the assumption that the processing, encoding, and retainment of sensory information could not take place through the manual mode. This study aims to investigate whether fingering and different types of grasping occur before 3 months of age and can be modulated by surface texture of three objects. Using naturalistic observations, this small sample developmental study applied the AB experimental design to achieve aims above. Babies were video taped every week for 12 weeks. Three special manual stimuli were developed for this study. Focal sampling method with either zero-sampling or instantaneous sampling recording rules were used to analyse data with the Observer Video Pro. Each session comprising baseline and 3 experimental conditions lasted for four minutes. Fingering or 'proto fingering' as it is suggested in this article emerges as early as the first week of postnatal life; texture of a handled object modulates both 'proto-palm' and hand-grasp behaviour of healthy newborns. Results suggest that texture also modulates 'proto-fingering' and challenge persisting current assumption that fingering does not occur before four months of age, and further validates the phrase 'neo-haptic' touch to describe hands-on exploration of the newborn. The author suggests that some 'mental representation' of the stimulus is present during 'neo-haptic' recognition of the objects which is in accordance to a constructivist approach to (touch) perception.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Evaluating sustained touch-pressure in severe sensory deficits: meeting an unanswered need.

Sensation is critical to the functional abilities of the hand. Although evaluation techniques are available to measure a patient's ability to appreciate moving touch (MT), no test is available to assess appreciation of sustained touch-pressure (STP). A new device, designed to apply constant stimuli of known intensity, was developed and used to evaluate STP appreciation in an experimental and a control group. The experimental group consisted of six patients with severe sensory deficits due to cortical dysfunction. Each subject was evaluated for STP appreciation on the tip of the index finger of the affected side of the body. The results showed that five of the patients had some STP appreciation; the sixth had none. Furthermore, in the patient group, STP appreciation faded with time; appreciation was much greater four and six seconds after the stimulus onset than it was after 18 to 20 seconds. In the control group the sensation did not fade away. The lowest weight tested (23 g) was seldom detected by three of the five patients although it was readily sensed by all healthy individuals. An unexpected finding was that the 350-g weight was more difficult to appreciate for three of the five subjects than were the 150-g and 250-g weights. This experiment demonstrated that STP, an important component of sensation, can be evaluated quickly and accurately in the clinical environment and that the magnitude of the deficit in STP is correlated with the severity of the disability in the patient seeking physiotherapy.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1980

Matching spatial patterns within and between passive touch and vision.

A complete design of intramodal and cross-modal matchings of form patterns within and between vision and passive touch was conducted, employing simultaneous or successive mode of stimulation. The simultaneous presentation mode was more efficient than the successive one for vision, but the reverse was valid for passive touch, In intramodal tactual matchings a strategy of detecting the stimulated receptive field overlap was applied by our Ss. In cross-modal conditions, when the visual pattern in a pair was at the first place, performances were more efficient than in the cases when the tactual pattern in a pair went first (V-T greater than T-V). Sex differences were found, young men being superior to young women. "Different" judgements were evidently more difficult than "same" judgments.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Touching limits in the analytic dyad.

The matter of limits and boundary violations by both parties in the analytic dyad remains an unsettled technical and ethical concern, whether touching has to do with actual physical contact or is expanded in its meaning to include its psychic equivalents. Touching, probing, and breaching of the idiosyncratic perimeters of the private self of one by the other in the dyadic intimacy are necessary components of the healing contact but pose an inevitable liability for violation, disruption, and damage. Clinical data remind the analyst of the near-physical impact of words. And the data sometimes speak for the legitimate place of restrained forms of physical contact, as nonverbal necessities of analytic communication, in critical instances in which a viable analytic engagement could not otherwise be sustained.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic touch. A holistic approach to perioperative nursing (continuing education credit).

1. A technique of noncontact touch called Therapeutic Touch (TT) is beneficial for relieving anxiety in hospitalized patients; enhancing spousal sharing and emotional support during childbirth; increasing hemoglobin levels; lowering postoperative pain; decreasing tension headache pain; decreasing premature neonate's stress response; and increasing the rate of healing for full thickness dermal wounds. 2. There are four observable physical changes that occur in a TT recipient: His or her voice drops several decibels, respirations become slower and deeper, audible signs of relaxation (ie, sigh) are expressed, and a peripheral flush is readily perceived on his or her face. 3. The individual may experience an immediate response, although it may take hours or even days for any change to occur. An essential premise of TT, however, is that the practitioner be compassionate. This compassion must be a caring intent--not personal--and without attachment to the outcome. The TT treatment is rarely tiring for the practitioner and can be rewarding if practiced correctly.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1993

The effect of caring touch on the psychological well-being of selected residents of a long-term care facility.

This study examined the effect of caring touch on the psychological well-being of selected residents of a long-term care facility in suburban South Carolina. Using a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test, with experimental and control groups, Bradburn's Affect-Balance Scale (ABS) was used to measure well-being in 19 people, nine of whom received two interventions of hand massage. Paired and two-sample t-tests were used to examine groups means and difference scores. Subjective data indicated positive responses to touch, although no statistically significant improvement in ABS scores occurred, suggesting a need for design and outcome measurement changes.

Health Status↗
PubMed1997

[Therapeutic benefit of touch-massage in the overall management of demented elderly].

This detailed research tries out a "Touch-Massage" action about the studies of reflex and estimates the repercussion this action may have as regards the abnormal behaviour (either in connection with wandering and/or restlessness and/or shouting) of the Elderly who stay in a same place and show cognitive deficiency in connection with an Alzheimer's dementia. In order to check the "intra personal" consequences this action may have, 4 elderly people were chosen and an experimental estimate with different levels was made with them. Two sessions a week of 30 minutes each during 6 months (51 sessions) were suggested that is to say a total of 204 sessions. The effects of this approach regarding the different abnormal behaviour are estimated on one hand from a special clinical grid which assess the different reactions, verbal or not, which occurred during the session. On the other hand the effects are observed directly fifteen minutes after the session. The results are explained, first, for each person and compared between each other; then they are explained according to a collective way regarding the 4 old people. What emerges from all that is that for the whole sessions which were proposed, the activity was accepted at 95%. During the session, the signs showing physical relaxation (59%), sleepiness (34%), research of different manners to communicate with us (59%), stop or decrease of the abnormal behaviour (79%) prove the actual benefit the activity brings during thirty minutes. Fifteen minutes after the session, the signs showing physical relaxation (52%), sleepiness (42%), research of different manners to communicate with us (23%), stop or decrease of the abnormal behaviour (70%) are always significant. In view of the above results, we can stay this new approach using the activity of "Touch Massage" brings a further possibility of nursing care and can help to answer the question "how to take in charge every day an elderly demented patient".

Aged↗