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PubMed1980

Radiography of bovine foot disorders.

In a radiographic study of 104 clinical cases of bovine foot disorders, 84 (80.8%) of the affected animals were males, and most were larger than or equal to 4 years old. Phalangeal fractures accounted for 38.5%, arthritis 34.6%, periostitis/exostosis 18.3%, dislocation 5.8% and solar penetration 2.9% of cases. Phalangeal fractures were most common in hindfeet (34/40 cases), with higher incidence in P1 (18) and P3 (15). The incidence of arthritis was higher in hindfeet (24) than in forefeet (12), with the fetlock, pastern and pedal joints being involved in 11, 15 and 10 animals, respectively. Pedal arthritis was usually septic in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A quantitative study on the digital bones of cattle.

The bones of 64 digits from eight Holstein male cattle were studied quantitatively to determine whether any differences existed respective on the corresponding bones of the different digits. For this purpose, the greatest and abaxial greatest lengths, the smallest diaphysial breadths, the breadths of proximal and distal ends of the proximal and middle phalanges, the lengths of dorsal surfaces, the heights of extensor processes, the greatest diagonal lengths and the middle breadths of the soles from the distal phalanges were measured. Comparison showed that measurements between the right and left sides did not differ significantly. However, differences were found for almost all measurements between the forelimb and hindlimb. The proximal and middle phalanges were found to be shorter and broader in the forelimb and the broadness was more noticeable than the length. The distal phalanx of the medial forefoot had the greatest value in four measurements while the smallest values were found in the lateral hind foot. The results indicated that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from both phylogenetic and clinical aspects.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Subchondral bone cysts of the phalanges.

Subchondral phalangeal bone cysts frequently are encountered when reviewing foot x-rays. Radiologically, these lesions appear as a focus of subchondral radiolucency surrounded by a rim of sclerotic bone. Radiologic and histologic examinations demonstrate that these lesions are identical to the subchondral bone cysts associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and the more recently described cysts of the hallucal sesamoids and the head of the first metatarsal.

Bone Cysts↗
PubMed1995

Heritable oligodactyly occurring only in male rats.

Heritable oligodactylism in male rats was discovered in Wistar-derived rats. In this study, external and skeletal features of the limb anomalies were examined to clarify the type of oligodactyly. External observation revealed absence and hypoplasia (with respective percentage incidence) in digits II (100, 0), III (87, 13), and IV (23, 1) of the forefeet and in digits II (26, 34), III (34, 11), and V (0, 3) of the hindfeet. Fusion was also observed in digits IV and V in the forefeet (4%) and in digits I and II in the hindfeet (15%). Skeletal examination disclosed absence of all three (proximal, middle, and distal) phalanges in digits II (97%), III (93%), and IV (67%) and of the middle phalanx in digit V (12%) of the forefeet. In the hindfeet, the missing pattern of phalanges in digits II and III was similar to, but less severe than that in the forefeet; the incidence of absence of the three phalanges in digits II and III was 43% and 45%, respectively. Digit V was more affected than that in the forefeet; absence of the middle phalanx was found at 30%. Although no absence was found in the bones proximal to the phalanges, hypoplasia and/or fusion were detected with various degree and incidences among carpi/metacarpi and tarsi/metatarsi. Based on these observations, the types of limb anomalies in this mutant rat were classified as oligodactyly of digits II-V in the forefeet and II, III, and V in the hindfeet with hypoplasia and/or fusion of the carpi/metacarpi and tarsi/metatarsi.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lateral ray polydactyly: a case of duplicated metatarsal with normal phalanges.

Lateral ray polydactyly of the foot is morphologically classified on the basis of the external appearance and the anatomic patterns of bony structures. Classification is difficult when the level of duplication is not apparent. We encountered a case of a duplicated metatarsal with no duplication of phalanges. The anomaly was considered to be a case of polydactyly because there were supernumerous metatarsals. On the basis of embryological failure, limb malformations are classified into several categories, and polydactyly belongs to that of duplication. There are, however, some malformations that are difficult to classify clearly. We considered our case to be a result of duplication followed by fusion of the digits.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Resection of the forefoot in rheumatoid arthritis.

A long-term review of 272 resections of the metatarsal heads and bases of the phalanges in 128 patients with severe rheumatoid feet is presented. The longest follow-up is 11 years and the average follow-up was 4.7 years. Recurrent deformity and callus formation was usually due to a long metatarsal shaft. The operation, when properly performed, can correct severe deformities of the forefoot with a high percentage of satisfactory results.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Acrosclerosis in Sarcoidosis.

Areas of sclerosis in the phalanges, particularly the terminal phalanges, are common in sarcoidosis despite the rarity of osteosclerotic changes in other bones. Of 37 patients with sarcoidosis with osseous changes of the hands or feet, 20 (54%) has sclerosis either alone or in combination with bone destruction. Of 48 patients with acrosclerosis, 20 (40%) had sarcoidosis. In the authors' experience with a largely black population, sarcoidosis was found to be the most common causes of acrosclerosis.

Fingers↗
PubMed1995

Anatomy of the plantar plate and its attachments in the lesser metatarsal phalangeal joint.

The plantar plate is a rarely seen, yet central structure to the lesser metatarsal phalangeal (MP) joint. Thirty cadaver lesser MP joints were studied to obtain a detailed description of the plate, including its dimensions, connections, and histology. The plate was found to be made of fibrocartilage with fiber orientation which suggests that it withstands tensile loads in line with the plantar fascia as well as the compressive loads from the metatarsal head. The plantar plate was the most substantial distal insertion of the plantar fascia. Impressive plantar plate attachments were noted to the proximal phalanx, the major longitudinal bands of the plantar fascia, and the collateral ligaments. The plate and collateral ligaments formed a substantial soft tissue box connected to the sides of the metatarsal head. From the dissections, it is apparent that malposition of the toe at the MP joint is likely over time to be associated with pathology in both the collateral ligaments and the plate. Because of these attachments and a close association with the flexor tendons to the lesser toe, the plate can be compared with the sesamoid mechanism of the first MP joint.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The acrocallosal syndrome in sisters.

Two sisters born to non-consanguineous healthy parents are described who present the following abnormalities: macrocephalus, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, absence of the corpus callosum, inguinal hernias, duplication of hallucal phalanges and severe mental retardation. The older sister in addition had cleft palate, while only the younger had a supratentorial cyst between cerebrum and cerebellum and epileptic fits. After 6 sporadic cases, this is the first instance of siblings with the acrocallosal syndrome. This observation and definite and possible parental consanguinity in two further patients suggest that this syndrome might be recessively inherited.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Dermatoglyphics in patients with Cenani-Lenz type syndactyly: studies in a new case.

We describe an additional case of Cenani-Lenz syndactylism in a 4 1/2-year-old boy from a consanguineous Turkish family. The digital anomalies consisted partly of synostosis and partly of malformations of the phalanges. Although there was no radio-ulnar synostosis or abnormality of the bones of the feet, the findings are comparable to those described in the Cenani-Lenz type of syndactyly. We analysed the dermatoglyphics of our patient and compared them with those previously reported. We also investigated the relationship between the bony malformations and the dermatoglyphic patterns in our patient and in the literature.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1990

Brachy/ectrodactyly and absence or hypoplasia of the fibula: an autosomal dominant condition with low penetrance and variable expressivity.

A complex dysostosis characterized by brachy- and/or ectrodactyly and fibular hypoplasia was found in two distantly related individuals. The proposita, aged 25 years, showed metacarpal and phalangeal hypoplasia on both hands, ectrodactyly on both feet, and nearly complete bilateral absence of the fibula. Only milder acromelic defects were detected in a second cousin. A similar pattern of skeletal involvement had been previously described in an unrelated Italian family. The peculiar segregation pattern can be explained by autosomal dominant inheritance with low penetrance and variable expressivity.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early surgical repair of macrodactyly.

We report a case of macrodactyly of the foot in a 3-year-old girl. The standard treatment for this condition has been ablation. Studies of phalangeal resection, phalangeal amputation, syndactylization, digit shortening, tissue debulking, and osteotomy have shown varying results. In the case reported here, debulking combined with a shortening osteotomy was the treatment of choice. Although the pediatric patient may require additional surgeries because the deformity will continue to grow, early treatment has allowed this child the benefit of a functional, cosmetically appealing foot that can be fitted with normal footwear.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.

The major characteristics of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) include shortened and deviated digits, a typical facies with a pear-shaped nose, a long philtrum and slow-growing, fine, sparse hair. Cone-shaped digital epiphyses are seen on x-ray. A few patients with TRPS are mentally retarded. Associated endocrine abnormalities have been reported. Autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance have been described with most cases showing a dominant mode of inheritance.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Corneal changes, hyperkeratosis, short stature, brachydactyly, and premature birth: a new autosomal dominant syndrome.

We report on an autosomal dominant syndrome consisting of unique corneal epithelial changes, diffuse palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, distal onycholysis, brachydactyly, short stature, premature birth, and dental problems. This condition has been present in seven persons in three generations of one family. Corneal biopsies demonstrate mild dysplastic changes in the epithelium. Skin biopsies show hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. In both eye and skin specimens, results of stains for polysaccharides, amyloid, and tyrosine were unremarkable. Roentgenograms of the hands show short distal phalanges, short 4th metacarpals, and constriction of the heads of some of the metacarpals. In three of four affected relatives, a variable medullary narrowness is seen. In mode of inheritance, clinical appearance, and/or associated defects. This syndrome appears to differ from previously reported conditions that include palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and/or corneal changes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trimmed second toetip transfer for reconstruction of claw nail deformity of the fingers.

Claw nail deformities of the fingers have been repaired by many methods, but the results have been cosmetically unsatisfactory because of loss of the distal phalangeal bone and the short nail bed. We have employed a trimmed second toetip including the distal phalangeal bone and excluding the germinal matrix as a vascularised composite flap for two patients with claw nail deformity of the fingers. The advantages of this method are that the repaired nail regrows to normal size and has bilateral nail folds. We believe that, in comparison with other conventional local or island flaps, this composite flap is functionally and cosmetically ideal for the repair of claw nail deformities.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Molecular phylogenetics of the Anolis onca series: a case history in retrograde evolution revisited.

Anoles of the Anolis onca series represent a dramatic case of retrograde evolution, exhibiting great reduction (A. annectens) and loss (A. onca) of the subdigital pads considered a key innovation for the evolutionary radiation of anoles in arboreal environments. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of these anoles and their closest known relatives (A. auratus, A. lineatus, A. meridionalis, and A. nitens) using new mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the ND2 gene, five tRNA genes (tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr)), the origin of light-strand replication, and a portion of the CO1 gene (1,446 aligned base positions, 612 parsimony informative). Our results confirm monophyly of the A. onca series and suggest an evolutionary separation of approximately 10 million years between A. annectens and A. onca. Evolution of subdigital structure in this series illustrates ectopic expression of developmental programs that replace flexible subdigital lamellae of the toepad with rigid, keeled scales resembling dorsal digital scales. Our phylogenetic results indicate that narrowing of the toepad in A. auratus evolved separately from toepad reduction in the A. onca series. Expansion of the subdigital lamellae along the phalanges in A. auratus appears to compensate constriction of lamellae by digital narrowing, maintaining greater climbing capability in this species. Toepad evolution in the lineage ancestral to A. auratus features changes of the same developmental modules as the A. onca series but in the opposite direction. Large molecular distances between geographic populations of A. auratus indicate that its derived toepad structure is at least 9 million years old.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Neoplastic involvement of terminal digits masquerading clinically as benign disease.

Two patients with primary and four with metastatic distal phalangeal lesions in whom a wrong diagnosis of benign disease was initially made are presented with a brief review of the literature and a discussion of the clinico-radiographic features. Primary phalangeal lesions may be either epidermoid carcinoma or malignant melanoma are are often confused with paronychia, while most metastatic lesions are due to pulmonary or breast cancer and simulate a felon clinically. Primary nail bed lesions are characterized radiographically by external cortical erosions; metastatic lesions tend to show a diffuse demineralization and extensive destruction of the whole digit.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sexual dimorphism in metapodial and phalanges length ratios in the wood mouse.

Relative length of metapodials and digits is sexually dimorphic in most primates and one rodent and one bird species studied so far. Recently, interest in digit ratios has increased because of their correlation with diverse physiological, psychological, and performance traits in humans. These correlations may reflect the effect of androgens during early ontogeny on digit development and their long-term organizational effects on extragenital organs. Inter- and intrasexual variation in digit ratios may be ultimately controlled by modulation of the expression of Hoxa and Hoxd genes. Since Hox genes are conserved in vertebrates, similar patterns of sex-related variation in length ratios may be expected across taxa. In fact, sexual dimorphism in length ratios has been documented for metapodials or digit bones in nonhuman vertebrates, but the specific pattern of sex-related variation varies considerably. However, no study has investigated sexual dimorphism in length ratios between all ray segments (metapodials plus phalanges) using osteometrical measures. In an outbred wild population of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), we found extensive sex-related variation in ratios between osteometrical length of the phalanges, but not metatarsals, similar to that recorded on undissected digits of humans and laboratory mice. Most sexually dimorphic ratios involved the second digit. We found very weak evidence for directional asymmetry in length ratios. The present study shows that sex-related variation in length ratios between digit segments observed in mammals may actually depend on relative bone length. Hence, other species may be used to investigate the causal and semeiotic implications of variation in human digit ratios.

Animals↗